Cu-Al共掺磁控溅射ZnO薄膜的结构和性能研究

利用FJL560CI2型磁控溅射仪,通过改变掺杂所用的铜丝长度而保持铝丝长度不变,制备了掺杂浓度和掺杂比例不同的Cu-Al共掺ZnO薄膜。通过X射线衍射图谱来分析薄膜样品的微观结构特征,采用扫描电子显微镜观察了样品的表面形貌,样品的电学性能和光学性能分别利用HMS-2000霍尔效应测试仪和UV-3600分光光度计来测试。结果表明,向ZnO薄膜中掺杂铜铝能够将ZnO薄膜的电阻率从108数量级降到10-2数量级,而对其在可见光范围内的优良透过率几乎没有影响,Cu-Al共掺是获得透明导电ZnO薄膜的一种有效方式。     

共掺浓度对Na-Al共掺杂ZnO薄膜微观结构和光电性能的影响

在石英玻璃衬底上,通过溶胶-凝胶旋涂法制备得到钠铝(Na-Al)共掺氧化锌(ZnO)薄膜(NAZO)。研究不同NaAl共掺杂浓度对ZnO薄膜的结晶性、微观结构、光电性能的影响。结果表明:所有NAZO薄膜样品都沿c轴择优取向生长;适当的Na-Al共掺浓度,可以提高ZnO薄膜结晶性,提高薄膜的载流子迁移率;同时还可以观察到NAZO薄膜表面生长出六角柱状结构晶粒。随着Na-Al元素掺杂浓度的改变,所获薄膜的最高平均光学透过率达到95%。由于元素间固溶比的不同,适当的浓度可以提高Na-Al元素的掺杂效率和薄膜内部的载流子浓度,降低薄膜电阻率,NAZO薄膜最低电阻率为4.7×10-2Ω·cm。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Y掺杂ZnO薄膜及其光电性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法在玻璃衬底上制备了不同掺Y浓度的ZnO透明导电薄膜。X射线衍射(XRD)表明,所制备的Y掺杂ZnO透明导电薄膜为六角纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,且具有C轴择优取向。随着Y掺杂浓度的升高,(002)峰向低角度方向移动。UV透射曲线表明,薄膜在可见光区(400～800nm)的平均透过率超过85%,具有明显的紫外吸收边,通过改变Y的掺入浓度,可以使吸收边向短波方向移动,从而使薄膜的禁带宽度可调。制备的Y掺杂ZnO薄膜电阻率最小值为3.68×102Ω·cm。     

ZnO∶Al薄膜制备及光电性能研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法在玻璃基板上制备了Al/Zn原子掺杂比例为0～0.25的掺铝氧化锌(ZnO∶Al或AZO)薄膜,随后分别将其在空气,氧气和氮气3种不同气氛中退火处理,研究了薄膜的光学、电学与结构方面的性质.X射线衍射分析表明AZO薄膜是具有c轴择优取向的六方纤锌矿结构多晶体;通过紫外-可见光分光计测定表明该薄膜在可见光范围内具有>80%的高透过率,随着铝掺杂比例的增大光学能隙增大且吸收边向短波方向移动.     

ZnO缓冲层上低温生长Al掺杂的ZnO薄膜

采用射频磁控溅射法在ZnO缓冲层上制备了不同Al掺杂量的ZnO（AZO）薄膜。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和光致发光（PL）等表征技术,研究了AZO薄膜的微观结构、表面形貌和发光特性。结果表明,随着Al掺杂量的增加,ZnO薄膜的择优取向性发生了改变,且当Al的掺杂量为0.81%（原子分数）时,（002）衍射峰与其它衍射峰强度的比值达到最大,表明适合的Al掺杂使ZnO薄膜的择优取向性得到了改善。在可见光范围内薄膜的平均透过率超过70%。通过对样品光致发光（PL）谱的研究,发现所有样品出现了3个发光峰,分别对应于以444nm（2.80eV）、483nm（2.57eV）为中心的蓝光发光峰和以521nm（2.38eV）为中心较弱的绿光峰。并对样品的发光机理进行了详细的探讨。     

磁控溅射Al掺杂ZnO薄膜结构及光电性能研究

采用磁控溅射法在石英玻璃衬底上制备不同铝(Al)掺杂量的铝掺氧化锌(AZO)薄膜。利用X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜、四探针测试仪和透射光谱仪等手段研究了不同Al掺杂量对AZO薄膜结构、形貌、电学和光学性能的影响。结果表明,所有样品均为ZnO六方纤锌矿晶体结构,具有较好的c轴择优取向;随着Al掺杂量的增加,薄膜结晶稍有变差,电阻率逐渐降低,透过率逐渐增加。当Al掺含量为3%(vol,体积分数)时,AZO薄膜的综合性能更好,电阻率约3.52×10~(-3)Ω·cm,平均透光率可达到80%,光学禁带宽度达到3.23eV。     

薄膜厚度对ZnO∶Ga透明导电膜性能的影响

采用射频磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上低温制备出镓掺杂氧化锌(ZnO∶Ga)透明导电膜,研究了薄膜的结构、电学和光学性质随薄膜厚度的变化关系。制备的ZnO∶Ga是具有六角纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,最佳择优取向为(002)方向。随着薄膜厚度的增加,衍射峰明显增强,晶粒增大。薄膜的最低电阻率为 3.9×10-4Ω·cm,在可见光范围内平均透过率达到了85%以上。     

溶胶-凝胶法生长(002)高度择优取向的ZnO:Al薄膜

采用溶胶-凝胶法在石英衬底上制备了高度择优取向的ZnO:Al薄膜.用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对薄膜结构和形貌进行了表征,用紫外-可见透射光谱和四探针研究了薄膜的光电性能.结果表明:制备的ZnO:Al薄膜为六角纤锌矿结构,且具有明显的c轴择优取向;Al离子的掺杂浓度和退火温度对薄膜的结构、光电性能有一定的影响,薄膜在可见光区的光透过率为80%～95%;Al的掺杂浓度为1%样品在600℃下空气中退火1h后,薄膜最低的电阻率为7.5×10-2Ω·cm.     

溶胶-凝胶法生长（002）高度择优取向的ZnO∶Al薄膜

采用溶胶-凝胶法在石英衬底上制备了高度择优取向的ZnO∶Al薄膜。用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分别对薄膜结构和形貌进行了表征,用紫外-可见透射光谱和四探针研究了薄膜的光电性能。结果表明：制备的ZnO∶Al薄膜为六角纤锌矿结构,且具有明显的c轴择优取向;Al离子的掺杂浓度和退火温度对薄膜的结构、光电性能有一定的影响,薄膜在可见光区的光透过率为80%~95%;Al的掺杂浓度为1%样品在600℃下空气中退火1h后,薄膜最低的电阻率为7.5×10-2Ω.cm。     

两步氧化法制备ZnO薄膜及其光催化特性研究

本文采用热蒸发法在玻璃衬底上沉积Zn膜,然后在氧气中通过两步热氧化制备ZnO薄膜。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和紫外透过光谱等表征技术,研究了氧化温度对ZnO薄膜结晶质量和光学性能的影响。研究结果表明,两步氧化法在400℃下氧化1 h后的样品中除含有ZnO成份外,还有少量金属Zn存在;525℃下氧化1 h可以制备出疏松多孔的ZnO薄膜,其在紫外光和可见光范围内的透过率可达85%。通过太阳光和紫外光（254 nm）催化降解苯酚实验,发现两步氧化法制备的ZnO薄膜具有良好的光催化特性：太阳光照10 h后苯酚降解率达到56%,紫外灯下苯酚降解率高达86%。此外,ZnO薄膜的光催化重复利用实验表明,经过H2O2溶液清洗干燥处理后,ZnO薄膜可以基本恢复其光催化能力,此特性为ZnO薄膜的重复利用提供了很好的实验依据。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.