Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) pomace

BACKGROUND: The goal of this work was to utilize the sea buckthorn pomace, which is the by‐product of a sea buckthorn juice process. Pilot plant supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) experiments were performed in a 5 × 10^?3 m³ volume high‐pressure vessel. The effects of pressure and temperature on extraction yield and recoveries of biologically active components were studied using a 3² full factorial design. The pressure and temperature were varied over the ranges of 30–46 MPa and 313–353 K, respectively. The extract samples were analysed by TLC‐densitometry, UV/VIS spectrofotometry and HPLC methods. RESULTS: The obtained yields changed between 142–164 g kg^?1, according to the solvent power of the supercritical fluid. The recoveries of the different minor components were (g minor components kg^?1 dried raw material): 2.50–4.25 sitosterol, 0.20–1.60 ursolic acid, 0.04–0.18 carotenoid, 0.35–0.42 total tocopherol. CONCLUSION: By evaluation the designed experiments 46 MPa and 333 K were chosen as the optimum conditions. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

超临界CO2萃取工艺条件对沙棘全果油功效成分含量的影响

以沙棘全果为原料,研究了不同萃取压力、温度和萃取时间对超临界二氧化碳萃取沙棘全果油萃取率、脂肪酸组成、生育酚及总类胡萝卜素等功效成分含量的影响。结果表明:沙棘全果油萃取率随萃取压力的升高而增加,随温度上升先增加后降低;不同萃取压力和温度下沙棘全果油脂肪酸组成和4种生育酚含量差异不显著;随着萃取时间的延长,油中肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸和棕榈稀酸及4种生育酚含量逐渐降低,而硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和总类胡萝卜素含量增加。     

沙棘籽原花色素组成和结构的研究

采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱技术分析鉴定沙棘籽原花色素单体和寡聚体组分,采用Sephadex LH-20柱色谱按聚合度大小对沙棘籽多聚体组分进行分级,并通过苄硫醇酸降解反应(简称硫解)对各分级组分的组成结构特征进行分析.共检测到4种单体和8种二聚体:4种单体分别为儿茶素、表儿茶素、棓儿茶素和表棓儿茶素;二聚体包括3种原花青素二聚体、1种原飞燕草素二聚体和4种混合二聚体.并根据ESI提供的质谱信息,分析确定了混合二聚体组成单元的连接顺序.棓儿茶素是构成多聚体各分级组分末端单元的主要组成成分,棓儿茶素和表棓儿茶素(合并计算)是构成各分级组分延伸单元的主要组成成分;平均聚合度为9.1、13.2和17.0,原飞燕草素比例为69.2%、84.6%、87.4%的三个分级组分是多聚体的主要成分,占多聚体总量的74.7%.     

Effect of Drying on the Nutraceutical Quality of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. sinensis) Leaves

ABSTRACT: The concentrations of total phenolics, carotenoids, and chlorophylls of fresh and dried sea buckthorn leaves were determined. Overall, drying of leaves resulted in a decrease in the concentrations of these phytochemicals. The degree of reduction depended on the drying time, temperature, or specific component type. For the phenolics, a greater reduction in concentration was observed in the leaves dried at higher temperatures (80 °C or 100 °C) for longer times (to equilibrium moisture contents of 1% to 3%) compared with those dried at lower temperatures (50 °C or 60 °C). For the leaves dried to higher final moisture (5% to 8%), all drying temperatures resulted in a similar final phenolic concentration. The carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves decreased with the increasing temperatures. However, higher temperatures such as 80 °C or 100 °C resulted in similar carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves. Nonetheless, dried sea buckthorn leaves were of a high nutraceutical quality comparable to those of frequently consumed vegetables.     

沙棘油功效成分及药理功能研究进展

沙棘具有悠久的药用历史,沙棘油根据来源不同分为沙棘籽油和沙棘果油。沙棘果油和沙棘籽油均含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸、生育酚、β-类胡萝卜素和甾醇类物质。研究表明,沙棘油具有丰富的药理功能,对心脑血管和胃肠道的保护作用,滋润皮肤、促进皮肤组织再生和上皮组织愈合、改善皮肤衰老现象的作用,缓解干眼症和辅助保护化学性肝损伤的作用。除此以外,沙棘油还具有一定的抗炎、抗氧化、增强免疫力的功能。通过对沙棘果油和沙棘籽油的功效成分、药理功能及其开发利用现状等进行综述,以期为沙棘油功能产品开发提供一定的理论基础和依据。     

Distribution of microbes in supercritical CO2 extraction of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) oils

The distribution of vegetative microbial cells and their spores in a supercritical CO₂ extraction process was studied. The seed and flesh/skin fractions of the press residue of sea buckthorn berries (Hippophaë rhamnoides) from a juice factory were used as raw materials. A pilot-scale extraction plant was operated at 30?MPa at temperatures of 40 and 60°C. The number of yeasts, moulds and bacteria in the pulp/skin fraction, in the extraction residues, in the extracted oils as well as in the water phases separated from the extracted oils was estimated by the spread plate technique. The microbial content of the flesh/skin material was increased in some extractions by the addition of bacterial spores. In general, the extraction process led to a decrease in the bacterial count of the extracted material, whereas no microbial growth was detected in the oils extracted or in the water phases separated from them. Neither yeasts nor moulds were found in any samples after the extraction process. The microbial status of seed oil and flesh/skin oil obtained by industrial-scale CO₂ extraction at 40°C and at 30?MPa before and after gelatine encapsulation remained unchanged. This proves that supercritical CO₂ can be used to manufacture edible oil products free of living micro-organisms and their spores.     

Distribution of microbes in supercritical CO2 extraction of sea buckthorn (Hippopha? rhamnoides) oils

 The distribution of vegetative microbial cells and their spores in a supercritical CO₂ extraction process was studied. The seed and flesh/skin fractions of the press residue of sea buckthorn berries (Hippopha? rhamnoides) from a juice factory were used as raw materials. A pilot-scale extraction plant was operated at 30 MPa at temperatures of 40 and 60°C. The number of yeasts, moulds and bacteria in the pulp/skin fraction, in the extraction residues, in the extracted oils as well as in the water phases separated from the extracted oils was estimated by the spread plate technique. The microbial content of the flesh/skin material was increased in some extractions by the addition of bacterial spores. In general, the extraction process led to a decrease in the bacterial count of the extracted material, whereas no microbial growth was detected in the oils extracted or in the water phases separated from them. Neither yeasts nor moulds were found in any samples after the extraction process. The microbial status of seed oil and flesh/skin oil obtained by industrial-scale CO₂ extraction at 40°C and at 30 MPa before and after gelatine encapsulation remained unchanged. This proves that supercritical CO₂ can be used to manufacture edible oil products free of living micro-organisms and their spores. Received: 14 May 1996     

大果沙棘黄酮对糖尿病小鼠血脂与抗氧化水平的影响

目的：研究大果沙棘黄酮对四氧嘧啶(ALX)诱导的糖尿病小鼠的血脂及抗氧化水平的影响。方法：用ALX制造糖尿病小鼠模型,大果沙棘黄酮(SBPF)分为低(3.0(mg/kg bw·d))、中(30.0mg/(kg bw·d))、高(90.0(mg/kgbw·d))3 个剂量组,连续灌胃 4 周。结果：与模型组相比,BFH 能极显著地降低ALX 诱导的糖尿病小鼠血糖水平、血脂水平、丙二醛(MDA)和尿素氮(BUN)含量,提高胰岛素水平、肝(肌)糖元含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、麦芽糖酶(CAT)活性,增强机体抗氧化能力,同时可调节糖尿病小鼠的饮食水平。结论：SBPF 能有效的控制糖尿病小鼠血糖水平、血脂水平,提高小鼠机体抗氧化能力。     

沙棘籽粕原花青素制备、体外抗氧化及细胞活力评价

本实验优化了沙棘籽粕原花青素的提取方法,条件为80%乙醇,提取温度35℃,液料比8∶1 m L/g,时间1.5 h,p H3.0,在该条件下的原花青素提取率为（97.31±0.48）mg/g沙棘籽粕;对提取得到的原花青素提取物进行了DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除能力实验,并分析得到IC₅0,发现沙棘籽粕原花青素提取物的DPPH自由基清除能力较维生素C强;羟自由基清除能力较弱;MTT法测定了沙棘籽粕原花青素提取物对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞活力的抑制作用,分析得到24、48、72 h处理时间下提取物IC₅0分别为542.78、199.25、82.58μg/m L。结论:沙棘籽粕提取物对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞具有一定的抑制作用,随着剂量和时间的增加,呈逐渐增强的趋势。      

Vitamin C Content in Sea Buckthorn Berries (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides) and Related Products: A Kinetic Study on Storage Stability and the Determination of Processing Effects

ABSTRACT: The primary vitamin in sea buckthorn berries is vitamin C containing values of approximately 400 mg/100 g. Processing effects were investigated during juice and concentrate production from sea buckthorn berries (Hippophaë rhamnoides) and storage stability of juices was determined for up to 7 d using berries and juices from 2 different growing areas. During industrial juice production the technological processing of the berries caused a loss of about 5% to 11% total ascorbic acid (TAA) in the generated juice. The production of the concentrated juice resulted in 50% depletion of TAA. Sea buckthorn berries and juice were stored at 6, 25, and 40 °C for up to 7 d to investigate the temperature effects on TAA during storage. Analysis of kinetic data suggested that the degradation follows a 1st‐order model. The results of the experiments showed that storage of sea buckthorn juices for 7 d at cold temperature (6 °C) already resulted in a degradation of TAA of about 11% to 12%.     

不同萃取方法对番茄籽油理化性质与脂肪酸含量的影响

分别采用超临界ＣＯ２萃取技术和传统溶剂法从番茄籽中萃取脂肪油，经过甲酯化处理后，用气相色谱法分析出亚油酸等５种脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的９８．５％．同时对油的其它理化指标进行了测定。对测定结果进行了比较分析，说明超临界ＣＯ２萃取所得番茄籽油品质更好。并对番茄籽油的营养学机理作了讨论。     

基于7种脂肪酸含量测定和化学计量学的沙棘籽油质量评价研究

目的 建立气相色谱法同时测定沙棘籽油中7种脂肪酸的含量, 并结合化学计量学进行质量评价。方法 样品经甲酯化后, 采用DB-23色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)测定脂肪酸含量。通过聚类分析(cluster analysis, CA)、主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA), 对19批沙棘籽油进行质量评价。结果 7种脂肪酸甲酯在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好, r≥0.999, 棕榈酸(palmitic acid)、棕榈油酸(palmitoleic acid)、硬脂酸(stearic acid)、油酸(oleic acid)、亚油酸(linoleic acid, LA)、γ-亚麻酸(γ-linolenic acid, γ-LA)和α-亚麻酸(α-linolenic acid, α-LA)平均加样回收率为91.9%~97.4%。通过聚类分析将样品聚为4类, 根据主成分分析的样品综合得分进行排名。同时结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析, 最终筛选得到油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸是引起沙棘籽油质量差异的标志物, 与主成分分析结果基本一致。结论 通过脂肪酸含量测定并结合化学计量法, 可以对沙棘籽油的质量进行评价, 为质量控制提供参考依据。