诺丽酵素在自然发酵过程中体外抗氧化活性变化及品质研究

以DPPH、ABTS、羟基自由基清除能力和总还原力为评价指标,多体系地考察了诺丽酵素自然发酵过程中抗氧化活性的动态变化,并进行总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性之间相关性分析和对产品品质进行评价。结果表明,诺丽酵素自然发酵过程中总酚含量在60 d达到最高1.61 mg/mL,78 d后趋于稳定;总黄酮含量发酵至54 d时达到最高0.39 mg/mL,60 d后趋于稳定;DPPH、ABTS和羟基自由基清除能力在发酵至54～66 d达到最高（71.22%、76.21%、58.64%）,总还原能力在72 d达到最高（0.593）;自由基清除能力和总还原力与总酚含量均具有显著的正相关性（P＜0.05）。诺丽酵素的pH值、总酸、蛋白质和还原糖含量分别为3.65、2.48 g/L、0.16 mg/mL和29.35 mg/mL,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和淀粉酶活性分别达到376.43 U/mL和17.65 U/mL。     

肉豆蔻挥发油抑菌及抗花生油氧化作用研究

以水蒸气蒸馏法提取肉豆蔻挥发油。平板法涂布研究了肉豆蔻挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌及酿酒酵母菌种的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);滤纸片固相扩散法研究了肉豆蔻挥发油对供试菌体的抑菌活性。以人工合成抗氧化剂二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)为对照,以过氧化值、酸值为指标研究了肉豆蔻挥发油对花生油的抗氧化作用。结果表明肉豆蔻挥发油有一定的抑菌作用和抗花生油氧化作用。肉豆蔻挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌及酿酒酵母的MIC分别为:5.0、120.0、150.0、10.0 m L/L,对上述4种菌的抑菌圈直径分别为:(13.46±0.85)、(11.59±0.68)、(10.52±0.74)、(12.15±0.76)mm。在35 d的贮藏期内,添加肉豆蔻挥发油的花生油过氧化值(POV)和酸值极显著低于空白组(P0.01)。在0~14 d贮藏期内添加0.12%、0.18%、0.24%肉豆蔻挥发油的花生油POV值和酸值极显著低于BHT组,但从第21天起添加肉豆蔻挥发油的花生油各组过氧化值和酸值极显著高于BHT组。     

草果精油的化学组成、抗氧化及抑菌活性研究

以正己烷为溶剂提取草果精油,利用气相-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析其化学成分,同时研究了草果精油的抗氧化和抑菌活性。结果表明,草果精油成分比较复杂,其中有23种化合物被鉴定,主要成分为香叶醇（29.42%）、橙花叔醇（9.87%）、十八碳烯酸（8.62%）等。草果精油对DPPH和ABTS自由基均显示出了较好的清除效果,EC50值分别为3.84、3.20mg/mL;不同浓度的草果精油对5种测试菌都有一定的抑菌作用,其中对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果最好,其最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为2.0mg/mL。      

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Oleoresins of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Fruits

Essential oil and oleoresins (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and iso-propyl alcohol) of Myristica fragrans were extracted by using Clevenger and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of essential oil showed the presence of 38 components representing about 99.6% of the total weight. Sabinene (29.4%) was found to be a major component along with beta pinene (10.6%), alpha pinene (10.1%), terpene-4-ol (9.6%), and several other minor components. The major component of all oleoresins contained elemicin. It has been observed that the essential oil and ethanol oleoresin showed better activity compared to other tested oleoresins and synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxyl anisole and butylated hydroxyl toluene. Furthermore, the activity of essential oil and oleoresins was measured for the inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation products in mustard oil by using peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, and p-anisidine values. In addition, these experiments were further supported by other complementary antioxidant assays, such as ferric thiocyanate method in a linoleic acid system, reducing power, chelating effect, and scavenging effects on 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Hence, the essential oil and ethanol oleoresin of M. fragrans could be considered as a natural food preservative.     

Chemical composition,antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Metaplexis japonica and their antibacterial components

The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils from Metaplexis japonica and isolation of antibacterial constituents from the essential oils. Results showed that 63 components were identified in essential oils. Phenylethyl alcohol (77.978%), α‐terpineol (31.810%) and docosane (21.644%) were the most abundent constituents of flower oil, leaf oil and fruit oil, respectively. Based on bioactivity‐guided fractionation, three active constituents were isolated and identified as phenylethyl alcohol, α‐terpineol and β‐linalool. Both flower oil and phenylethyl alcohol showed high antibacterial performance, with inhibition zone from 25 ± 0.5 to 11 ± 0.6 mm at highest concentration, and MIC values ranging from 0.125 to 2%. In both DPPH and ABTS assay, the oils showed moderate antioxidant activity. These results indicate potential efficacy of active constituents and essential oils of M. japonica to control food‐borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.     

海巴戟天果实内生菌和多酚类成分的研究进展

海巴戟天(Morinda citrifolia),茜草科(Rubiaceae)巴戟天属(Morinda)植物,又名诺丽(NONI),在波利尼西亚已有长达2000年的食用和药用历史。海巴戟天果实中存在丰富的内生菌资源,自然发酵是其生产加工中的重要工艺,因此对果实内生菌和活性成分的研究具有重要意义。本文综述了海巴戟天果实中内生微生物的种类以及主要的活性成分-酚类成分的结构,主要包括蒽醌类、香豆素类、木脂素类、黄酮类、酚酸及其他酚类,归纳了海巴戟天果实具有的多种生理活性,主要包括抑菌、对肝损伤的保护、抗癌、抗氧化、对心血管保护以及增强免疫等。为研究海巴戟天果实的功能食品和药品提供一定的理论借鉴,有利于更广泛和有效地利用海巴戟天果实资源,旨在为今后更深入研究食品的自然发酵工艺提供借鉴和参考。     

Antibacterial Constituents of Hainan Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Leaves

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is an edible and medicinal plant distributed in Hainan, China. The antibacterial activities of the extracts of water (WE), petroleum ether (PEE), ethyl acetate (EAE), chloroform (CE), and n‐butanol (BE) were assayed by the disk diffusion method. The results showed that the extracts from Noni leaves possessed antibacterial effects against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus aureus. Among 5 different extracts, the BE produced the best antibacterial activity. The samples were first extracted by ethanol, and the primary compounds in the BE fraction of ethanol extract was further isolated and identified. Six phenolic compounds, including 5, 15‐dimethylmorindol, ferulic acid, p‐hydroxycinamic acid, methyl 4‐hydroxybenzoate, methyl ferulate, and methyl 4‐hydroxycinnamate, were identifiedby NMR. The results indicated that the phenolic compounds might significantly contribute to antibacterial activities of Noni leaves.     

柠檬果皮精油的化学组成、抗氧化及抑菌活性研究

采用GC-MS法分析经水蒸气蒸馏法所提柠檬果皮精油的化学组分,并对其抗氧化与抑菌活性进行了研究。实验结果表明:鉴定出23种挥发性成分,占精油总量的94.57%,主要为dl-柠檬烯（42.93%）、γ-萜品烯（8.41%）、α-松油醇（6.39%）和E-柠檬醛（6.09%）等;柠檬精油对OH自由基有较好的清除效果,清除率可达95.14%;而对DPPH自由基的清除率在实验条件下最高为34.81%,远低于同浓度的PG和TBHQ。200mg/kg添加量的柠檬精油可延缓猪油和花生油的贮藏期,但略差于同浓度TBHQ和VE的抗氧化效果。抑菌活性实验结果表明柠檬精油对6种供试菌都有一定的抑菌作用,其中对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果最好,其最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为0.1μL/m L。      

微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏调味香料肉豆蔻挥发油化学成分的研究

对云南产调味香料肉豆蔻挥发油进行了成分分析。采用微波水蒸气蒸馏法(MHD,300 W,料液比1∶10,蒸馏时间1 h)及水蒸气蒸馏法(HD)提取了肉豆蔻挥发油,利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术和保留指数比较法分析了该挥发油的化学成分。从MHD肉豆蔻挥发油中鉴定了48种化合物,占挥发油总量的99.81%。主要成分为肉豆蔻醚(36.53%)、4-萜品醇(12.47%)、肉豆蔻酸(8.27%)、榄香素(4.96%)、黄樟素(4.75%)、γ-松油烯(4.56%)和甲基丁香酚(4.38%)。     

香橼精油体外抗氧化及其抑菌活性研究

为了研究香橼精油的抗氧化性及对细菌、酵母和霉菌的抑菌活性,本文采用体外抗氧化法和琼脂平板扩散法,研究香橼精油总还原力,清除DPPH自由基、·OH自由基和H2O2能力,以及对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母、黑曲霉的抑制作用。结果表明:香橼精油的抗氧化能力与质量浓度呈正相关,对DPPH自由基、·OH自由基(IC50值为0.32 mg/m L)和H2O2(IC50值为148μg/m L)均有一定的清除能力。香橼精油对霉菌的抑制作用明显强于酵母与细菌,其中对黑曲霉的抑制效果最显著(25.39±1.12)mm,对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制最弱(14.04±1.35)mm。最小抑菌浓度在0.31~1.25 mg/m L,且在p H5~7范围内、温度80、115、121℃及一定时间紫外线照射(20、40 min)影响下,对大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母仍保持较强的抑制作用。      

Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from pine needle (Cedrus deodara)

The chemical composition of essential oil from pine needles (Cedrus deodara) was determined, and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Twenty-three components, representing 95.79% of the oil, were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The main components include α-terpineol (30.2%), linalool (24.47%), limonene (17.01%), anethole (14.57%), caryophyllene (3.14%), and eugenol (2.14%). Pine needle essential oil showed remarkable antioxidant activity in scavenging free radicals, in lipid peroxidation, and in reducing power assays. Moreover, the essential oil revealed strong antimicrobial activity against typical food-borne microorganisms, with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 0.2 to 1.56 and 0.39 to 6.25 μg/mL, respectively. Transmission electron microscope observation ascertained that the bactericidal mechanism of pine needle essential oil may be the induction of cytoplasmic outflow and plasmolysis. These results suggest that the essential oil from pine needles has potential to be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food processing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The present study provides a theoretical basis for the potential application of essential oil from pine needles (C. deodara) to be used as a natural resource of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in food industry.     

The influence of organ,season and drying method on chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Juniperus phoenicea L. essential oils

BACKGROUND: Juniperus phoenicea is an important medicinal plant. In the present study, essential oils (18 samples) from leaves and berries of Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae), obtained by various drying methods and in different collection months, were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and also evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Correlations were studied between antimicrobial activity and the chemical composition of essential oils. RESULTS: Sixty‐seven compounds were identified in essential oils, representing 97.7–100%. Essential oils were dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which presented 35.0–93.3% and 6.7–62.0%, respectively, depending of organ, season and drying method. Antimicrobial tests showed that essential oils strongly inhibited the growth of Gram‐positive microorganisms and Mucor ramamnianus, but was inactive against Gram‐negative strains. Antioxidant activity was tested using the ABTS radical‐scavenging assay. Most samples showed good activity (the best IC₅₀ = 41.7 ± 1.5 mg L^?1). CONCLUSIONS: It could be concluded that drying of leaves of J. phoenicea in the sun and berries in oven‐drying was more suitable and was recommended for obtaining higher essential oil yield, but for a higher percentage of some special components such as α‐pinene and δ‐3‐carene shade‐drying was more suitable. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

两种不同产地诺丽果的主要营养成分与抗氧化活性评价

目的 研究不同产地诺丽果的主要营养成分与抗氧化活性的异同。方法 通过国标法、分光光度法和色谱法对比分析海南和斐济诺丽果中主要矿物质和微量元素、挥发性成分、多酚组成与抗氧化活性。结果 两种诺丽果中K、Ca、Mg、P、S元素含量较高,而斐济诺丽果的矿物质与微量元素的总量高于海南诺丽果。诺丽果挥发性成分主要由酯类和酸类化合物组成,并且斐济诺丽果果实中酯类和酸类成分含量较高。海南诺丽果中总酚的含量显著高于斐济诺丽果（P<0.05）,而总黄酮含量则低于斐济诺丽果（P>0.05）。从两种诺丽果中共检测出20种酚类物质,其中6种酚酸和14种类黄酮物质,主要以没食子酸、槲皮素-3-鼠李糖苷和芦丁含量最高。海南诺丽果对2,2’-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基清除能力要强于斐济诺丽果,而对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力则弱于斐济诺丽果,并与主要酚类物质组成相关。结论 两种诺丽果具有较高的营养价值和良好的抗氧化活性,且斐济诺丽果的综合品质略优于海南诺丽果。     

Safety tests and antinutrient analyses of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaf

BACKGROUND: Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaves have a documented history of food use. However, previous safety and antinutrient studies are absent. The current investigation was conducted to assess the utility of noni leaves as food. RESULTS: No evidence of toxicity or differences in weight gain were observed in acute, subacute, and subchronic oral toxicity tests of ethanol–water (1:1 v/v) and hot‐water extracts of noni leaves in mice at doses of 2000, 200, and 20 mg kg^?1 body weight, respectively. Acute systemic anaphylaxis tests of the ethanol–water (4:1 v/v) and hot‐water extracts were negative. Further, leaf proteins were readily digested in simulated gastric fluid. Tannic acid concentrations in frozen and dried leaf were 1.6 and 25.8 g kg^?1, respectively. Phytic acid was not detected in the raw leaf (<1 g kg^?1). The average oxalic acid content was 1 g kg^?1 and was fairly uniform among 22 leaf samples from 11 islands throughout French Polynesia. Similarly, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β‐sitosterol content did not vary widely, suggesting low inter‐island content variability. CONCLUSIONS: The apparent lack of toxicity of the leaves and the hardiness of the plant make it ideal for further agricultural development, especially where sustained growth of other food crops is difficult. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

蒌叶挥发油的提取及抗氧化和抑菌活性研究

采用水蒸气提取法对蒌叶挥发油进行提取,在单因素实验的基础上,以正交实验筛选最佳的提取工艺条件;同时考察蒌叶挥发油抗氧化和抑菌活性。结果表明,蒌叶挥发油提取的最佳工艺条件为:料液比m_干蒌叶粉∶V_水=50∶1000（g/m L）,超声时间为30 min,超声温度70℃,超声功率192 W,加热回流提取4 h,蒌叶挥发油的得率为2.96%。蒌叶挥发油清除DPPH·和·OH的IC₅₀分别为33.19、71.11μg/m L;挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、四联球菌、藤黄八叠球菌、白色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉、毛霉、青霉均有明显的抗菌活性,其MIC分别为0.625、1.25、0.625、0.625、0.625、2.50、1.25、0.313、0.625、0.313 mg/m L,故蒌叶挥发油具有较强的抗氧化和抑菌活性。      

植物精油的提取、成分分析以及抗氧化活性研究

植物精油近年来得到越来越多的关注,人们对于精油的功效寄予厚望,对多种植物精油进行了研究,包括唇形科、菊科、桃金娘科以及姜科等植物的精油。不同植物精油在成分和含量上存在较大差异,因此在生物活性方面也存在一定差异。文章主要对近几年来关于植物精油的提取、成分分析以及抗氧化活性的研究进行总结与概述,为精油的开发利用奠定研究基础。      

Properties and Applications of Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A Review

Morinda citrifolia commonly known as noni is a perennial plant originating in Southeast Asia, consumed over 2000 years. Due to its versatility of adaptation and use of the structures of the plant for different therapeutic purposes, noni attracted the attention of researchers from the pharmaceutical and food industry. Chemical and nutritional analyzes already performed in M. citrifolia reveal the existence of more than 200 phytochemical substances with bioactive properties such as acids, alcohols, phenols, saccharides, anthraquinones, carotenoids, esters, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, lactones, iridoids, ketones, lactones, lignans, nucleosides, triterpenides, sterols, and aromatic compounds. The high nutritional value of M. citrifolia may induce therapeutic effects, including antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The main industrial products from this plant are beverages (juice drinks), powders (from dried fruits), oil (from seeds), and leaf powders. Biological and phytotherapeutic applications of M. citrifolia are promising, but more extensive studies are still required. Thus, this review aims to gather updated and comprehensive information on Morinda citrifolia, discussing its traditional use, biochemical, phytotherapics, and toxicological properties, as well as the recent advances in the processing and standardization of products derived from noni fruit.     

Extraction and separation of volatile and fixed oils from seeds of Myristica fragrans by supercritical CO₂: chemical composition and cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cancer cells

Isolation of volatile and fixed oils from nutmeg have been obtained by supercritical fractioned extraction with carbon dioxide. Extraction experiments were carried out at pressures of 90 and 250 bar and temperature of 40 °C. The extraction step performed at 90 bar produced a volatile fraction mainly formed by myristicin (32.8%), sabinene (16.1%), α-pinene (9.8%), β-pinene (9.4%), β-phellandrene (4.9%), safrole (4.1%) and terpinen-4-ol (3.6%). The oil yield relative to this step of the process was 1.4% by weight of the charge. The last extraction step at 250 bar produced a butter-like material (nutmeg butter). The yield of this step was 14.4% by weight. The most represented fatty acids of fixed oil from nutmeg were 14:0 (79.2%), 18:1 n-9 (7.4%) and 16:0 (6.1%), and in particular the unsaturated fatty acids 18:1 n-9 averaged 32.96 μg/mg of oil. The level of myristicin in the nutmeg essential and fixed oils was also directly quantified by reversed HPLC-DAD. Moreover, the essential oil obtained from nutmeg, as well as myristicin, showed a significant in vitro inhibitory effect on the growth of a colon cancer cell line (undifferentiated Caco-2 cells). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, the chemical characterization and the anticancer activity of nutmeg oils obtained by supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide were investigated. This is important for their potential application in food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Correlative metabolite profiling approach to understand antioxidant and antimicrobial activities from citrus essential oils

The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oils from citrus species, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified thirty-seven metabolites and a range of unique compounds, contributing to the discrimination of the species. Different biological potentialities were detected depending on the species supported the significant effect of the genetic factor. C. aurantium and C. limon exhibited the highest antioxidant activities which make them a potential source of natural preservative. C. limon exhibited the highest antibacterial activities and C. reticulata the highest antifungal activities. Essential oils extracted from these agro-wastes could serve as natural food preservatives to prevent food pathogens and then extending the shelf life. A set of potential metabolites could be implicated in the observed biological activity, underlying that the antimicrobial activity is a complex trait.     

The ripening and aging of noni fruits (Morinda citrifolia L.): microbiological flora and antioxidant compounds

The juice of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) is claimed to be a natural functional beverage with a growing market both in the USA and Europe. It is traditionally produced by keeping harvested fruit in closed containers for several weeks as the fruit senesces or ages. Little is known about the changes that occur in the juice's microbiological, physicochemical, and functional characteristics during this treatment. Traditional processing was simulated in the laboratory, with samples being recovered and analyzed at various time intervals. At first, fermentation occurred and populations of molds, yeasts, and mesophilic bacteria increased significantly. After 2 weeks, microbial growth changed abruptly, stopping for yeasts, molds, and mesophilic bacteria, and decreasing suddenly for lactic bacteria. Analyses of pH, soluble solids, ethanol, and lactic acid in the fruits confirmed the microbial analyses, indicating initial sensitive variations, followed by values remaining comparatively steady during aging. Vitamin C and total phenol contents also remained constant at 300 ± 60 mg and 50 ± 20 mg GAE, respectively, per 100 g of pulp. Antioxidant capacity likewise remained relatively high at 8 ± 1.5 µmol Trolox^® g^?1. All phenolic compounds, including scopoletin and rutin, varied significantly immediately after harvest but remained more or less steady during aging. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry