火灾环境下钢构件升温过程的模型研究

对良好分层情况下的室内火灾进行建模，研究了实际火灾环境下的钢构件升温过程。在全尺寸的实验房间开展了油池火燃烧实验，通过不同的羽流模型和溢流模型，预测室内温度和钢构件温度的变化，并对羽流模型的适用性和影响计算的一些参量做了分析。最后对一个候机厅内钢架结构的零售商店的设定火灾进行构件升温预测。     

钢管混凝土异形柱耐火性能试验及防火保护层厚度计算方法研究

为了研究钢管混凝土异形柱在偏心荷载作用下防火保护层厚度的计算方法,设计加工了6个多腔式钢管混凝土异形柱试件,研究参数包括截面形状和防火保护层厚度,防火保护层采用非膨胀型防火涂料。通过耐火性能试验研究了试件的破坏形态、温度场分布和耐火极限。结果表明：钢管混凝土异形柱各腔室受火面数量越多,混凝土中心温度越高;防火涂料厚度相同时,截面形状对试件耐火极限影响较小;当防火涂料厚度大于16 mm时,文中试件可达到一级耐火等级的要求。基于有限元软件ABAQUS分别建立了温度场和热力耦合分析模型,有限元结果和试验结果吻合良好。在不同防火涂料厚度下进行了参数分析,发现荷载比(n)和混凝土强度(f_ck)对有无防火涂料试件耐火极限的比值(t_e/t₀)影响较大,基于参数分析结果提出了钢管混凝土异形柱在偏心荷载作用下防火涂料厚度的设计方法。     

Effects of thermal creep of prestressed steel on post‐tensioned concrete slabs in and after fire

The effects of thermal creep of prestressed steel on post‐tensioned concrete slabs in and after fire were investigated based on an existing thermal creep model and calibrated parameters in this paper. A nonlinear finite element model was built up employing ABAQUS package, taking into account frictionless contact behaviour between prestressed steel tendons and surrounding concrete. The nonlinear material behaviour of concrete and prestressed steel at elevated temperatures was taken into account, where three material models for prestressed steel were adopted with or without considering thermal creep, and based on the model from EN 1992‐1‐2. The finite element model developed was verified against experimental results from the literature, showing that the model considering thermal creep was more accurate. Then the fire resistance period and responses of post‐tensioned concrete slabs in and after fire were investigated based on the verified model. Ignoring thermal creep underestimated the fire resistance period but overestimated the residual tendon stresses. The model from EN 1992‐1‐2 achieved nearly the same effects as the model considering thermal creep in fire but might yield inaccurate evaluation of residual tendon stresses. The model considering thermal creep worked well under fire and in the post‐fire conditions yielding reasonable predictions.     

基于空腔辐射效应的钢索截面温度场分析

该文基于传热学基本理论及ABAQUS数值传热分析平台,以圆柱壁的截面径向导热热阻和空腔热阻代替平壁导热热阻,分别建立了四面受火工况下具有空腔几何特征的钢索截面升温理论及数值传热模型,得到考虑空腔辐射传热效应的无防火保护钢索截面升温历程,将其与具有等效截面圆钢的升温历程比较,研究表明:截面尺寸和空腔辐射效应对钢索截面升温历程有显著影响,空腔辐射效应在火灾升温初期加快了钢索截面的升温速率;最终在钢索热传导理论分析及数值模拟基础上,建议了钢索截面升温计算式,从而准确确定火灾升温历程中钢索材料性能衰减程度,正确评估预应力张拉结构中钢索的抗火承载力。     

基于多尺度建模的钢管混凝土组合框架耐火性能数值模拟

钢管混凝土组合框架在局部火灾作用下可能会出现由于受火柱破坏而引发的结构连续性倒塌破坏。在合理选取钢材与混凝土的热-力本构模型的基础上,合理选取了组合框架中梁柱构件单元模型及其相互作用模型,基于ABAQUS软件用多尺度建模方法建立了局部火灾作用下三层三跨钢管混凝土平面组合框架的数值模型,对4种典型火灾工况下结构整体变形、内力分布、破坏机制等进行了分析研究,并在此基础上进行了不同火灾工况下组合框架的耐火极限计算。结果表明:框架中间层受火时,由于周围构件的约束作用明显而使得其耐火极限最大。     

Tragfähigkeitstafeln für unbewehrtes Mauerwerk nach DIN EN 1996‐3/NA:2019‐12

Load‐bearing capacity tables for unreinforced masonry according to DIN EN 1996‐3/NA:2019‐12 Practical design aids are important tools in the day‐to‐day business of structural design. The design of primarily vertically loaded masonry walls in usual building construction can be carried out with the help of so‐called load‐bearing capacity tables. A table value is read off exclusively as a function of the geometric conditions, which – multiplied by the masonry compressive strength – results in the load‐bearing capacity of the wall for cold design and in case of fire. By comparing the acting and resisting force, the verification of structural design can be provided in a simple and yet economical form. The bearing capacity tables based on the simplified calculation methods according to DIN EN 1996‐3/NA:2019‐12 [1], [2] and DIN EN 1996‐1‐2/NA:2013‐06 [3], [4] are presented in this paper. Compared to the previous edition of Part 3 of Eurocode 6, the extended scope of application is taken into account, as well as the normative changes to the construction method with partially supported slabs.     

高温下内配圆管的方钢管混凝土柱轴压力学性能

为了研究高温下内配圆管的方钢管混凝土柱力学性能,该文在修正高温下核心混凝土材料本构关系的基础上,建立钢管混凝土柱的非线性有限元模型,并利用相关试验实测数据对数值模型进行了验证。基于建立的有限元模型,对不同参数下外方内圆钢管混凝土柱的耐火性能进行分析,阐述了受火过程中圆钢管和混凝土轴向承载力的贡献变化规律,并对火灾下钢管混凝土柱的典型变形曲线进行分析。研究结果表明:钢管混凝土柱的耐火极限可比普通钢管混凝土提高2倍以上;随内钢管直径与外钢管边长比增大,耐火极限先增大后减小;圆钢管的约束效应系数增大,耐火极限明显提高。通过合理设计,复合钢管混凝土柱在不设置防火保护层的情况下,可满足抗火设计规范的耐火需求。     

Behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete columns in fire

This paper presents the results of a research program on the behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete columns in fire. Several fire resistance tests on fiber concrete columns with restrained thermal elongation were carried out. The percentage of steel reinforcing bars on the testing columns varied in function of the percentage of steel fibers being always the total amount of steel (steel fibers + steel reinforcement) similar. The aim of this research was to study the possibility of replacing the longitudinal reinforcement bars on the concrete columns by steel fibers. Furthermore, polypropylene fibers were also used on the concrete in order to enhance the fire behaviour of the columns and avoid the concrete spalling. Polypropylene fibers under fire action will create a network of micro-channels for the escape of the water vapour.     

Verification of the fire resistance of clay brick masonry – hints for efficient design

In Germany, structural fire design of masonry is carried out in a simplified way using tabulated minimum wall thicknesses depending on the loading level in fire. Against this background the procedure of structural fire design is shown briefly before two approaches for a more efficient verification of the fire resistance are explained. The first possibility is to determine the reduction factor for the design value of the actions in fire more precisely and thereby reduce the loading level. Secondly, a design methodology is presented which can be applied in case of masonry walls with low vertical load but a large load eccentricity at mid‐height of the wall. Finally, the verification of the fire resistance of masonry according to national technical approval is discussed with an explanation how to obtain the same loading level in fire if the design is based on DIN EN 1996‐3/NA as when it is based on DIN EN 1996‐1‐1/NA.     

火灾下防火涂料破损后钢柱的极限承载力

为了得到火灾下防火涂料局部破损后钢柱的承载力,根据平衡微分方程,对防火涂料破损后有初弯曲和荷载偏心的两端铰接钢柱的极限承载力进行了计算和分析。并用ANSYS有限元对计算结果进行了验证,二者吻合较好。对影响承载力的参数:破损长度、破损段温度、初弯曲、荷载偏心和长细比等进行了分析。结果表明:防火涂料破损后,钢柱在火灾下承载力下降;温度越高,下降越明显;柱的初始弯曲和荷载偏心对承载力影响较大,但随着温度的升高这一影响变小;随着长细比的增加,承载力降低。     

火灾下钢-混凝土组合梁内力变化的试验研究

实际工程中,钢-混凝土组合梁大多具有轴向约束,从而使得组合梁在大变形时产生悬链线效应来继续承担外部荷载。为研究火灾下钢-混凝土组合梁的悬链线效应产生机制,开展了2块足尺钢-混凝土组合梁的火灾试验,测试组合梁截面内力随受火时间的变化过程。介绍了试件设计、加载方案和测量内容,描述了相关试验现象及破坏特征,得出以下主要结论:升温时,组合梁截面温度梯度分布变化较大且易产生附加弯矩,对组合梁极限承载能力产生不利影响;火灾下组合梁的破坏模式主要表现为梁端负弯矩处形成明显的塑性铰,同时板底钢梁的受拉下翼缘出现整体侧向失稳,这与常见单个钢梁的受压翼缘屈曲而整体失稳的现象相悖;荷载比是影响组合梁抗火性能重要的参数之一;通过实测得到火灾发生时组合梁内力的变化过程,分析出在同等条件下的相同时间内,荷载值越大组合梁悬链线效应越明显。     

铁电体极化反转临界条件的细观力学分析

本文根据经典形核理论,对铁电体极化反转过程的临界条件进行了热力学研究,建立了包括温度影响、外场作用、界面能以及退极化能等的热-力-电耦合细观力学模型,计算了铁电体BaTiO3极化反转的临界形核半径和临界形核功。结果表明在畴变过程中BaTiO3的临界形核半径和临界形核功都随反向电场的增加而减小,同样电场强度作用下临界形核半径和临界形核功随着温度的升高而减小。     

绳锯线弓角静态测量方法的研究

金刚石绳锯在切割圆弧板材时,受到进给方向的阻力,形成"线弓角",使板材中部产生"过切",严重时导致材料报废.为解决这一问题,提出了线弓角的概念,从理论上提出了一种基于悬臂式力传感器的绳锯线弓角的静态测量方法,通过轴力传感器输出的电压值计算出线弓角度.试验在自行设计和搭建的绳锯线弓角测量平台上进行,用钢丝绳模拟串珠绳产生线弓角,并进行导轮受力与线弓角关系的静态测量试验分析,以验证该方法测量线弓角的可行性.试验结果表明:在一定范围内,串珠绳初始张紧力越大,线弓角的计算值越接近理论值.因此,采用所提出的测量方法,当装有轴力传感器的导轮处在刚好与钢丝绳接触的状态下,选择合适的初始张紧力,可以测得较准确的角度值.     

Comparison of fatigue life assessment by analytical,experimental and damage accumulation modelling approach for steel SAE 1045

Fatigue life assessment for two‐phase steel SAE 1045 has been carried out by experimental and simulation techniques. Analytical approach, termed as fatigue lifetime calculation, was employed making use of a load increase testing procedure and constant amplitude tests equipped with measurement techniques – plastic strain amplitude, change in temperature and change in electrical potential difference. The predicted fatigue life has been validated by constant amplitude tests and compared with fatigue life estimation by microstructure‐based simulation. Simulation has been carried out over the complete cross section of the specimen. The simulation uses damage accumulation in the gage section of the specimen culminating in the macro‐crack propagation, taking into account the inhomogeneous fatigue resistance of the material element. The results show that at the initial intervals of high cycle fatigue range at relatively higher stress amplitudes, the experimental and simulation results are in agreement; whereas in the (high cycle fatigue) region at relatively low stress amplitudes, the simulation results were found more optimistic and the corresponding fatigue scatter is also increased. Each scatter is attributed to the relatively small number of analysed models of the material structure. Scanning electron microscope was used to determine volume fraction of the microstructure for simulation. Fatigue fracture surface analysis shows that crack initiated from internal defect of material and crack propagation is driven by silicon oxide inclusion.     

膨胀型钢结构防火涂料的发展现状与展望

论述了钢结构防火涂料的分类和膨胀型钢结构防火涂料的组成、防火机理,重点介绍了热失重分析(TGA)、差热分析((DTA)、锥形量热仪(CONE)等涂料的表征方法,阐述了膨胀型钢结构防火涂料的研究和应用现状,指出了今后膨胀型钢结构防火涂料将向涂层超薄、装饰性强、施工方便、防火性能高、环境污染低的方向发展.     

钢结构火灾反应相似模型及试验研究与分析

为采用缩尺模型研究火灾下整体钢结构的火灾反应,首先基于火场相似关系以及热传导分析理论推导了钢结构火灾反应相似关系模型,其次根据建立的火场与结构相似关系模型分别设计了1/4和1/8缩尺火场试验模型与钢框架结构试验模型,并对其进行了缩尺火灾试验研究,对比分析了空气温度、结构温度、结构变形与结构破坏规律。结果表明:烟气温度、结构温度、结构变形表明结构火灾反应相似模型具有较好的合理性和准确性,承载力与稳定性也满足相似模型;温度相似比为1以及相同的火场和结构时间相似比可以简化相似模型;缩尺模型试验需要严格控制火场维护结构的变形以及外界通风条件,才能保证结构在高温破坏阶段后的相似性。     

Guidelines for flexural resistance of FRP reinforced concrete slabs and beams in fire

Several building codes are currently available for the design of concrete structures reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Nevertheless, there is little information provided about structural behavior in case of fire and no reliable design methods are available for FRP reinforced concrete (RC) members in fire. The goal of this paper is to provide guidelines for the calculation of the resistant bending moment of FRP-RC members exposed to fire in compliance with the provisions of Eurocodes, based on studies recently carried out by the authors. The paper provides a conceptual approach to fire safety checks for bending moment resistance of FRP-RC members. With reference to thermo-mechanical analysis, a simplified design method (for both thermal and mechanical analyses) for sagging bending moment resistance of FRP-RC slabs in fire situations is finally suggested.     

Resistance Element Welding of 6061 Aluminum Alloy to Uncoated 22MnMoB Boron Steel

A novel resistance element welding technology was applied to join 6061 Al alloy and uncoated 22MnMoB boron steel. To conduct the resistance element welding process, a technological hole was drilled in the Al sheet into which a Q235 steel rivet was inserted. Resistance spot welding was carried out at the rivet. The mechanical properties, fracture morphology, nugget formation process, dynamic resistance, microstructure, and hardness distribution of the resistance element welding were investigated. Traditional resistance spot weld joints were also prepared for comparison. Resistance spot welding could barely join Al 6061 and boron steel, and had a maximum tensile shear force of less than 1000 N. Novel resistance element welding could join the metals reliably with a maximum tensile shear force of over 7000 N and a relatively high toughness. Nugget formed at the interface of rivet and steel acted as loading position, and IMC interlayer connected rivet and aluminum.     

The effect of different passive fire protection systems on the fire reaction properties of GFRP pultruded profiles for civil construction

In order to study the viability of using GFRP pultruded profiles in floors of buildings, as structural elements, experimental investigations were carried out to analyse their behaviour when exposed to fire. In particular, the feasibility and efficacy of using different protective coatings/layers (an intumescent coating, a vermiculite/perlite cement based mortar and a calcium silicate board) to provide fire protection to GFRP pultruded profiles was investigated. Previous experiments showed that the above mentioned passive fire protection systems allow fulfilling fire resistance requirements for the envisaged application. This paper presents the results of the investigations concerning the fulfilment of the fire reaction requirements of those solutions. The experimental programme included dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) and thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) experiments on both the GFRP and the fire protection materials. Subsequently, fire reaction tests were carried out on GFRP pultruded laminates, both unprotected and protected with the different fire protection systems, using a cone calorimeter. Results of these experiments allowed defining the field of application of each investigated solution, according to building code requirements.     

钢管混凝土柱-钢梁平面框架耐火性能的参数研究

该文建立了局部火灾下钢管混凝土柱-钢梁平面框架耐火性能分析的有限元计算模型, 计算结果与实测结果吻合较好. 考虑火灾发生位置及蔓延范围、钢梁高度、钢梁加劲肋的设置、梁荷载大小、柱轴压比等参数变化, 对钢管混凝土框架结构的变形和内力重分布规律、破坏形态、破坏机理和耐火极限进行了详细的参数研究. 研究表明:火灾作用位置对框架耐火极限有影响, 梁荷载对框架耐火极限影响较大, 而轴压比对框架耐火极限影响 不大.