DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DRYING TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR MEDICAL PLASTERS

Study was made of the trends in drying medical plaster leucomass by means of an organic solvent using different heating methods. Based on the research made, a new drying technology and efficient thermal drying equipment have been developed, which are introduced into industry.     

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DRYING TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR MEDICAL PLASTERS

Study was made of the trends in drying medical plaster leucomass by means of an organic solvent using different heating methods. Based on the research made, a new drying technology and efficient thermal drying equipment have been developed, which are introduced into industry.     

木塑复合材料挤出成型研究进展

挤出成型是木塑复合材料(WPC)最主要的加工方法之一。近年来,人们对WPC挤出成型的工艺方法、工艺优化、成型设备和加工改性进行了卓有成效的研究,开发出了一些WPC挤出成型专用设备和加工助剂。但WPC挤出成型过程中的热稳定改性研究还有待加强。     

Odor considerations in the use of frying oils

Odors generated into cooking and serving areas during use of oils in pan frying and deep-fat frying are of concern to home and institutional consumers and, in some respects, to industrial users. Odor considerations are factors in the selection of types of oils to be used in both domestic and foreign markets. Comparative techniques have been developed to evaluate room odor characteristics of frying oils. Evaluation research has been done on various oils and cooking fats for room odors developed during frying. Improved odor characteristics contributed by additives to oils have been studied, as well as relationship between the linolenate content of soybean oil and its characteristic room odor. The nature of the volatile constituents which contribute to room odors during frying is the subject of continuing research efforts. Presented at AOCS meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, May 1978.     

Transfer-based models implementation in an equation oriented package

A general transfer based model for L-V and L-L operations was developed in our Equation-Oriented simulator CheOpe and used to analyze several EniChem processes. By the practical use we confirm that these models generally improve usability of a general-purpose simulator. Thanks to the cell approach of CheOpe we can easily analyze different equipment structures or change the level of detail of equipment. Several solution methods of Maxwell-Stefan equations and several effective methods have been implemented. By the analysis of the model behaviour on the basis of many industrial applications, we have found not very significant differences in simulation and design of some non reactive distillation columns using Maxwell-Stefan equations or simpler models that neglect interactions in the mass transfer rate equations. In simulation and design of a reactive system with fast reactions, reaction-transfer interactions cannot be neglected, but often approximate models analytically solved give results as good as more complex models.     

System for automated design of equipment for the manufacture of nonwoven materials from polymer melts

Conclusions A system for automated design of equipment for the manufacture of filamentary nonwoven materials has been developed — the SNM SAD. The system has been realized on an SM 1420 computer.An interactive regime of the SAD operation is used; and theoretical and empirical mathematical models have been employed for the basic technological processes in the preparation of nonwoven material; imitative modeling and optimization based on mathematical methods of experiment planning have also been used.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 10–12, July–August, 1989.     

Human Skin Volatiles: A Review

Odors emitted by human skin are of great interest to biologists in many fields; applications range from forensic studies to diagnostic tools, the design of perfumes and deodorants, and the ecology of blood-sucking insect vectors of human disease. Numerous studies have investigated the chemical composition of skin odors, and various sampling methods have been used for this purpose. The literature shows that the chemical profile of skin volatiles varies greatly among studies, and the use of different sampling procedures is probably responsible for some of these variations. To our knowledge, this is the first review focused on human skin volatile compounds. We detail the different sampling techniques, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages, which have been used for the collection of skin odors from different parts of the human body. We present the main skin volatile compounds found in these studies, with particular emphasis on the most frequently studied body regions, axillae, hands, and feet. We propose future directions for promising experimental studies on odors from human skin, particularly in relation to the chemical ecology of blood-sucking insects.     

Odors in traps: Does most recent occupant influence capture rates for house mice?

Responses of house mice (Mus domesticus) to odors in live traps were studied in a series of eight 0.1-ha outdoor field enclosures. It was assumed that the most recent mouse capture would provide the predominant odor in a trap for at least one week. Three different populations were tested, one in 1989 and two in 1992, involving over 800 different mice. Similar response patterns were recorded from all three groups. Two types of questions were tested: (1) Were there any biases contingent upon what had been previously caught? (2) Were there consistent responses of mice of particular age, sex, or reproductive classes to trap odors? Traps soiled by juvenile females caught adult females significantly less often than expected, but there were no consistent relationships in terms of the effects of specific residual odors on the subsequent capture at a particular trap. For various age, sex, and reproductive classes, (1) adult males preferred odors from juvenile and estrous females and avoided odors of other males significantly more than expected, (2) juvenile females selected traps with odors of other juvenile females and avoided all other types of female odors significantly more than expected, (3) nonestrous females exhibited a significant preference for adult male odor, and (4) estrous females selected traps containing odors from adult males but avoided those that had previously contained either nonestrous or pregnant/lactating females significantly more than expected. These findings have potential implications with regard to both the methods used for trapping small rodents and the social biology of house mice.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of predator odors as repellents for kiore (Rattus exulans) and ship rats (R. rattus)

Predator odors may serve to stop rats from entering conservation areas or to decrease predation, food consumption, and other damage by rats in areas tainted with predator odor. We compared the efficacy of real predator odors and synthetic odors (derived from the urine and feces of carnivores) as rat repellents with real herbivore odors as controls in a Y maze. We tested six predator odors: cat (Felis catus) urine and feces, mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) feces, n-propylthietane, S-methyl, methyl butanol, and isopentyl-methyl sulphide. The herbivore odors we used were: red deer (Cervus elaphus) urine, guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) feces, and white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) urine. Ship rats (Rattus rattus) and kiore or Polynesian rats (R. exulans) showed no aversion to any of the six predator odors when compared with herbivore odors. Ship rats, however, may have avoided synthesized odors more than real ones. We applied two odors (S-methyl, methyl butanol and n-propylthietane) to purpose-built feeders in native forest but recorded no change in either visitation rate or duration of visits for rodents [rats and mice (Mus musculus)] or possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). The consumption of maize at feeders was correlated with the number and duration of possum visits, but only weakly correlated with the number of visits by rodents. Consumption of maize was unaffected by the odor associated with the feeder. It is unlikely that the odors we tested will be useful in deterring rodents or possums from areas where they have been removed for economic, public health or conservation reasons.     

流体驱动旋转装备应用与数值模拟方法研究进展

流体驱动旋转装备在能量转换及能量回收等过程中应用广泛。近年来,流体驱动旋转装备新结构不断涌现,其应用也得到了拓展,逐步与海水淡化、制冷、混合、测速等过程结合。在此发展过程中,计算流体力学为流体驱动旋转装备的设计优化提供了新途径。本文综述了流体驱动旋转装备在能源工程、化学工程等领域的应用,总结了流体驱动旋转装备数值模拟方法研究进展,对比了主动旋转及被动旋转两种模拟方法,指出被动旋转模拟在流体驱动旋转装备研究中的意义,展望了流体驱动旋转技术在超重力装备中的应用前景。     

Innovative technology to meet the demands of the white biotechnology revolution of chemical production

The rapid introduction of bio-production methods in areas where production methods based on fossil fuel raw materials have been dominant for half a century is documented in policy papers by large political organizations as well as in the media.The present review seeks to describe the means by which a technological revolution termed “white biotechnology” for production of commodity chemicals has proved its credibility.Obviously, the rapid advances in biology has been crucial for the development of industrial biotechnology towards a position where even its cheap products such as bio-fuels can compete with fossil fuels, and where new families of intermediates for production of polymers and pharmaceuticals are emerging.An equally important development is that of a model framework for bio-processes by which the physiological processes in living cells can be described accurately by the use of sophisticated models, supported by accurate data obtained in experimental equipment that did not exist a few years ago.The need to update the chemical engineering education to meet the needs of the bio- industry is also evident. Much of the progress of the bio-industry has up to now been based on fundamental understanding of the processes as created by the research of chemical engineers. These professionals will also have a key role to play in future developments if certain measures are taken by universities to update the educational programs. These modifications will in no way be in conflict with the basic concepts of the chemical engineering education, but they will modify some of the traditional teaching methods and will bring attention to topics that for a long time were considered somewhat peripheral to the mainstream of chemical engineering education.     

Exposure to Urine of Canids and Felids, but not of Herbivores, Induces Defensive Behavior in Laboratory Rats

Predator odors induce defensive behavior in many prey species. For various reasons, studies carried out up to now have been unable to establish whether predator odor recognition is innate or not. Mostly, only particular odors or wild-living (i.e., experienced) test animals have been used in these studies, restricting the conclusiveness of the observations. In the present study, the behavioral effects of exposure to different predator odors on predator odor-naive laboratory male rats were compared with the effects of different nonpredator odors and of a no-odor control stimulus. Results show that exposure to urine of canids and felids, but not of herbivores or conspecifics, induce defensive behaviors. Taken together, the study provides support for the hypothesis that there is an innate recognition of predator odors in laboratory rats.     

Room odor evaluation of oils and cooking fats

Panel evaluations have been made of room odors developed by edible oils and cooking fats heated to frying temperatures. Vegetable and mixed fat shortenings, as well as oils of different iodine value and from special processing, were investigated with and without added stabilizers. When silicones were added to frying fats, room odor scores improved markedly. Certain added autoxidative cleavage products had little effect on odor scores at levels where they were detected easily in taste tests. To be discernible in room odors, these additives had to be present at levels ca. 100-fold greater than their taste thresholds. Panel results show that the undesirable frying odors contributed by unhydrogenated soybean oil in mixtures with other oils could be detected readily at 25% levels. As the level of soybean oil was lowered further, the room odor scores of oil mixtures improved perceptibly. One of 13 papers presented in the symposium “Flavor Research in Fats and Fat Bearing Foods,” AOCS Meeting, Atlantic City, October 1971. N. Market. Nutr. Res. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Process Parameter Analysis and process understanding — Some industrial examples

At the end of process development or during a routine production period often rises the question to prove the identity or the significance of difference of processes or batches. To answer these questions objectively, relevant process data collected by computerised production equipment with recipe control and statistical tools are essential.Attempts have been made to define some quantifiers to make process parameters comparable and to characterise processes. Three types of processes and equipments have been discussed and compared on the level of Accuracy, In-Process Precision and Repeatability of Input and Output parameters. The processes are: Coating Process 1: Driam Vario 500/600 perforated drum coater and Fluid granulation Processes 1 and 2: Glatt WSG 15 top-spray granulator (version 1 with blow-off metal filter and version 2 with one chamber textile filter and mechanical shaking).Computer programs have been developed to structure, organise and statistically evaluate process raw data collected by the above mentioned equipments. The results are presented in uniform summary tables for every batch following the recipe structure phase by phase.The programs perform further statistical evaluation of summary tables, producing control charts.These methods and tools are useful to filter out differences and unusual behaviour, to track back the original process, search the reasons and to understand the process.The introduced Process Parameter Deep Analysis give the possibility to investigate filmcoating (or fluid granulation) process through the wetting curve (average moisture content vs. time).The method helps process understanding and design of process optimisation.     

Methoden zur Verminderung der Ablagerungsbildung in Wärmeübertragern

Methods for Reducing Deposits in Heat Exchangers. The formation of deposits has long (too long) been considered to be unavoidable and to lie outside the responsibility of the designer. Owing to the enormous operating and investment costs caused by deposit formation and to the development of new processes which are precluded by deposit formation, a number of methods have been developed for reducing or completely preventing the fouling of heat exchangers. The lowest investments are required for chemical fluid processing, which can be retro-fitted to an existing plant. However, for long term operation with large flow volumes or on use of toxic additives this advantage can shift towards mechanical cleaning processes. Consideration of the reduction of fouling already during the design of a heat exchanger means that it becomes feasible to build much smaller (and hence also lighter) heat exchangers.     

New developments in hydrogen gas generation molecular sieves

The use of molecular sieves as a means of purifying steam-reformed hydrocarbon fuel in the production of low cost hydrogen has been developed into a practical gas generator design. Conventional processes for producing hydrogen are reviewed, with a history of molecular sieves and how this dry desiccant material was applied to commercial equipment as an adsorbent for removal of CO₂ and water vapor. The molecular sieve type hydrogen gas generator is discussed with an outline of typical operating cost and gas purity capabilities. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 1970.     

Neue Methoden der Prozeßanalysentechnik für die verfahrenstechnische Produktion

New Methods for Process Analysis in Chemical Production Processes . Process analysis provides methods and techniques for the continuous and automatic measurement of the composition of the substances handled in chemical production processes. Due to the growing automation of the processes and the necessity of on-line product quality control as well as the increasing demands on safe and environmentally compatible processing the importance of process analyzers has been steadily growing during the last years. Therefore, existing techniques of on-line analysis had to be improved, new applications have been realized and new on-line methods have been established. This paper gives some insight into these fields and illustrates trends by means of some examples.     

Heating/Drying Using Particulate Medium : A Review Part II. Equipment

ABSTRACT

This paper presentS an overview of particulate medium dryers developed to evaluate the drying of grains using heated particulate media. Components of particulate medium heating and drying equipments as well as the devices employed to conduct the materials through the machine are described. How these components accomplish the basic processes involved in conduction/particulate medium heating is also explained.

To characterize the performance of these dryers based on criteria developed for farm level dryers was not possible because of the different methods employed by researchers and the various conditions the equipment were subjected to. So in order to assess the operating characteristics of each design. the dryers were compared based on their ability to remove moisture and their thermal and drying efficiency. Comparison was made on the methods utilised by each design to accomplish heating of the medium, mixing the medium with grain, the separation of the medium from grain, and the means of recirculating the medium.

Several studies conducted to evaluate the different parameters which influence drying using heated particulates are discussed. The granular media used in heating the grain and the corresponding types of grains used in the tests are also presented.     

我国烷氧基化装置的工艺进展和评述（续完）

正2.1.5第5代反应器第5代反应器是PREESS喷雾反应器和BUSS文丘里混合反应器的组合,是组合式烷氧基化反应器(见图8)。第5代工艺中也有单循环回路和双循环回路2种工艺,根据产品品种的不同而采用不同的工艺。在联泓集团昊达化学有限公司工程中,生产低增长比的产品时采用无小循环回路的单回路循环工艺,生产高增长比的产品时采用双回路循环工艺。     

Heating/Drying Using Particulate Medium : A Review Part II. Equipment

This paper presentS an overview of particulate medium dryers developed to evaluate the drying of grains using heated particulate media. Components of particulate medium heating and drying equipments as well as the devices employed to conduct the materials through the machine are described. How these components accomplish the basic processes involved in conduction/particulate medium heating is also explained.

To characterize the performance of these dryers based on criteria developed for farm level dryers was not possible because of the different methods employed by researchers and the various conditions the equipment were subjected to. So in order to assess the operating characteristics of each design. the dryers were compared based on their ability to remove moisture and their thermal and drying efficiency. Comparison was made on the methods utilised by each design to accomplish heating of the medium, mixing the medium with grain, the separation of the medium from grain, and the means of recirculating the medium.

Several studies conducted to evaluate the different parameters which influence drying using heated particulates are discussed. The granular media used in heating the grain and the corresponding types of grains used in the tests are also presented.