压电陶瓷阀在真空磁控反应溅射中的特性

在制备不锈钢-氮化铝(SS-AlN)金属陶瓷集热管的真空磁控溅射镀膜线上,采用PCV25型压电陶瓷阀作为反应气体氮气N2流量输出的驱动元件,实现反应溅射AlN反馈控制.研究了不同环境温度下压电阀偏置电压Vo对N2输出流量Q的影响.实验研究表明,在Vo先增加再减少的过程中,Q相应变化呈现迟滞特性.同时,该迟滞特性受压电阀工作的环境温度影响,环境温度越低迟滞特性越明显.例如与40℃相比,当环境温度为25℃时,压电阀的阈值电压小,饱和电压大,有效工作范围宽,且在压电阀有效工作范围内,N2输出流量Q随偏置电压Vo变化速率小.结合压电陶瓷阀的特性,优化设置反应溅射反馈控制参数,在高于30 kW的溅射功率下,实现反应溅射AlN工艺稳定,制备厚度约为70nm的AlN薄膜在可见光和太阳光范围内吸收几乎为零.     

等离子体发射监控系统参与的中频孪生反应磁控溅射沉积TiO_2薄膜的实验研究

在一个孪生靶实验装置上进行了中频反应磁控溅射沉积TiO_2薄膜的工艺实验.得到了一组真实的反应溅射TiO_2薄膜的沉积速率和真空与反应气体流量之间关系的迟滞曲线(无等离子体发射监控系统Plasma Emission Monitoring,PEM)参与.介绍了PEM参与下的反应溅射TiO_2的一些实验现象和结果,此时TiO_2的沉积速率与PEM设定值呈很好的线性关系,反应溅射可以稳定在过渡态的任一工作点.设定值是PEM控制系统最关键的参数,直接决定着控制的可靠性、反应溅射速率以及薄膜的微观结构.结果表明,为了得到标准化学配比的反应物,PEM的设定值不能超过某个极限值.要在保证化学配比也就是反应物的成分或结构的前提下提高沉积速率才有意义.     

用于气体流量控制的压电陶瓷阀的温度特性

采用PEV-1型压电陶瓷阀作为溅射气体Ar流量输出的驱动元件,用于真空磁控溅射镀膜中溅射气体恒压力控制.应用过程中发现压电陶瓷阀本身的迟滞特性和温度特性对气体输出流量有较大影响.试验分析得到压电陶瓷阀偏振电压变化过程中,气体输出流量的迟滞曲线.当压电陶瓷阀环境温度升高时,该迟滞特性会减弱,气体输出流量随偏振电压变化速率变大.     

第十九讲 真空溅射镀膜

正(接2017年第6期第80页)(4)中频磁控靶PEM控制中频反应溅射系统最好同时采用等离子体发射光谱监控系统,并快速响应反应气体供气,使溅射过程更加稳定和反应布气更加均匀。中频磁控溅射双平面靶的PEM控制系统和控制原理如图92和图93所示。6.7非对称脉冲溅射脉冲磁控溅射一般使用矩形波电压,这不仅是因为用现有的电子器件采用开关工作方式可     

反应溅射的PID神经网络控制仿真

在反应溅射工艺中,反应气体流量和沉积速率、反应气体气压、靶电压之间存在迟滞关系.为了保证反应溅射稳定以及保持溅射率高和反应气体利用率高,需要对反应溅射系统进行精确控制.PID神经网络(PIDNN)控制器具有PID控制的快速收敛特点和神经网络的非线性逼近能力,适合对非线性反应溅射系统的控制.本文用PID神经网络(PIDNN)控制器对反应溅射系统进行精确控制.在S.Berg给出的反应溅射系统模型基础上,对反应溅射系统的PIDNN控制进行仿真.仿真结果表明,PIDNN控制器能够稳定反应溅射过程,并且收敛速度较快,输出响应迅速,抗干扰能力强.     

采用PLC级差法闭环控制中频电源反应溅射沉积Al2O3薄膜

本工作开发了一种靶电压反馈自动控制系统,称为可编程控制器(PLC)级差法反馈控制系统,用于旋转圆柱金属Al靶真空反应溅射沉积Al2O3陶瓷薄膜。根据反应溅射Al2O3工艺特性设计反馈控制的数学模型,再按照数学模型,采用梯形语言在PLC内进行程序编码实现。通过反馈控制参数的优化,实现较高功率26 kW下中频磁控反应溅射Al2O3工艺稳定。测试得到50 nm厚的Al2O3薄膜,其可见光吸收比和太阳光吸收比接近零。这种反应溅射反馈控制系统简易可行且经济实用。     

提高太阳能集热管磁控溅射镀膜沉积速率的研究

工业上用磁控溅射技术为太阳能集热管制备Al-N/Al选择性吸收涂层,这种吸收涂层最外层为AlN介质减反层.在开环N2流量控制模式下,存在溅射制备AlN介质减反层沉积速率低的缺点.本文依据气相化学反应动力学理论,薄膜的沉积率正比于反应气体的浓度,提出了一种提高制备AlN陶瓷减反层沉积速率的方法.该方法将直流溅射靶电压反馈至模糊控制器,控制N2流量大小,让磁控溅射镀膜机稳定工作在拐点电压附近,实现反应溅射恒电压控制.并且采用单片机技术制作了样机,在SCS-700A型太阳能集热管镀膜机中使用,实验结果表明,镀膜沉积速率提高了4倍以上,整个系统工作稳定.     

基于三段PI模型的压电驱动器迟滞补偿方法

迟滞非线性降低了压电陶瓷驱动器对期望位移的跟踪精度,为解决该问题,本文通过二次规划寻优算法,基于最小均方误差准则,以压电陶瓷驱动器的运动速度规律为依据,对压电陶瓷运动速度规律不同的迟滞段分别进行PI建模.建模结果表明,相较于传统PI模型,本文提出的三段PI模型能精确地描述压电陶瓷迟滞曲线的非奇对称性.在对压电陶瓷三段PI建模的基础上,计算出压电陶瓷三段PI逆模型的阈值向量与权系数向量.通过建立的三段PI逆模型对压电陶瓷进行迟滞补偿控制,实验结果表明,与传统PI逆模型迟滞补偿控制相比,三段PI逆模型迟滞补偿控制方法将压电陶瓷对期望位移的跟踪精度提高了81.3%.     

直流反应溅射沉积Al2O3薄膜及其在SS-AlN金属陶瓷太阳吸收涂层的应用

在沉积不锈钢-氮化铝(SS-AlN)金属陶瓷太阳吸收集热管的磁控溅射三靶镀膜机上,安装了UPS03反应溅射闭环控制单元,实现反应溅射Al2O3稳定反馈控制。采用国产直流电源在Al靶表面处于过渡态下,成功制备了吸收几乎为零的Al2O3薄膜。溅射功率在14kW时,反应溅射沉积Al2O3的靶电压波动可长时间稳定控制在±3 V范围内,沉积速率为5.4 nm/(min·kW),约为Al靶在无反应气体溅射下沉积Al薄膜速率的74%。采用Al2O3代替AlN作为减反射层,应用到SS-AlN太阳选择性吸收涂层中,进一步提高了复合膜的太阳光学性能,太阳吸收比由AlN作为减反射层的0.956提高到0.965,红外发射比不变,仍为0.044。     

基于PI迟滞模型的压电驱动器自适应辨识与逆控制

压电陶瓷驱动器的迟滞非线性特性严重影响了其跟踪定位精度,甚至引起闭环系统失稳.本文采用经典PI模型描述压电驱动器的迟滞非线性,利用自适应投影算法对PI模型的权向量进行在线辨识,并与传统的最小二乘辨识方法进行比较.迟滞PI模型的优点是模型存在解析逆,因此本文对压电驱动器采用自适应逆跟踪控制,利用驱动器的输出位移与参考位移之差使用自适应投影算法在线辨识PI模型的权向量,并计算PI逆模型的权向量和阈值,最终得到要输入的电压值.最后实验结果表明自适应逆跟踪控制比传统的逆模型跟踪控制精度提高了49.8%.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.