托卡马克超声分子束注入加料的进展

超声分子束注入作为一种新的托卡马克加料方法由作者在1992年首次提出并于当年在中国环流器一号(HL-1)装置演示成功,随后相继应用于中国环流器新一号(HL-1M)和中国科学院超导托卡马克HT-7装置。超声分子束注入等离子体呈现出电子密度峰化和温度中空分布的特征;等离子体流极向旋转速度提高,边缘扰动被抑制,等离子体能量约束得到改善。加料效率较常规脉冲送气提高一倍,而滞留器壁的粒子大为减少。近期开展的高气压氢超分子束注入实验,在束流中发现团簇流,可注入等离子体中心区域。多脉冲分子束注入形成电子密度的阶跃上升,如同冰弹丸注入效果。近年来该项技术已陆续应用于国外大型托卡马克和仿星器,是核聚变装置稳态运行的一种有效的加料方法。     

分子束注入HL-1M装置等离子体的行为

一种新的气体加料方法——分子束注入,在HL-1M装置上进行了实验。脉冲高速分子束是由高压气体通过拉瓦尔(Laval)喷口形成的。准直的氢分子束平均速度约为500m·s~(-1)。一个分子束脉冲通过拉瓦尔喷口进入真空室的粒子数为6×10~(19)个。一系列氦分子束脉冲注入HL-1M低密度((?)=4×10~(18)m~(-3))氢等离子体,氦粒子穿透深度可达到12cm,电子密度上升率达到3.1×10~(-20)m~(-3)·s~(-1)而始终保持稳态,密度峰值为5.6×10~(19)m~(-3)。在氦分子束脉冲注入后100ms,电子密度剖面峰化因子达到最大值Q_n=n_e(O)/〈n_e〉=1.51,其中,n_e(O)为中心密度,〈n_e〉为体平均密度。由反磁测量得出能量约束时间τ_E为28ms,较在相同运行条件下常规喷气加料高30％。分子束加料τ_E的改善和Q_n值的增加可与HL-1M装置的小弹丸注入和ASDEX装置[Kaufmann M et al,Nucl.Fusion 28(1988)827]的低速弹丸注入结果相比拟。除了氦的同位素效应之外,粒子注入的深度引起密度剖面峰化是约束改善的重要因素。因为在HL-1M装置常规喷气加料的Q_n值仅为1.4。分子束加料后的粒子约束时间比加料前高6倍。     

HL-1M等离子体加料密度特性

等离子体加料和密度控制是磁约束核聚变基本研究内容之一。HL-1M实验装置用8发PI系统与SMBI和GP组成联合加料系统,以它们相互配合进行了一系列放电实验,取得了丰硕的成果,本文就等离子体电子密度、改善约束特性与燃料粒子注入深度、放电装置器壁再循环的关系等结果作一介绍。     

HL-1M装置超声分子束流注入过程中的团簇现象

在环流器等离子体中用超声分子束流注入加料,引起密度峰化和约束改善,其主要机制归结为加料粒子的注入深化和密度上升率(注入效率)的提高。本文主要介绍经过改进的超声分子束流注入HL-1M装置等离子体利用边缘H_α。线辐射、径向可伸缩的静电探针和顺着束流注入方向的CCD摄像等诊断技术,考察了粒子注入口及注入口附近区域电子温度和密度沿径向分布的变化,研究了分子束粒子注入等离子体的所谓“冷通道模型”及其效应。     

用正电子湮没方法研究氦离子等离子体辅助分子束外延InP(InGaAsP)/InP结构

用氦离子等离子体辅助分子束外延方法生长了ＩｎＰ（ＩｎＧａＡｓＰ）／ＩｎＰ结构。结果发现,ＰＡＢＭＥ外延层具有很高的电阻率和很快的光反应特征。用慢正电子湮没方法研究了这一外延层。测量结果说明这些特性与等离子体造成的缺陷及缺陷随温度变化有直接关系。     

分子束外延生长ZnO薄膜的XAFS研究

利用同步辐射广延X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS),研究在不同条件下分子束外延制备的ZnO薄膜,如分别在蓝宝石(0001)、Si(100)衬底上,生长温度为200℃或300℃下得到样品的局域结构。发现这些ZnO薄膜的EXAFS函数(k^2x(k))谱形状相似,说明各个样品都具有较为相近的基本局域结构。对生长温度为200℃的ZnO／Al2O3(0001)和ZnO／Si(100)样品,其Zn-O第一配位峰的无序度仃。分别为0．0054A^2和0．0080A^2,当生长温度从200℃提高到300℃时,ZnO／Al2O3(0001)样品的Zn-O第一配位峰的无序度仃。降为0．0039A^2。结果表明衬底与ZnO的晶格失配度和生长温度对ZnO薄膜的配位数、Zn-O键长影响不大,但较小的晶格失配度和较高的生长温度下得到的ZnO薄膜局域有序性较高;且样品的局域结构越有序,相应的配位峰幅度也越高。     

HL-1M多脉冲分子束注入的CCD摄像

HL-1M装置实现了一种新的气体加料改善约束的方法——分子束注入(用多脉冲高速分子束注入加料)。多脉冲分子束注入加料可以控制等离子体密度分布、改善约束性能和提高密度极限。HL-1M托卡马克的多脉冲分子束注入得到了高的加料效率、改进了能量约束并维持了较高的密度峰化截面。分子束加料τ_E的改善和     

用正电子湮没方法研究氦离子等离子体辅助分子束外延InP(InGaAsP)/InP结构

用氦离子等离子体辅助分子束外延（PAMBE）方法生长了InP(InGaAsP)/InP结构。研究结果发现,PAMBE外延层具有很高的电阻率和很快的光反应特性。用慢正电子湮没方法研究了这一外延层,测量结果说明这些特性与等离子体造成的缺陷及缺陷随温度变化有直接关系。     

测量和预测棒束CHF数据对比方法研究

通过采用子通道程序FLICA建模分析5×5棒束临界热流密度试验,并分别采用直接代入法(DSM)和能量平衡法(HBM)两种方法利用已有临界热流密度关系式获得计算的临界热流密度,并将计算的临界热流密度与试验获得的临界热流密度对比分析,探讨了棒束临界热流密度试验数据的处理方法。结果表明,在棒束临界热流密度试验数据与已有关系式计算数据的对比中,HBM是一种更合理的方法。     

Analysis of Divertor Heat Flux with Infrared Thermography During Gas Fuelling in the HL-2A Tokamak

In HL-2A tokamaks, the behavior of heat flux deposited on the divertor targets has been studied during deuterium gas fuelling. The heat flux is reduced significantly after supersonic molecular beam injection （SMBI） fuelling during Ohmic and electron cyclotron resonance heating （ECRH） divertor discharges. The SMBI fuelling causes an increase in the plasma density and this change results in the experienced change of the edge properties. Most of this reduction in divertor target heat flux occurs together with a high plasma radiation region located at near the X-point. The largest reduction in heat flux profiles is observed at the outboard divertor separatrix strike point, while the heat flux far from the strike point remains almost unchanged. In particular, with SMBI multi-pulses gas fuelling, a partially detached divertor regime is observed with a highly radiating region at the X-point. With the onset of the partially detached divertor regime, a sudden drop in both heat flux and power flow on the divertor target is observed. The reduction in power load on the divertor targets is roughly equal to the increase in plasma radiation loss.     

Simulation of supersonic molecular beam fueling on HL-1M tokamak

The supersonic molecular beam (SMB) ablation and penetration processes in the HL-1M tokamak experiments are studied. The cluster formation and dissolution, SMB adiabatic expansion, shielding and cooling effect are all taken into account. An optimized numerical modelis applied in the analysis and shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations. The possibility of fueling large tokamak plasmas with SMB injection is explored.     

Upgrade of plasma density feedback control systemin HT-7 tokamak

The HT-7 is a superconducting tokamak in China used to make researches on the controlled nuclear fusion as a national project for the fusion research. The plasma density feedback control subsystem is the one of the subsystems of the distributed control system in HT-7 tokamak (HT7DCS). The main function of the subsystem is to control the plasma density on real-time. For this reason, the real-time capability and good stability are the most significant factors, which will influence the control results. Since the former plasma density feedback control system (FPDFCS) based on Windows operation system could not fulfill such requirements well, a new subsystem has to be developed. The paper describes the upgrade of the plasma density feedback control system (UPDFCS), based on the dual operation system (Windows and Linux), in detail.     

Characterization of Fe-based alloy coating deposited by supersonic plasma spraying

The objective of the present study is to characterize the Fe-based alloy coating deposited by the supersonic plasma spraying process. The condition of the melting particles was in situ monitored. The microstructure of the coating was examined by scanning electron microscope and high resolution transmission electron microscope. The phase composition was examined by X-ray diffraction. The microhardness and porosity were also measured, respectively. Results show the prepared coatings have excellent properties, such as few oxides, high microhardness and a low porosity amount. At the same time, a mass of amorphous/nanocrystalline phases was found in the coating. The mechanism of the formation of amorphous/nanocrystalline phases was investigated. The appropriate material composition of spraying material and flash set process of plasma spraying are the key factors. Moreover, the mechanism for oxidation resistance is also investigated, where the separation between melting metal and oxygen by the formation of SiO₂ films is the key factor.     

321型束流剖面监测仪在离子束技术中的应用

束流剖面监测仪是监测带电粒子束在传输过程中状态变化的一种装置。该装置的叶片式探针(以下简称探针)安装在粒子加速器、同位素分离器和离子注入机等监测位置上并由它把截获的信号显示在示波器屏上便可观察到沿束横截面束流密度分布曲线(以下简称束形)。通过束形变化我们可定性地判断束流强度、束流品质和它在束管道中的相对位置等。因此,它在国外各种类型的粒子加速器上广为使用。     

Monte Carlo simulation of molecular flow in a neutral beam injector and comparison with experiment

Monte Carlo calculations have been performed to obtain estimates of the background gas pressure and molecular number density as a function of position in the PDX-prototype neutral beam injector, which has undergone testing at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Estimates of these quantities together with the transient and steady-state energy deposition and molecular capture rates on the cryopanels of the cryocondensation pumps and the molecular escape rate from the injector were obtained utilizing a detailed geometric model of the neutral beam injector. The molecular flow calculations were performed using an existing Monte Carlo radiation transport code, which was modified slightly to monitor the energy of the background gas molecules. The credibility of these calculations is demonstrated by the excellent agreement between the calculated and experimentally measured background gas pressure in front of the beamline calorimeter located in the downstream drift region of the injector. The usefulness of the calculational method as a design tool is illustrated by a comparison of the integrated beamline molecular density over the drift region of the injector for three modes of cryopump operation.     

High energy electron beam generation during interaction of a laser accelerated proton beam with a gas-discharge plasma

The study of the interaction between ion beam and plasma is very important to the areas of inertial fusion energy and high energy density physics. With detailed one-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations, we investigate here the interaction of a laser-accelerated proton beam assuming an ideal monoenergetic beam with a gas-discharge plasma. After the saturation stage of the two-stream instability excited by the proton beam, significant high energy electrons are observed, with maximum energy approaching 2 MeV, and a new two-stream instability occurs between the high energy electrons and background electrons. The trajectories of plasma electrons are studied, showing the process of electron trapping and de-trapping from the wakefield.     

分子束外延生长硅薄膜缺陷性质的单能慢正电子束研究

用慢正电子束流作为探针,测量了不同温度下用分子束外延生长的硅薄膜的正电子湮没Ｓ参数,讨论了外延层质量与生长温度及膜层厚度的关系,所得结论为：对于几百纳米厚度的分子束外延生长层,５００℃左右是一个比较合适的生长温度范围。温度过低,膜中将会含有大量的空位型缺陷;温度太高,杂质在材料中会有明显的扩散行为,对产品性能发生较大影响。     

Numerical simulation of impact of supersonic molecular beam injection on edge localized modes

A three-field model with the impact of supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) based on the BOUT++ code is built to simulate edge localized modes (ELMs). Different parameters of SMBI are explored to find an optimal SMBI scenario for ELM mitigation. The linear simulations show that the growth rate of peeling-ballooning mode is reduced by SMBI. The reduction amplitude of the growth rate is increased when the amplitude or width of SMBI is increased, and when SMBI is deposited at the top, bottom and middle of the pedestal, the reduction amplitude increases successively. The nonlinear simulations show that the ELM size is reduced by SMBI. The reduction amplitude of the ELM size is increased when the amplitude or width of SMBI is increased, and when SMBI is deposited at the bottom, top and middle of the pedestal, the reduction amplitude increases successively. Surface-averaged pressure profiles and filamentary structures are analyzed when the ELMs erupt. Deep deposition of SMBI such as at the top and middle of the pedestal reduces the inward collapse amplitude of the pressure profiles, which can improve the confinement efficiency during ELMs. Shallow deposition of SMBI such as at the middle and bottom of the pedestal reduces the outer extent of the filamentary structures, which can slow down the erosion of plasma-facing components caused by ELMs. In conclusion, shallow deposition of SMBI with sufficient amplitude and width can meet the needs of ELM mitigation.