The Status Quo of China's Eco-Tourism and Its Development： Problems and Suggestions

In recent years, eco-featured tourism has become more and more attractive in China. It has been rapidly developed while there are some problems about it. but we have reason to believe that this form of tourism in the future more broad space for development. Environmental awareness and the rise of the trend of green consumption, provide a broad market space for eco-tourism. We should strengthen the construction of the tourist service facilities; attention should be paid to the introduction of talent to develop and improve, whether it is tourism management (or management of tourism), and tour guides must be trained. The development of the eco-featured tourism (or the ecological tourism or ET for short)in China will attract the attention of the world and society。     

Brand Value: Excavating and Management of Tourism in the Rural and Village Region

In the last few years the tourism in the rural and village region develops rapidly in our country, each major and medium city suburb village traveling rate of rise is in particular quicker. The China’s tourism in the rural and village region started late, it is facing a more complex environment. Because the good brand means product quality and prestige, the modern commercial society has already been a society which a commodity brand ubiquitously. As a service product which can take to people the multi-positions enjoy, people will tend to choose those famous bands. At present, certain brands in tourism in the rural and village region has formed without unification thought. As a result of kinds of factor influence, those bands are scattered in disorder and disorder, which affected the further development of the tourism in the rural and village region 。This text is about the brand excavating and management in tourism in the rural and village region。     

On area-specific underground research laboratory for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China

Underground research laboratories （URLs）, including ＂generic URLs＂ and ＂site-specific URLs＂, are un- derground facilities in which characterisation, testing, technology development, and/or demonstration activities are carried out in support of the development of geological repositories for high-level radioactive waste （HLW） disposal. In addition to the generic URL and site-specific URL, a concept of ＂areaspecific URL＂, or the third type of URL, is proposed in this paper. It is referred to as the facility that is built at a site within an area that is considered as a potential area for HLW repository or built at a place near the future repository site, and may be regarded as a precursor to the development of a repository at the site. It acts as a ＂generic URL＂, but also acts as a ＂site-specific URL＂ to some extent. Considering the current situation in China, the most suitable option is to build an ＂area-specific URL＂ in Beishan area, the first priority region for China＇s high-level waste repository. With this strategy, the goal to build China＇s URL by 2020 mav be achieved, but the time left is limited.     

Tourism as an Industry in Heritage Site-A Case Study on World Heritage Site of Fujian Tulou

Cultural heritage is seen as a cultural capital. The heritage tourism increases the local employment and income, however, brings some problems at the same time, changing the traditional living way and industrial structure. The sustainability of economic development by tourism is also questioned. Fujian Tulou is a world heritage site in China, inscribed in 2008. The nomination has brought great changes to the sites, especially the flourishing tourism industries by the local communities as well as the tourism companies. The latter also take part in the management of the heritage site and get most of the income. The data in economic areas is analyzed in this study and explains the cultural tourism as a positive drive for the local economy, which contributes little to the life of locals. With the analysis of the changes and benefits from the tourism, we have found that tourism, as a dominant industry, might be a potential negative element for heritage conservation. According to the different situations of sites in Fujian Tulou, a proper planning of management is in need to integrate the tourism, conservation and development.     

The Participation Role of Villagers in Village Plan Implementation: A Comparative Study on Two Villages in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China

China is in a process of rapid urbanization. Meanwhile, building development in rural areas is also accelerating. The paper intends to illustrate an original study focusing on villagers’ role in participation in village plan implementation in rural areas of China. Case studies, comparative studies, interviews, and questionnaires have been applied to reveal the mechanism of villager participation in village plan imple-mentation. Two case villages, which are pioneer units in the transition in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, have been selected. The study outcome shows that the villager participation plays an extremely important role in implementing the official village plan. The ideal development regulation mode in village planning in rural China should be a local government-villager cooperating system formed by three pillars: financial and technical supports from local governments; the participation of rural autonomous organizations, non-governmental organizations, and "able persons" in formulation, implementation, and monitoring of official village plans; village construction teams like developers.     

Urban Utopia and Building Experimentations： The Rural Villages of the Sicilian Latifundium

The colonization of Sicilian latifundium was an attempt of regeneration of the rural areas. It was carried out by Benito Mussolini, called II Duce, who governed Italy by a regime with an absolute and conservative approach for 20 years since 1922. According to this plan, there were some rural villages （with a school, a church, a police station and a doctor＇s surgery） and a number of rural homes, spread in the landscape, that formed one of the most important achievements of the agrarian reform in Italy. The author has been conducting scientific research on this topic for several years. He started with the archive ＂Ente per la Colonizzazione del Latifondo Siciliano＂ （now called Ente Sviluppo Agricolo） to review the original designs and contracts with companies, ledgers and other administrative documents. Lately, he has been reviewing the personal archives of designers involved in the building program, where he has found original drawings, letters, sketches, etc.. He has also conducted some architectonic and technical surveys of the sites. We have to consider that nowadays the mentioned rural villages are a strategic resource for the development of the neighboring areas, as it may become a network for the sustainable tourism and the promotion of the local agro food specialties. On this purpose, the local authority is going to promote some plans for the requalification of these sites. The particular achievement of this article is to show a number of possibilities for the reuse of these places.     

Village Centre Internal Resources Used for New Development

Villages historically have been founded around agriculture but farm land has greatly changed, mainly in the areas of the centralised conception of agriculture from the 1950s. Original parcelling, homestead composition and functional layouts have stopped being useful for current village inhabitants. The Czech Republic is an example of an area where this problem has appeared. According to the Czech Statistical Office, the number of inhabitants working in agriculture is now only 1%. Therefore, we need to concentrate on the village historic centre： the possibilities of restructuring and the definition of its potential and possibilities for new development. The internal resources of the village mentioned in this paper refer to the buildings, structures and land of the village centre core. The case studies worked out by the students of architecture in the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Czech Technical University in Prague from the 1990s were used for the research. Comparing designs can define these basic approaches to the new historic centre＇s use： a spatial solution--urban （non-invasive and invasive） and architectonical （reconstruction, traditional form with modern detail or completely modern design） and a functional solution. The research shown in the original historic village core offers enough opportunities for new usages and non-agricultural functions which are suitable for this area.     

Evolution of Macao’s Urban Spatial Morphology and Its Influencing Factors

After more than 450 years’ development, Macao has evolved into a world heritage city and world tourism and leisure city from a traditional Chinese fishing village. Its urban spatial morphology has gone through six stages. Based on the analysis of the historic events in Macao at different stages, this paper elaborates the process, characteristics, and influencing factors of the urban spatial morphology evolution.     

Transition of Implementation Pattern Under the Predicament of Urban Renewal:A Perspective of Spatial Governance

The recent prevalence of property-led urban renewal in Chinese cities has generated problems such as "nail households"~(1) and the loss of public welfare. This paper begins with the theoretical framework of spatial governance in urban renewal and then discusses the problems of property-led urban renewal. From a perspective of spatial governance, it proposes the framework, process, and policy design for the transition of the urban renewal model characterized by "government leadership and self-renewal of village collectives." By taking an urban village within a large city in south China as a case study, this paper compares the profit distribution among each party between the property-led urban renewal model and the village collectives’ self-renewal. It concludes with the significance of this new model for the establishment of a spatial governance system and highquality urban and rural development in China.     

Glossary

<正>Taobao village(淘宝村táo bao cun):Along with the development of e-commerce in China,a large number of Taobao villages have emerged in the rural areas of Guangdong,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,and other provinces since 2009.It refers to the village specialized in online electronic commerce,which has more than 10%households engaged in online trading and a total of e-commerce     

Designation and Development of Central Towns: A Case Study of Shiyan

In China, central towns are an important pitch point in the urban system of a city or county. The cultivation and development of central towns is significant in completing the urban system structure and improving the overall quality of urban-rural development of a city or county. In the Municipality of Shiyan, a mountainous region in Hubei Province, the designation of central towns should not be mechanically accomplished through applying the methodology used in plain areas, but with particular focus on the location and transportation of the towns. Based on the analysis of comprehensive development potential, 14 central towns are finally designated in Shiyan in view of their favorable location and the requirement of coordinated regional development. Development strategies are also proposed for them which include the improvement of urban functions, the differentiation of development modes, the growth of industrial clusters, the development of environmental-friendly industries, the standard configuration of public service facilities, and the institutional reform and innovation which would ensure the realization of the central towns’ function of agglomeration and radiation.     

Heritage Protection and “Echtheit”-Seeking for New Ideas of Heritage Protectien

It stresses “Echthed” in the protection of cultural heritage all the time, and this principle is also the basis and core for its develepment of tourism Under This principle, many heritages which don＇t meet the standard of so-called “Echtheit” have not been well protected, and even destroyed once again in the development.     

Towards Sustainable Neighborhoods:The Role of Social Planning in China-A Case Study of Ningbo,Zhejiang Province

This paper argues for a strengthened form of neighborhood planning designed not only to improve the quality of life but also to promote the social inclusion of disadvantaged groups and a more ecologically sustainable development.Empirical focus is the municipality of Ningbo from 1990 onwards,and the most dynamic dimension of this demographic is the net in-flow of rural migrants from across China,and its implications for social policy are traced.The new infrastructure of local governance affords a unique opportunity for a new approach to solving the critical urban problems of ecological sustainability,social inclusion,and quality of life at the neighborhood level.After showing how neighborhood planners might contribute to local initiatives for neighborhood improvement,the paper concludes with some comments on the implications of this approach for planning education.     

Development of Design Response Spectra Based on Various Attenuation Relationships at Specific Location

Peninsular Malaysia is located and lies in a low seismic region. Although Malaysia is not located in the active fault seismic area, it is closed to the Sumatran active seismic zones. Tall building are fIequently felt the tremor generated fTom Sumatran subduction and fault zones especially in the west cost of Peninsular Malaysia such as Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur and Penang. Existing design response spectra was developed based on attenuation relationship for each subduction and fault zone. In this study, the design response spectra were developed based on various attenuation relationships for selected location in Kuala Lumpur area, namely, Mutiara Damansara, Bandar Petaling Jaya and Bandar Puteri Puchong. The development of design response spectra based on various attenuation relationships is more reliable in selecting the appropriate attenuation relationship for the study area. Seven attenuations have been chosen and results show that Megawati et al. are the most appropriate attenuation relation for fault zone, where the predicted PGA （peak ground acceleration） is 0.0187 g which is the proposed PGA value for this study area. This study also found that most of soil in the study area can be categorized into SD （stiff soil） according to site classification in the NEHRP 2000 Provision/UBC 97. Bandar petaling Jaya was found to be highest AF （amplification factor） of 3.74 for stiff soil and Mutiara Damansara with AF of 2.67 for very dense soil or soft rock. The proposed design response spectra for each location were developed based on UBC 1997 （Uniform Building Code 1997）. The peak RSA （response spectrum acceleration） of 0.30 g for soil type SD for Bandar Petaling Jaya is the maximum level of acceleration on the soil surface with a period range of 0.10 to 0.52 seconds. All these values can be used for the seismic safety evaluation of existing structures and as a guideline in designing new structures to resist future earthquake, within the study area.     

A Primary Analysis of the Morphology Formation of the Market Towns in the Region of Rivers and Lakes to the South of the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The market towns in the region of riv-ers and lakes to the south of the lowerreaches of the Yangtze River in China havelong focussed people's attention upon theirunique formal structures.In this region ofrivers and lakes,its natural morphology is in     

结合层次分析法与重要性—绩效分析法的旅游村落公共空间评价——深圳较场尾为例（英文）

While public spaces of tourist villages (PSTVs) have increasingly gained more policy and development attention,their empirical investigations are still limited.This study aims to develop a quantitative methodological approach of assessing PSTVs through the use of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to measure tourists’ satisfaction.This approach involves experts’ and tourists’ judgment processes,and the resultant assessment matrix is applied to suggest the strengths and weaknesses of the PSTVs using an Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA).The results from Jiaochangwei Village in Shenzhen suggest that "street spaces," "square spaces," "coastal spaces," "green spaces," "traffic facilities," "public service facilities," "culture," and "management and maintenance" are key factors to evaluate the use and quality of PSTVs.This paper offers insights into the theoretical investigation and practical development of PSTVs for tourism and village planning decision makers.     

传统村落地质灾害的“多尺度”分布特征及空间关联——以四川阿坝州为例

Identifying the types of disasters and analyzing the distribution pattern of and the spatial correlation between villages and disasters are important prerequisite for the disaster prevention and mitigation of traditional villages.Taking Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture as an example and using the tools of kernel density evaluation and spatial statistics,this paper analyzes the distribution pattern of and the spatial correlation between traditional villages and typical geological disasters on the three spatial scales of Aba Prefecture,village agglomeration area,and village administrative area with necessary explanations.It concludes that most of the traditional villages in Aba Prefecture agglomerate in the middle-and high-level alpine gorges and some are clustered at either the border area or the central hinterland of counties;with the increase of maximum seismic intensity and frequency of earthquakes,it appears there is an increase of traditional villages and their trend of agglomeration,which implies an overlap of the areas of dense traditional villages and high-density geological disasters,as well as the synchronous increase of traditional village density and geological disaster density;and the traditional villages in Aba Prefecture are affected by multiple disasters,in particular landslide and debris flow.Finally,the paper discusses the issue of disaster prevention and mitigation in the protection and development planning of traditional villages.     

Sustainable Intervention Plans for Igbo Cultural Region of Nigeria

The Igbos are one of the major tribes of Nigeria. Over the years, their distinct way of living have further accentuated their culture. The paper discusses the Igbo cultural landscape region which comprises of rural autonomous communities made up of clusters of kindred and villages. In spite of the existence of the townships serving as trade, political and administrative centers for more than one century, the rate of urbanization has been very slow thereby affecting the development of the communities physically, economically and socially at astonishing rates consuming farmlands and traditional community boundaries. This paper is aimed at creating awareness on the unique regional growth pattern in Igbo land heavily dependent on cultural and natural heritages for purpose of determining adaptable regional planning strategies for such vibrant cultural region. It has examined the key issues and suggested a way forward to a more sustainable development of the region.     

Characteristics and Causes of the Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages:A Case Study of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone

Studies on the renovation and governance of urban villages have become the interest of human geography since the 1990s.However up to now,there is little literature focusing on the development patterns and dynamic mechanism of the spatial evolution of urban villages based on the theoretical system of urban spatial structure,and there are few scholars doing analyses on the relationship between urban villages and general urban areas in terms of spatial development.In this paper,Shenzhen,the most representative city of China in terms of urban village development,is taken as a case for exploring the characteristics and modes of the spatial evolution of urban villages.With census data of urban village construction in 1999 and 2004 in terms of built-up area,floor area,and construction intensity,the spatial and temporal evolution of the 91 administrative urban villages in the original Shenzhen Special Economic Zone have been analyzed in comparison with that of Shenzhen’s general urban areas.It is indicated that the spatial evolution of urban villages matches with the general rules of the spatial development of general urban areas in three aspects.First,land expansion is the most remarkable mode of spatial evolution in the early stage of development;second,in the period of rapid development,there is the obvious tendency of "distance-decay" in terms of construction intensity accompanied by some anomalous fluctuations at certain points;third,renewal and redevelopment are carried out gradually in the mature stage of development.However,because of historical and institutional restrictions,the spatial evolution of urban villages shows its unique characteristics in the aspects of original spatial distribution and spatial expansion mode in the period of rapid development,etc.The outcomes of this study would help not only enrich the theoretical study on the evolution mode of urban spatial structure,but also strengthen the administration over urban villages,in particular with the suggestions that the spatial evolution of urban villages as a type of urban space should not be the same as that of general urban areas and its unique characteristics should not be ignored;specific rules should be set up to guide the rational spatial evolution of urban villages according to the economic development of the city,as well as the housing demands of various kinds of residents.     

Some Thoughts on the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Cities

Through the concepts in the preservation plan for the historical and cultural city of Shenyang,this paper at-tempts to discuss and explore various issues such as the understanding and implementation,contents and concepts,preservation and development,heritage and redevleopment of the historical and cultural city,with a hope to providethis profound topic some references for consideration.With the economic and cultural development of the country,more and more attention has been paid to the pres-ervation and the utilization of the historical and cultural relics.Shenyang is one of the second group of the historicalcities designated by the State Council in 1986.Preservation plan and protective measures are now being formulatedfor this city.The following paragraphs outline some views in respect of the preservation of historical and cultural cities.