储热材料三水醋酸钠的添加剂评选与优化实验研究

为改善储热材料三水醋酸钠凝固过程中存在的过冷和相分层问题,必须添加合适的成核剂和增稠剂.经过研究比较,选用了5种常用的成核剂Na2HPO4·12H2O、Na3PO4·12H2O、NaCO3·10HzO、Na2SiO3·9H2O和Na284O7·10H2O,以及3种增稠剂羧甲基纤维素、明胶和聚丙烯酰胺作为添加剂来改善其相...     

相变储热材料CH3COONa·3H2O的研究及发展趋势

简单介绍了无机水合盐CH3COONa·3H2O用作相变储热材料时的优缺点,针对其存在过冷和相分层问题,目前研究所得的解决方法是添加增稠剂和成核剂.综述了分别添加增稠剂、成核剂及同时添加时对CH3COONa·3H2O相分层和过冷抑制的研究进展,分析了不同的添加剂和添加量对抑制作用的不同以及温度影响添加剂抑制作用的原因,最后指出了CH3COONa·3H2O今后主要的研究方向.     

三水醋酸钠固液相变性能优化实验研究

三水醋酸钠（SAT）在凝固过程中存在着严重的分层和过冷现象,可以利用羧甲基纤维素（CMC）作为增稠剂并添加成核剂来解决过冷问题。本文通过5种成核剂实验得到了效果最好的成核剂配方,其质量配比为SAT∶十二水磷酸氢二纳∶CMC=100∶8∶4。实验过程中还发现加热温度对药品的性质有较大影响,温度过高会导致过冷度变大甚至直接不相变,通过实验得到SAT作为相变材料时加热温度的上限为82℃。     

低共熔冰过冷问题的研究

本文通过分析低共熔冰过冷机理 ,得出结论 :过冷是为结晶过程提供推动力 ,在纯净、无杂质液态物质冻结所必须的 ;成核剂的存在 ,可以大大减小过冷度。经过过冷度测定实验和熔化潜热测定实验发现 :对于机械冷板冷藏车的冷冻板用共晶液 ( KCl溶液 ) ,Cu S是最合适的成核添加剂 ,在一般场合下也可以考虑使用 Si O2 作为成核剂     

相变恒温材料六水氯化钙的研究

有关相变恒温材料，目前应用较多的是固液相变材料，而固液相变温度是混合相变材料应用的基础。本文着重研究了以氢氧化钡为成核剂和不同用量的无机相变材料六水氯化钙。利用步冷曲线法测定了添加质量分数分别为1．0％、2．0％和3．O％的氢氧化钡时六水氯化钙的相变温度。测定结果表明3．0％氢氧化钡添加量时，相变效果较好，相变温度为28．10℃。     

相变温度可调的无机混盐体系相变储能材料

现阶段,利用无机水合盐制备相变储能材料已成为一大研究热点,但是单组份无机水合盐相变储能材料的相变温度高,较难适用于温室大棚、室内节能材料等低温应用领域。为了解决这一问题,将CaCl2·6H2O、MgCl2·6H2O以及H2O混合配制出了CaCl2-MgCl2-H2O混盐体系,并采用Thistory方法和差示扫描量热法研究了混盐的体系组成、成核剂添加量等因素对材料相变性能的影响。制备的CaCl2-MgCl2-H2O混盐相变材料可以在25℃以下完全熔解,并且通过改变混盐体系的组成可使材料凝固温度在10℃~20℃范围内可调。此外,本研究在一定程度上解决了无机水合盐相变储能材料在相变过程中的过冷和相分离现象。     

几种成核剂对硫酸钠溶液过冷度的影响

对共晶盐溶液过冷机理进行了理论分析.以硫化铜、四硼酸钠、尿素、丙三醇为成核剂,实验研究了成核剂对硫酸钠溶液过冷度的影响.结果表明四硼酸钠能较好的改善过冷现象,并且对硫酸钠溶液的潜热影响较小.     

成核剂对八水氢氧化钡相变材料过冷度的影响

八水氢氧化钡在相变过程中存在严重的相分离和过冷现象。采用步冷曲线法研究分析在冷水冷却封闭体系和室温冷却开放体系两种工况下石英、十二水磷酸氢二钠、硼砂和二水氯化钙4种成核剂对八水氢氧化钡相变材料的成核效果。实验表明:石英和十二水磷酸氢二钠随着添加量的增加,八水氢氧化钡的过冷度有增大的趋势。质量分数为3%或5%的硼砂和二水氯化钙在室温冷却开放体系工况下能够抑制八水氢氧化钡的过冷度,同时附加1%的明胶作为防相分层剂使用,八水氢氧化钡的过冷性能得到进一步改善,过冷度可降低至1℃以下,并且还可以有效地防止相分层。     

冰蓄冷空调过冷成核研究

本文对冰蓄冷空调中的水过冷成核机理进行了理论和实验研究,筛选出较好的成核剂,使得水的过冷度减小直至消除,这对提高冰蓄冷空调系统的效率极为有利。     

相变储能材料CaCl2·6H2O相变温度调节的实验研究

对添加了少量Ba(OH)2和SrCl2·6H2O稳定剂的相变储能材料CaCl2·6H2O相变温度调节进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:相变储能材料CaCl2·6H2O通过添加过量水的方法能够实现其相变温度的调节,添加过量水的合适范围为0～10％(质量分数),其相变温度调节的合适范围则24.16～28.54℃之间.基于实验结果理论回归得到的相变储能材料CaCl2·6H2O相变温度与添加过量水的关系式,在使用相变储能材料CaCl2·6H2O时,能够对添加不同数量过量水的相变储能材料CaCl2·6H2O之相变温度进行预测.这对于温室的温度控制以及培育优良花卉和特定农作物是非常有用的.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...