多功能净化柱-光化学衍生高效液相色谱法测定成品植物油和花生原油中黄曲霉毒素B1

为了快速、准确测定成品植物油和花生原油中黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)的含量,建立了采用多功能净化柱对油样进行前处理,再结合光化学衍生高效液相色谱法测定植物油中AFB₁含量的方法,对前处理提取剂、高效液相色谱法的分析条件(色谱柱、进样量)进行优化,再通过与国标中免疫亲和柱法进行比较,对所建立的方法进行评价。结果表明：优化的条件为以乙腈-水溶液(84+16)为提取剂,采用Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm, 5μm),进样量10μL;建立的方法加标回收率和精密度良好,定量限为0.2μg/kg,低于GB 2761—2017规定的最低限量值要求,可满足企业生产的监测需求;将建立的方法用于测定浅色植物油中AFB₁时,检测结果与免疫亲和柱法相比相对误差为0～18.0%,符合国标要求,但对于深色植物油测定的相对误差超出国标要求。综上,建立的方法可用于快速、准确检测花生油(成品油和原油)及成品玉米油、亚麻籽油、葵花籽油、浅黄色菜籽油、黄色芝麻油中AFB₁     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1的含量

目的:建立植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的液相质谱-串联质谱测定方法。方法:采用液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）,以乙腈为溶剂提取植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1。ZORBAX SB-C18（2.1mm×50mm,1.8μm）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.2%甲酸（40∶60）梯度洗脱,流速为0.3mL/min,进样量为5μL。采用电喷雾离子化四极杆串联质谱,多反应监测方式测定样品的浓度。检测离子对分别为m/z 313.0→285.0和m/z 313.0→241.0。结果:黄曲霉毒素B1进样量在0.204⁴.08ng/mL（r=0.9991）范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为98.15%,RSD=1.12%（n=9）。结论:该法简便快捷、结果准确,可用于植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1的含量的测定。      

高效液相色谱法测定食品中的黄曲霉毒素B1

用甲醇-水（55:45）、三氯甲烷、苯-乙腈（98:2）等有机溶剂作为提取剂,用三氟乙酸作衍生剂,通过带荧光检测器的高效液相色谱仪测定食品中黄曲霉毒素B1的含量。结果表明,该方法的线性回归关系良好,方程为y=3.10x-0.63,相关系数r=0.9999。不同样品中黄曲霉毒素B1回收率为84.2%-86.9%,平均变异系数RSD=6.09%。在总共150份检测的玉米、大米和花生样品中,黄曲霉毒素B1总的检出率为82.0%,总的超标率仅为6%,但不同样品中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的变幅较大（0-485.34μg/kg）。      

高效液相色谱法测定食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1前处理方法的改进

改进GB 5009.22—2016《食品安全国家标准食品中黄曲霉毒素B族和G族的测定》中高效液相色谱法测定食用植物油中的黄曲霉毒素B₁的方法,将甲醇-水溶液(体积比70∶30)用量提高至25 mL,选择均质提取4 min作为前处理提取方式,加入5.0 g氯化钠消除乳化现象,取消氮吹过程,净化洗脱完后直接定容。该优化方法提取效率高,较好地减少了被检测含量的损失,净化过程较原有方法更简单、方便,回收率和精密度更满意,适用于植物油脂黄曲霉毒素B₁的检测分析。     

食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1调查分析

调查了浙江省食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)的污染情况。根据浙江省食用植物油生产消费的实际情况,2016年9—12月,采用统计学方法采集151家食用植物油经销企业的花生油、玉米油、大豆油、菜籽油、油茶籽油、葵花籽油、芝麻油、调和油8大类散装油和定型包装油,共1 208个样品,高效液相色谱法测定AFB_1含量。结果表明:22个样品检出AFB_1,检出率为1.8%,超标率为0.0%;其中花生油、葵花籽油、玉米油和调和油检出AFB_1,浙江省特产的油茶籽油和菜籽油未检出AFB_1,散装油中AFB_1检出率(3.8%)是定型包装油(0.9%)的4.22倍,食用植物油样品中AFB_1含量均低于国家限量标准。     

2018—2022年广西贵港市食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1监测结果分析及暴露风险评估

旨在为广西贵港市预防食源性疾病提供科学依据,采用GB 5009.22—2016中的高效液相色谱-柱后衍生法测定2018—2022年从贵港市不同地点采集的625件食用植物油样品的黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)含量,并应用人群肝癌发病风险法和暴露限值(MOE)法对AFB₁的暴露风险进行评估。结果表明：在625件食用植物油样品中,AFB₁的检出率为96.80%,超标率为20.00%,其中定型包装油均合格,散装油超标率为31.97%;花生油中AFB₁的检出率为97.04%,超标率为24.70%,其他食用植物油均合格;采集自油坊、杂货店和街头摊点的样品的AFB₁超标率较高;食用植物油中AFB₁的日膳食暴露量为5.26 ng/kg, AFB₁致肝癌发病风险为0.236例/(年·10万人),其中散装油为0.581例/(年·10万人),花生油为0.416例/(年·10万人);食用植物油的MOE值为76,其中散装油为31,定型包装油为...     

免疫亲和柱净化-光化学衍生高效液相色谱荧光法测定植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1的含量

建立了免疫亲和柱净化-光化学衍生高效液相色谱荧光法测定植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的方法,并对样品的测定条件进行了优化。结果表明:植物油的称样量缩减为5.00 g,黄曲霉毒素B1测定结果与GB/T 18979—2003测定结果基本吻合;工作曲线在1~40 ng/mL质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 9,方法检出限为0.3μg/kg;在空白样品中添加低、中、高3个不同添加量水平的黄曲霉毒素B1标准品,其回收率在90.5%~99.8%之间,相对标准偏差在6.3%~9.8%之间。采用光化学衍生,操作简单,无需衍生剂,避免了柱前衍生和柱后衍生受衍生剂浓度、温度、反应时间的影响,所建立的方法适用于植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的测定。     

免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱法测定食用植物油中的黄曲霉毒素B1

建立了免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱法测定食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1的方法。采用70%甲醇水溶液提取食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1,提取液经过滤、免疫亲和柱净化后,上高效液相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱仪进行测定。结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1在0.2~10 ng/mL范围内方程线性关系良好,方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.05μg/kg,定量限(S/N=10)为0.2μg/kg,平均加标回收率在83.0%~94.8%之间,相对标准偏差小于7.8%。     

高效液相色谱法测定粮谷中黄曲霉毒素B1的研究

建立了用三氯甲烷提取、硅胶小柱净化、三氟乙酸衍生,再以荧光检测器来测定粮谷中黄曲霉毒素B1的高效液相色谱方法.试验证明,该方法安全限量标准最低可达0.4 μg/kg,线性在2～50 μg/kg良好,平均回收率较高,具有准确度高、精密度好、安全限量低的特点.     

高效液相色谱法测定食品中的黄曲霉毒素B1

用甲醇-水(55:45)、三氯甲烷、苯-乙腈(98:2)等有机溶剂作为提取剂,用三氟乙酸作衍生剂,通过带荧光检测器的高效液相色谱仪测定食品中黄曲霉毒素B1的含量。结果表明,该方法的线性回归关系良好,方程为y=3.10x-0.63,相关系数r=0.9999。不同样品中黄曲霉毒素B1回收率为84.2%-86.9%,平均变异系数RSD=6.09%。在总共150份检测的玉米、大米和花生样品中,黄曲霉毒素B1总的检出率为82.0%,总的超标率仅为6%,但不同样品中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的变幅较大(0-485.34μg/kg)。     

Aflatoxin B1-degrading activity from Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 isolated from fermented cereal products

ABSTRACT

Aflatoxin B₁ is a naturally occurring mycotoxin that is produced as secondary metabolite by Aspergillus spp., especially A. flavus and A. parasiticus. This is the most severe toxin due to its carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. Hence, methods for toxin degradation have been received increasing interest from both scientific communities and industries. In this study, 32 isolates of Bacillus spp. from various fermented cereal products were screened for their aflatoxin B₁ degradation ability. The results indicated the extracellular fraction of Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 isolated from Iru (African locust bean) potentially possessed aflatoxin B₁-degrading ability. The maximum activity of the active fraction was at 50°C and pH 8.0. The activity was stable in a wide range of pH (5.0–8.0) and temperature (25–60°C). The aflatoxin B₁-degrading mechanisms of this strain may be possibly involved by enzyme(s). This extracellular fraction was not toxic at IC₅₀ 4 mg/ml and it can be combined with water as a soaking agent for maize, which results in 54% of aflatoxin B₁ reduction after contact time 120 min. Hence, the extracellular fraction of Bacillus subtilis BCC 42005 can be further applied as an effective soaking agent in a pretreatment process with a practical and easy-to-implement condition and also probably used to reduce the aflatoxin B₁ contamination in other foods and feeds commodities.     

Effect of monogastric and ruminant gastrointestinal conditions on in vitro aflatoxin B1 adsorption ability by a montmorillonite

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of environment components on the in vitro evaluation of aflatoxin B₁ adsorption capacity of sodium bentonite under simulated gastrointestinal conditions of monogastric and ruminant animals. Sodium bentonite showed a high aflatoxin B₁ affinity with all of the assays. Langmuir or sigmoid isotherms were found in different assays. Both the affinities and the surface excesses at monolayer saturation were affected by the buffer components. The specific influence of ions in each buffer solution was investigated. A significant decrease in the surface excess at monolayer saturation was observed under ionic strength control. A change in the isotherm shape from sigmoidal to Langmuir was observed with the increase in the sodium chloride concentration. This was attributed to the decrease in the importance of lateral interaction between adsorbed toxin molecules compared with surface-molecules interactions under a high salt coverage. The presence of rumen fluid components in the adsorption environment decreased the aflatoxin B₁ maximum adsorption capacity of sodium bentonite. Despite the high affinity of this adsorbent to capture aflatoxin B₁, different substances present in the environment could affect the adsorption capacity, at least at low toxin concentrations that mimic chronic exposure. The environment of the gastrointestinal tract, in either monogastric or ruminant animals, affect in vivo aflatoxin B₁ adsorption by sodium bentonite and should be taken into account when an in vitro performance evaluation is done.     

Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk and aflatoxin B1 in feed from household cows in Singida,Tanzania

Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) contamination in raw milk from household cows fed with sunflower seedcakes or sunflower-based seedcake feeds was determined in 37 milk samples collected randomly from different locations in Singida region, Tanzania. Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) contamination in sunflower-based seedcake feed was determined in 20 feed samples collected from the same household dairy farmers. The samples were analysed by RP-HPLC using fluorescent detection after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Recoveries were 88.0% and 94.5%, while the limits of detection (LOD) were 0.026 ng mL^?1 and 0.364 ng g^?1 for AFM₁ and AFB₁, respectively. Of the analysed cow’s milk samples, 83.8% (31/37) contained AFM₁, with levels ranging from LOD to 2.007 ng mL^?1, exceeding both the European Commission (EC) and Tanzania Food and Drug Authority (TFDA) limit of 0.05 ng mL^?1. Of the contaminated samples, 16.1% exceeded the Codex Alimentarius limit of 0.5 ng mL^?1. AFB₁ was present in 65% (13/20) of the feed samples with levels ranging from LOD to 20.47 ng g^?1, 61.53% exceeding the TFDA and EC maximum limits of 5 ng g^?1 for complete dairy animal feed. The observed AFM₁ and AFB₁ contamination necessitates the need to raise awareness to dairy farmers in Tanzania to safeguard the health of the end-users.     

Aflatoxin B1 in sesame seeds and sesame products from the Greek market

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is considered as the most potent liver carcinogen for humans. A method for determination in sesame seeds was developed. AFB₁ was extracted by methanol-water, cleaned by immunoaffinity columns and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The recovery factor and the limit of detection (LOD) of AFB₁ in sesame seeds were 111.5% and 0.02 ng g^?1, respectively. Thirty samples of sesame products were examined for the presence of AFB₁. After analysis, 77.6% of samples were found to be contaminated. Eight samples exceeded the European Union (EU) limit (2 µg AFB₁ kg^?1). In 15 samples, AFB₁ was below the EU limit. Seven samples remained below the LOD. The most contaminated (14.49 ng AFB₁ g^?1) sample was unpeeled packaged sesame seeds. In all samples, aflatoxigenic Aspergilli fungi as well as the risk for AFB₁ presence in sesame seed was investigated.     

Aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin survey in beer sold in China

ABSTRACT

A total of 101 samples of beer from the Chinese market were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and sterigmatocystin (STC), using methods based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification and the limit of detection in beer were 0.1 and 0.03 µg/kg, respectively. Recoveries of AFB₁ and STC from spiked beer samples were 97.8–103.6% and 92.7–102.1%, respectively. None of the beer purchased samples were contaminated with AFB₁ or STC.     

酶联免疫吸附法测定花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1 不确定度的评定

目的对采用ELISA方法测定花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量的不确定度进行分析,找出影响不确定度的因素,为评价其测定方法和检测结果的可靠性提供依据。方法根据JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》的规定,对测定过程中标准曲线拟合、重复测量、样品的稀释、样品的称量、回收率等引入的不确定度分量进行评定。结果测定结果合成不确定度为0.45μg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.90μg/kg,花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量测定结果为(16.54±0.90)μg/kg(k=2)。结论测定结果不确定度主要由标准曲线拟合所引入,所建立的不确定度评定方法可用于ELISA方法测定花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1含量结果的判断。     

纳米免疫传感器法快速测定粮油食品中的黄曲霉毒素B1

摘要：本文以改性壳聚糖为固定化材料,包埋固定纳米金胶微粒及黄曲霉毒素B1抗体制备信号放大型纳米免疫传感器,建立了免疫传感器测定黄曲霉毒素B1的方法;优化了纳米免疫传感器的制备条件及检测参数;基于AFB1抗体与抗原之间的特异性免疫反应,以K3[Fe(CN)6]为探针,利用循环伏安法和差分脉冲伏安法研究了其免疫反应对传感器响应电流的影响,结果表明免疫响应电流与底液中AFB1的浓度在0.1～1.1 ng mL-1范围内成线性关系,其校正曲线方程为IP =-4.9274x +15.108（R 2= 0.9912）,其最低检测限为0.05 ng mL-1（S/N=3）;该免疫传感器的稳定性和重现性较好。利用该法对花生油、玉米油等实际样品中的AFB1进行了检测,其回收率为在87.8～98.2%,检测精确度优于ELISA试剂盒法,用于粮油食品中黄曲霉毒素的快速检测是可行的。     

2015年山东部分地区食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮污染状况调查

摘 要：目的 了解山东省部分地区食用植物油中黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮的污染状况,为食品安全监督管理提供科学依据。方法 在山东省部分市/县采集食用植物油,256份8类植物油,散装油206份,定型包装油59份,其中包括花生油105份、大豆油78份、玉米胚芽油9份、香油46份、调和油10份以及其他食用油17份,酶联免疫吸附法检测AFB1和ZEN的含量,并根据食品安全国家标准食品中真菌毒素限量分析植物油中的AFB1和ZEN污染状况。结果 256份样品中,AFB1和ZEN检出率分别为44.5%、72.1%,超标率分别为7.2%、6.0%,中位数分别为0.0、4.9 μg/kg。定型包装和散装油中,AFB1超标率分别为0.0%、9.2%,差异有统计学意义（?2=4.55,P＜0.05）,中位数分别为0.6 μg/kg、0.0 μg/kg;ZEN超标率分别为10.2%、4.9%,中位数分别为5.1 μg/kg、4.8 μg/kg。各城市间AFB1总体来说差异有统计学意义（?2=32.31,P＜0.05）;ZEN在不同地区间差异无统计学意义（?2=16.06,P＞0.05）。花生油和大豆油中AFB1超标率分别为16.2%、2.6%,差异有统计学意义（?2=8.93,P＜0.05）,其他种类植物油中未发现超标;花生油、大豆油、玉米胚芽油、香油、调和油ZEN的超标率分别为1%、1.3%、100.0%、8.7%、20.0%,各类食用油中ZEN超标率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 山东部分地区食用植物油中AFB1和ZEN污染严重,其中以散装油污染最为严重。花生油中AFB1、玉米油中ZEN污染严重,建议相关部门加强市场散装油的监管。     

Aflatoxin B1 in betel nuts (Areca catechu L.) imported to Pakistan from different regions of South Asia

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) levels were evaluated in betel nuts (Areca catechu L.) being imported to Pakistan during 2010–2011. In total, 278 betel nut samples (India = 21, Indonesia = 51, Sri-Lanka = 34 and Thailand = 172) were received from the Department of Customs and were analysed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). All Indian origin betel nuts showed AFB₁ contamination ranging from 11.7–262.0 µg kg^?1 with a mean of 92.5 µg kg^?1. Among Indonesian and Sri Lankan shipments, 80.4% and 73.5% betel nuts were contaminated with AFB₁ ranging between 3.3–39.2 and 6.5–103.4 µg kg^?1 with a mean of 11.6 and 35.0 µg kg^?1, respectively. However, only 30.2% of Thailand origin samples showed AFB₁ contamination ranging 3.3–77.0 µg kg^?1 with a mean of 6.6 µg kg^?1. The widespread occurrence of AFB₁ increases the hazard associated with betel nuts. Thus, strict control is a pre-requisite for the production and import/export of psychoactive substances as betel nuts.