Full‐color photo‐addressable electronic paper using cholesteric liquid crystals and organic photoconductors

Abstract— Full‐color photo‐addressable electronic paper using cholesteric liquid crystals and organic photoconductors was developed. The electronic paper is comprised of two stacked photo‐addressable elements displaying blue/green and red images, respectively. Each photo‐addressable element was independently controlled by two different color‐addressing lights. Furthermore, blue and green images were selectively switched by one organic photoconductor using the threshold characteristics of cholesteric liquid crystals. A highly reflective polymer‐dispersed cholesteric liquid‐crystal (PDCLC) layer was obtained by a new formation process based on the sol‐gel transition behavior of a gelatin matrix and an agar overcoat layer. The PDCLC layer had a close‐packed honeycomb‐like monolayer structure with a flat surface. The A6‐sized prototype had paper‐like features and showed full‐color bistable images instantly written with a viewer‐type writing apparatus.     

Hollow fibers containing various display elements: A novel structure for electronic paper

Abstract— A novel structure for electronic‐paper displays using hollow fibers has been developed, where the hollow fiber is comprised of an outer transparent polymer tube and inner display elements (rotating balls, electrophoretic dispersion fluid, or cholesteric liquid crystals). The structure composed of thin polymer fibers is capable of realizing paper‐like visibility and flexibility, which are vital properties required for electronic‐paper displays. Hollow fibers containing display elements were produced through an industrial manufacturing process using a conventional melt spinning method for the first time and showed electro‐optical switching when the voltage was applied. The hollow fibers were then woven into fabric sheets. The structure and the production process for electronic paper in this study will be a candidate for a simple method to produce large‐area electronic‐paper displays.     

Novel concept for full‐color electronic paper

Abstract— Despite a steep increase in commercial devices comprising paper‐like displays, a much desired feature is still missing: bright full‐color electronic paper. A new reflective‐display technology has been developed to solve this issue. For the first time, the principles behind this in‐plane electrophoretic technology will be presented, which enables the realization of full‐color reflective displays with a higher brightness than presently available e‐paper technologies, without compromising paper‐like properties such as viewing angle and ultra‐low power consumption. An additional major advantage (e.g., for future low‐cost manufacturing) is that, besides direct‐drive and active‐matrix configurations, a passive‐matrix option with analog gray levels has been successfully developed.     

色彩复原图像的质量评价方法

针对褪色文物数字化保护中色彩复原图像的质量评价问题,研究客观质量评价方法。结合峰值信噪比(PSNR)的计算优势与人眼视觉特征信息熵的结构特性,提出一种基于视觉特征信息熵的彩色图像质量评价方法。该方法建立带权值的质量评价函数和对应评价算法流程,利用归一化方法确定权值。通过评价算法流程计算复原的彩色图像与参考彩色图像的函数值,比较两者的相似程度。值越小,代表相似度越高,对应的复原彩色图像质量越好,以此客观判断色彩复原方法的优劣。实验通过四种性能差异复原方法的质量评价参数比较,表明评价结果与人眼视觉主观感受相一致,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Ambient‐light‐adaptive image quality enhancement for full‐color e‐paper displays using a saturation‐based tone‐mapping method

Full‐color e‐paper displays that have a small color gamut encounter image tone distortions and contour artifacts in high‐saturation regions. To solve these issues, in this paper, we comprehensively measure the colorimetric responses of input image signals and demonstrate that the perceptual colorfulness in terms of chroma abnormally declines when the input saturation is beyond a certain value. Accordingly, saturation‐based tone‐mapping curves are developed to map the abnormal high saturation to the range that the display is able to normally render. By testing several test charts and natural images, the recoveries of the original image tones and the removals of the contour artifacts are experimentally verified. More important, by discussing how to conduct a database of tone‐mapping curves for different ambient lights and utilize the database for an unknown ambient light, the proposed method is proven to be completely ambient light adaptive.     

基于误差扩散模型的图像复制色彩管理分析

本文从误差扩散角度分析了图像复制过程中存在色彩复制管理的机制原理,色彩误差是不可避免的,但通过建立色彩误差扩散模型进行色彩复制传递的校正管理,可以客观正确反映了彩色图像印刷的颜色视觉质量效果。     

Auto‐calibration of drive condition for cholesteric liquid crystal displays

Dynamic drive scheme (DDS) is known widely as passive matrix addressing that obtains both high‐speed re‐writing and a high contrast ratio in the field of cholesteric liquid crystal displays (LCDs). However, DDS has a serious problem in that the proper drive condition is very narrow and it is largely influenced by individual differences in LCDs that arise during their production. We have developed a new auto‐calibration system that adjusts both the contrast ratio and color balance automatically using capacitances of effective pixels and temperature compensation models that utilize the physical properties of cholesteric LCDs. We have managed to optimize the driving conditions between 5 and 35 °C with this method, and obtained both stable and high‐quality color images where the reflectance is 36%, contrast ratio is 8, and NTSC ratio is 20%. This auto‐calibration system has been able to greatly improve the production yield of cholesteric LCDs and made it possible to make practical use of cholesteric LCDs.     

基于视觉半色调模型的图像复制色差分析

本文从视觉模型角度分析了图像复制过程中存在色差机制原理,色彩误差是不可避免的,但通过建立视觉模型和对视觉模型色彩误差的校正管理,可以客观正确反映了彩色图像印刷的颜色视觉质量效果。     

多传感器彩色纹理色彩差异修正方法

针对三维彩色扫描仪多个传感器获得的彩色纹理图像存在色彩差异,导致重建的三维彩色模型表面出现色彩分块现象的问题,提出一种基于色彩迁移的纹理图像色彩修正方法。首先,利用综合质量图像评价函数(CAF)进行图像质量评价,从多个传感器获得的彩色纹理图像中选出一幅质量最佳的作为标准图像;然后,参照该图像调整其他纹理图像各个色彩通道的色彩均值、方差等统计量。将所提方法用于三维人体彩色扫描仪的纹理图像色彩修正,结果表明,色彩修正后纹理图像间的色彩差异减小,得到的三维人体彩色模型色彩分块现象得到明显改善,色彩更加均衡自然。与经典色彩变换方法、改进色彩变换方法、基于最小角度选择的融合方法相比,实验的主观效果和客观图像综合质量评价值都表明了该方法的优越性。     

Transfer printing for fabrication of flexible RGB color e‐paper

Electrophoretic display (EPD) has been a prevailing paper‐like display technology for years, owing to its advantages of flexibility, low‐power consumption, and good sunlight readability. However, it is regrettable that the black/white EPD still dominates the majority of the market while a commercially sold full‐color EPD is still unavailable. In this paper, we proposed a facile yet feasible method to fabricate a color EPD by a tape‐assisted transfer method, which is the first demonstration using transfer method to achieve color micro‐encapsulated EPD.     

基于流形学习的彩色遥感图像分维数估算

目的 纹理特征提取一直是遥感图像分析领域研究的热点和难点。现有的纹理特征提取方法主要集中于研究单波段灰色遥感图像,如何提取多波段彩色遥感图像的纹理特征,是多光谱遥感的研究前沿。方法 提出了一种基于流形学习的彩色遥感图像分维数估算方法。该方法利用局部线性嵌入方法,对由颜色属性所组成的5-D欧氏超曲面进行维数简约处理;再将维数简约处理后的颜色属性用于分维数估算。结果 利用Landsat-7遥感卫星数据和GeoEye-1遥感卫星数据进行实验,结果表明,同Peleg法和Sarkar法等其他分维数估算方法相比,本文方法具有较小的拟合误差。其中,其他4种对比方法所获拟合误差E平均值分别是本文方法所获得拟合误差E平均值的26.2倍、5倍、26.3倍、5倍。此外,本文方法不仅可提供具有较好分类特性的分维数,而且还能提供相对于其他4种对比方法更加稳健的分维数。结论 在针对中低分辨率的真彩遥感图像和假彩遥感图像以及高分辨率彩色合成遥感图像方面,本文方法能够利用不同地物所具有颜色属性信息,提取出各类型地物所对应的纹理信息,有效地改善了分维数对不同地物的区分能力。这对后续研究各区域中不同类型地物的分布情况及针对不同类型地物分布特点而制定区域规划及开发具有积极意义。     

三维重建表面任意切面图像提取及映射有效方法*

针对三维重建表面模型的任意切面纹理显示,分为3D纹理采样和切面纹理映射两阶段。前者通过模型包围盒及模型横断面轮廓定位纹理部位并去掉图像背景,经采样形成多精度3D纹理;后者先计算剖切平面和模型及纹理空间中包围盒交面,然后利用向量叠加原理及立方体线性插值方法快速提取纹理空间的交面图像,经Alpha测试后映射到模型空间相应切面上,形成具有切面纹理的剖切模型。实验表明,该方法克服了面绘制技术不能体现内部数据的缺点,有效地提高了大数据量模型任意剖切面纹理绘制速度。     

Effects of text/background color combination,ambient illuminance,and display type on discriminating performance for young and elderly users

Abstract— This study examined the effects of text/background color combinations (black‐on‐white, red‐on‐white, green‐on‐white, and blue‐on‐white), ambient illuminance (50, 500, and 12,000 lx), and display type (color electronic‐paper displays and conventional transmissive liquid‐crystal displays) on the discriminating performance of young and elderly users. The results showed that when participants used the color e‐paper display, young participants had significantly better discriminating performance than elderly participants under the text/background color combinations of black‐on‐white, green‐on‐white, and blue‐on‐white, whereas no significant difference was present between young and elderly participants under red‐on‐white. When participants used a conventional transmissive LCD, however, there was no significant difference between young and elderly participants under all text/background color‐combination settings. Young participants had substantially better discriminating performance under 500 and 12,000 lx than under 50 lx, whereas elderly participants had the best discriminating performance under 12,000 lx, followed by that under 500 lx, and the worst performance under 50 lx. Participants who used a conventional transmissive LCD had substantially better discriminating performance under 500 and 12,000 lx than under 50 lx. Participants who used the color e‐paper display had the best discriminating performance under 12,000 lx, followed by that under 500 lx, and the worst performance under 50 lx. The results can be the guild for the designers of color e‐paper displays.     

Simulation and design of MIM nanoresonators for color filter applications

We simulated metal–insulator–metal (MIM) nanoresonator structures that can be realized by sandwiching an insulator layer between two metal grating layers with subwavelength periods and heights. Simulation results indicate that it is possible to use relatively low refractive index polymeric materials as the insulator layer and such MIM structures can function as color filters with reasonably narrow bandwidths in transmission mode. Such color filters being superior in performance might find application in liquid crystal display devices replacing the conventional color filters. Simulations suggest that development of plasmonic modes at the metal–insulator interfaces might be responsible for the filter‐like transmission behavior of such structures. The transmission peaks can be tuned by changing the heights of the two grating layers and the refractive index of the insulator layer. Transmission peak is red‐shifted as insulator layer refractive index increases. Simulations were carried out using a home‐grown, monochromatic version of recursive convolution finite‐difference time‐domain method.     

Color spectral analysis for spatial structure characterization of textures in IHLS color space

In this article, a linear prediction model based approach for color texture characterization and classification in the improved hue luminance and saturation color space is presented. Pure chrominance structure information is used in addition to the normally used luminance structure information for color texture classification. Hue and saturation channels of a color image in IHLS color space are combined using a complex exponential to give a single channel which holds all the chrominance information of the image. Two dimensional complex multichannel versions of the non-symmetric half plane autoregressive model, the quarter plane autoregressive model and the Gauss Markov random field model are used to perform parametric power spectrum estimation of both luminance and the “combined chrominance” channels of the image. The accuracy and precision of these spectral estimates are proven quantitatively by performing tests on a large number of images. Spectral distance measures are calculated for the spectral information of luminance and chrominance channels individually as well as combined through a combination coefficient. Using these distance measures, color texture classification is done with k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Experimental results verify that the IHLS color space exhibits better performance than the RGB color space indicating the significance of using IHLS for such analysis. They also show that color texture characterization and percentage classification obtained by combined luminance and chrominance structure information is better than the color texture classification done using only the luminance structure information.