混合气氛下SO2对低碳钢高温氧化行为的影响

研究了SPHC低碳钢分别在SO2浓度为0、100、200、500和1000 mg/m3的SO2-CO2-O2-N2混合气体中1200℃时的氧化行为,通过XRD分析氧化层的组成,使用SEM和EDX分析了氧化层的微观形貌和元素分布,采用热压缩实验和金相显微镜分析了氧化皮的除鳞难度。结果表明,SO2浓度高于200 mg/m3时,基体抗高温腐蚀性能明显降低。当SO2浓度高于500 mg/m3时,在氧化层和基体的界面处开始生成较为完整的FeS层,界面处富集的FeS降低了高温下氧化皮的粘附性,破坏高温下氧化皮的完整性,导致氧化加剧;同时降温后又附着在基体表面,提高了降温后氧化皮的去除难度。外层氧化层的Fe2O3层和Fe3O4,FeO混合层的结构在实验的SO2浓度范围内几乎保持不变。通过控制气氛中SO2含量,可以有效控制FeS在界面处的偏聚,减少低碳钢的高温腐蚀,降低后期氧化皮去除难度,提高产品的表面质量。     

低合金钢中合金元素高温氧化行为研究

对低合金钢进行了900~1 200 ℃高温氧化实验,对钢中Si、Mn、Cu、Cr和Ni等合金元素的高温氧化行为进行了研究。结果表明：高温下Si元素与Cu元素存在明显的富集,Si元素会氧化生成Fe2SiO4,阻碍铁离子在氧化铁皮中的扩散,使钢具有一定的抗氧化性;Cu元素可以改善钢的强度、韧性与耐腐蚀性,但是高温氧化后极易形成“富铜液相”,导致出现“铜脆”现象;在1 200 ℃下,Cr元素和Ni元素也会发生富集,Cr在高温下会在氧化铁皮和基体钢之间形成FeCr2O4,同样具有一定的抗氧化性;Mn的氧化物与Fe的氧化物很相似,两者相应氧化物有很高的互溶度;Ni元素对氧化过程没有较大的影响。     

中碳钢盘条的高温氧化行为研究

针对中碳钢盘条的高温氧化问题,利用热重分析仪对45钢和40Cr钢盘条的高温氧化行为进行了试验研究;采用场发射电子探针表征了氧化铁皮厚度及截面微观形貌,对氧化铁皮形貌演变规律以及合金元素在氧化铁皮与基体界面处的分布规律进行了研究分析。结果表明:45钢和40Cr钢盘条的氧化增重曲线在1 050~1 250 ℃范围内遵循抛物线规律,当氧化条件相同时,相比于常规低碳钢,其氧化激活能较高,抗氧化性能更好;氧化铁皮呈典型的3层结构,从外到里分别为Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄及FeO,并且在氧化铁皮与基体界面处存在合金元素富集层;45钢盘条在高温氧化时,Cr元素分布不明显,Si元素在氧化铁皮与基体界面处有少量富集,Mn元素在氧化铁皮中均匀分布;40Cr钢盘条在氧化铁皮与基体界面处不仅有富Si层,还明显存在一层均匀完整的富Cr层,由于合金元素富集层阻碍了Fe²⁺向外扩散,提高了盘条的高温抗氧化性能。     

钼对低碳钢高温力学性能的影响

以新一代高炉炉壳用钢的开发为背景,采用低Mo或无Mo的成分设计,研究了Mo对热轧态、回火态和正火态低碳钢组织和高温拉伸性能的影响.结果表明,试验钢热轧态组织均为铁素体+珠光体+M-A岛,其屈服强度可保持至400℃而不明显降低;回火后,岛状马氏体组织消失,试验钢屈服强度在室温～600 ℃范围内随拉伸温度升高而线性下降.Mo的添加提高了回火时第二相的析出温度,并使正火态组织中含有大量M-A岛.含Mo试验钢在回火后具有更高的室温和高温强度,经640℃回火后,其常温屈服和抗拉强度依次为540 MPa和625 MPa,屈强比为0.86,600℃屈服强度保持率为55%.     

温度对低碳钢微观组织与高温力学性能的影响

利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)与电子万能试验机对低碳钢不同温度下的微观组织与高温力学性能进行了详细的研究与讨论。结果表明,无论室温拉伸还是高温拉伸,位于晶界上的碳化物(Fe₃C)颗粒是诱发低碳钢裂纹的主要因素。与室温拉伸性能相比,提高加热温度,抗拉强度明显下降,伸长率显著增加。在高温下,随着温度的提高,抗拉强度线性下降,而伸长率先降低而后趋于稳定。在520 ℃拉伸过程中,低碳钢中产生了大量的滑移带,诱发了动态回复。提高温度至720 ℃时,珠光体组织发生球化,形变铁素体晶粒内出现等轴状小晶粒,即发生了动态再结晶;经EBSD分析,形变铁素体晶粒间取向差较大,而其发生再结晶的等轴小晶粒间取向差较小。     

Characterization of oxide scales formed on low carbon steel between 1100 and 1250 °C in air

A low carbon steel was oxidized isothermally at temperatures of 1100–1250 °C for up to 2 h in air, and the oxide scales were examined. Several hundred micrometer-thick scales formed owing to poor oxidation resistance at high temperatures. Scales consisting mainly of Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, and FeO spalled easily, owing to the formation of voids and cracks in the scales. All the alloying elements were also oxidized and incorporated in the iron oxide scales, depending on their local concentration in the matrix.     

稀土La对变形条件下低碳高铌钢组织和硬度的影响

应用Gleeble-1500D、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和维氏硬度计研究了变形条件下稀土镧对低碳高铌钢显微组织和硬度的影响。结果表明,稀土镧可显著细化低碳高铌钢室温组织,贝氏体铁素体板条宽度由8.78 μｍ减小到4.85 μｍ;并使M/A岛细小弥散分布,使低碳髙铌钢硬度提高51 HV5。     

Notch toughness in hot-rolled low carbon steel wire rod

Charpy V-notch toughness has been investigated in four hot-rolled, low carbon steels with different grain sizes and carbon contents between 0.019 and 0.057%. The raw material was wire rod designed for drawing and possible subsequent cold heading operations and manufactured from continuous cast billets. In this study, the influence of microstructure, mechanical properties, and alloying elements on the ductile-brittle transition behavior has been assessed. A particular emphasis has been given to the influence of boron with contents up to 0.0097%. As a result, transition temperatures between −29 and +50°C explicated by the material properties have been obtained. The examination also shows that the transition temperature raises with circa 0.5°C for each added ppm boron most likely as a consequence of an enlargement of the ferrite grain size and the reduction of yield and tensile strength. The highest upper shelf energy and lowest transition temperature can be observed in a steel without boron additions and with maximum contents of carbon, silicon, and manganese.     

回火温度对低碳贝氏体管线钢低温韧性和组织的影响

通过力学性能测试和微观组织分析,研究了回火温度对低碳贝氏体X80管线钢组织及低温冲击韧性的影响。结果表明,低碳贝氏体X80管线钢在300 ℃回火2 h后达到最佳强韧性匹配,屈服强度在625 MPa,-40 ℃夏比冲击功Akv为315 J,冲击断口呈现明显的韧性断裂形貌,-60℃夏比冲击功Akv也达到了268 J。低碳贝氏体管线钢轧态组织以粒状贝氏体为主,经过300 ℃回火2 h后,组织与TMCP状态基本相似,仍保持粒状贝氏体组织,但是MA组元略细小;经过600 ℃回火2 h后,贝氏体出现粗化,并且出现多边形铁素体组织。低温韧性的改善是由于回火处理过程中富碳残留奥氏体发生转变,M/A 组元由岛状转变为点状及细条状,粒状贝氏体晶间细化的M/A组元更好的阻碍了裂纹的扩展。     

低密度碳纤维复合材料耐高温抗氧化技术研究

低密度碳纤维复合材料具有轻量化、耐高温、低热导等优异特性,在航空航天热防护领域有较大的应用潜力。为了提高低密度碳纤维复合材料高温抗氧化性能,本文设计并研制了耐高温低密度抗氧化碳纤维复合材料。首先,采用气相沉积工艺对传统低密度碳纤维复合材料进行了强韧化处理,沉积210h时后材料拉伸强度和压缩强度分别提高275%和341%。其次,采用刷涂浸渍和高温原位烧结方法设计并制备了双层超高温抗氧化涂层,采用高温马弗炉对材料在空气环境、不同温度下的高温抗氧化性能进行了测试。结果表明,在1700~1750℃考核条件下材料表现出优异的抗氧化性能,质量增重率为1.1~1.5×10_-5 g/cm₂?s,表面形成的致密氧化硅氧化膜和氧化铪镶嵌氧化硅氧化膜为材料提供了优异的抗氧化性能。     

回火温度对Si-Mn低碳贝氏体钢塑韧性的影响

采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电镜研究了不同回火温度对Si-Mn低碳贝氏体钢的力学性能、微观组织、残留奥氏体、冲击断裂裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明,提高低碳贝氏体钢回火温度,降低残留奥氏体量,增加残留奥氏体的稳定性,有利于塑韧性的改善。但回火温度达到500℃以上,残留奥氏体量都发生转变或分解,塑韧性会变差。稳定的残留奥氏体会增大裂纹扩展能量,从而改善塑韧性。     

Effect of pre‐oxidation on coke formation and metal dusting of electroplated Ni3Al–CeO2‐based coatings in CO–H2–H2O

Pre‐oxidation was introduced to improve the resistance of electroplated pure, 5 µm CeO₂‐dispersed, and 9–15 nm CeO₂‐dispersed Ni₃Al coatings to coke formation and metal dusting in 24.4%CO–73.3%H₂–2.3%H₂O at 650 °C. Coke formation and metal dusting of pre‐oxidized Ni₃Al‐based coatings were retarded up to 200 h owing to a thin Al₂O₃ scale induced during pre‐oxidation. The long‐term effectiveness of pre‐oxidation nonetheless depended on the integrity of Al₂O₃ scale. The pure Ni₃Al coating suffered severe spallation after pre‐oxidation and thereby showed the worst long‐term resistance. Two pre‐treated 9–15 nm CeO₂‐dispersed Ni₃Al coatings exhibited the best long‐term resistance to carbon attack because nano‐CeO₂ particles maintained a full coverage of Al₂O₃ scale on the coatings. Two 5 µm CeO₂‐dispersed Ni₃Al coatings showed significant spallation after pre‐oxidation because of an overdoping effect and experienced coke formation and metal dusting during long‐term exposure.     

退火温度对低碳铝镇静钢板组织及力学性能的影响

通过拉伸试验检测了单机架可逆轧制冷轧压下率为68％低碳铝镇静钢板力学性能,用金相显微镜观察试验钢板冷轧态与退火态的纤维组织,并用X射线衍射仪测量试验钢中不同类型织构的含量.结果表明,退火温度由660℃升高至720℃,低碳铝镇静钢的屈服强度为201 ～212 MPa,抗拉强度为278 ～311MPa,屈强比为0.68 ～0.72,总伸长率为38％ ～ 42％,加工硬化指数n值为0.21-0.24,而塑性应变比r值为1.25 ～1.58,|△r|值为0.39 ～0.78.退火温度的升高使得再结晶后晶粒尺寸增加和“饼型”程度加大,γ纤维织构强度增加.当退火温度升高至720℃时,再结晶晶粒尺寸不均匀,|△r|值较大,且抗拉强度明显降低.综合作用的结果是,退火温度在680 ～700℃范围时较为合适,深冲性能较好.     

含Cr低碳钢的高温氧化行为研究

采用不同Cr含量试验钢,研究了Cr含量对其高温氧化行为的影响.结果表明,当钢中Cr的质量分数从0.05％增加到0.5％时,试验钢的氧化激活能由121.03 kJ/mol增加到152.23 kJ/mol.随着氧化温度的升高,氧化速率越快,氧化增重也越大.Cr元素能够在高温氧化时在靠近基体界面位置形成FeCr2O4富集层,...     

The oxidation of Co−Nb alloys under low oxygen pressures at 600–800°C

The oxidation of two Co–Nb alloys containing 15 and 30 wt.% Nb has been studied at 600–800° C in H₂–CO₂ mixtures providing an oxygen pressure of 10^–24 atm at 600°C and 10^–20 atm at 700 and 800°C, below the dissociation pressure of cobalt oxide. At 600 and 700°C both alloys showed only a region of internal oxidation composed, of a mixture of alpha cobalt and of niobium oxides (NbO₂ and Nb₂O₅) and at 700°C also the double oxide CoNb₂O₆, which formed from the Nb-rich Co₃Nb phase. No Nb-depleted layer formed in the alloy at the interface with the region of internal oxidation at these temperatures. Upon oxidation at 800°C a transition between internal and external oxidation of niobium was observed, especially for Co–30Nb. This corrosion mode is associated with the development of a single-phase, Nb-depleted region at the surface of the alloy. The corrosion mechanism of these alloys is examined with special reference to the effect of the low solubility of niobium in cobalt and to the relation between the microstructures of the alloys and of the scales.     

Super304H奥氏体不锈钢的高温抗氧化性能

对Super304H奥氏体不锈钢在550～800℃进行高温氧化试验,结合氧化动力学规律去研究Super304H奥氏体不锈钢的氧化机理。结果表明,Super304H奥氏体不锈钢在550～800℃氧化质量增加曲线遵循抛物线规律,在750～800℃时60 h以内氧化质量增加趋势最明显,100 h后质量增加高达0.005 mg·mm^-2。在550～750℃逐渐生成致密的氧化膜,主要由Cr₂O₃和Fe_3-xCr_xNiO₄混合氧化物和少量CuCrMnO₄构成。升高温度会促进Cr的选择性氧化,使得Cr₂O₃保护膜开裂,800℃时暴露出的Fe基体与氧原子反应生成瘤状Fe₃O₄,氧化膜厚重并伴有剥落现象。应变速率为3.2×10^-4 s^-1时,不锈钢的抗拉强度随氧化温度升高而降低,600℃的抗拉强度最大,达350 MPa; ...     

热变形参数对铌微合金钢贝氏体相变的影响

利用Gleeble-1500热力模拟实验机研究了铌微合金低碳钢连续冷却过程及等温过程贝氏体相变,分析了热变形参数对贝氏体相变的影响规律.研究表明,在连续冷却条件下,随着冷却速度的增加,贝氏体转变开始温度降低.随着变形温度的升高,贝氏体转变开始温度升高.从贝氏体转变开始温度来看,950℃变形时,对贝氏体相变有较明显的促进作用,当变形温度升高,变形的作用减弱.在相同变形温度情况下,随着变形量的增加,先共析铁素体的量增多,贝氏体量随之减少.变形温度在900℃以下时,变形促进了高温等轴铁素体的形成,同时由于先共析铁素体的影响而间接影响了贝氏体的量,导致了随变形温度的升高贝氏体量有所减少.在等温条件下,形变不仅缩短贝氏体相变的孕育期,而且促进了贝氏体的相变,贝氏体转变的鼻尖温度为500℃,贝氏体转变的上限温度为600℃.     

Oxidation of Ni-base alloys in atmospheres with widely varying oxygen partial pressures

The oxidation behavior of the Ni-base alloys IN 617, IN 713 LC, Ni20Cr, and Ni20Cr+Si has been investigated in the temperature range from 850°C to 1000°C in air and at low-oxygen partial pressure p(O₂) (10^–19 to 10^–16 bar). With the exception of alloy IN 713 LC, the materials show no influence of p(O₂) on the oxidation mechanisms and the kinetics. This result can be explained by the formation of a dense Cr₂O₃ layer, the growth rate of which is controlled by the Cr ion interstitial concentration in Cr₂O₃ at the phase boundary oxide/alloy and the mobility of Cr ions in Cr₂O₃. For the alloy IN 713 LC which develops a dense Al₂O₃ layer in air, a modified transition mechanism at low p(O₂) leads to the formation of Cr₂O₃ at the surface and a strong internal oxidation of Al.