GLUE框架下似然函数对水文模型不确定性的影响

似然函数的选取对模型参数不确定性结果存在较大影响。本文以淮河上游大坡岭水文站控制流域为例,采用GLUE不确定性分析方法、SCE-UA优化算法与流域水循环系统模型(HEQM)耦合,探索Nash-Sutcliffe系数与水量平衡系数这两个似然函数对模型参数敏感性、取值分布特征以及不确定性的影响。结果表明:从敏感性分析结果来看,Nash-Sutcliffe系数作为似然函数时,所选择的9个参数均为敏感性参数,而水量平衡系数作似然函数时,仅有1个敏感性参数,Nash-Sutcliffe系数更适合作似然函数;从不确定性区间评价结果来看,水量平衡系数作为似然函数时,模拟结果的覆盖率和对称性均优于Nash-Sutcliffe系数。以上研究可为GLUE方法似然函数的选取提供参考,也为多目标GLUE方法中权重的分配提供理论依据。     

GLUE法分析水文模型参数不确定性的研究

应用新安江模型,采用普适似然不确定估计(GLUE)方法,对梁辉水库洪水预报中参数的不确定性问题进行研究并对预报误差进行分析,结果发现,模型参数中存在大量的"异参同效"参数组,即存在许多可接受的似然估计值的参数值组合.据此,将参数分为敏感性参数和不敏感性参数两大类.深入了解新安江模型参数的意义及其敏感性问题为今后流域水文模拟提供参考,以助于新安江模型参数的率定和模型的推广应用.     

利用 GLUE 方法不同算法分析 TOPMODEL模型不确定性

以丹江的西峡流域为研究对象,采用GLUE方法探讨TOPMODEL模型不确定性。分析不同似然函数算法、调节参数、模型参数和结果预测区间的不确定性,结果表明不同算法的似然函数值既有差异又有相似性,值变化会引起不同似然函数分布的变化,也影响模型参数与似然值的关系。分析不同阈值的90％置信区间的实测值覆盖率、预测区间宽度及预测区间对称性等特征,结果说明阈值越小,预测区间的可靠性越高,但不确定性范围越大;阈值越大则情况相反。说明选定似然函数和阈值时需综合考虑多方面因素。     

贝叶斯多模型分析方法的对比研究北大核心

多模型分析能够考虑模型本身存在的不确定性,在决策分析和风险评估中具有越来越重要的作用。对具有严谨统计分析理论基础的贝叶斯模型平均法和极大似然贝叶斯多模型平均法做了详细介绍,并改进了传统极大似然贝叶斯多模型平均法不能考虑参数不确定性的不足,使极大似然贝叶斯多模型平均法对贝叶斯模型平均法近似得更为准确。地质统计多模型对地层渗透系数的预测分析结果表明,2种多模型分析方法在参数空间确定、模型后验权重和渗透系数预测方面都具有很好的一致性。极大似然贝叶斯多模型平均法能和水文学现有的参数估计方法很好结合,且计算量小。     

贝叶斯多模型分析方法的对比研究

多模型分析能够考虑模型本身存在的不确定性,在决策分析和风险评估中具有越来越重要的作用。对具有严谨统计分析理论基础的贝叶斯模型平均法和极大似然贝叶斯多模型平均法做了详细介绍,并改进了传统极大似然贝叶斯多模型平均法不能考虑参数不确定性的不足,使极大似然贝叶斯多模型平均法对贝叶斯模型平均法近似得更为准确。地质统计多模型对地层渗透系数的预测分析结果表明,2种多模型分析方法在参数空间确定、模型后验权重和渗透系数预测方面都具有很好的一致性。极大似然贝叶斯多模型平均法能和水文学现有的参数估计方法很好结合,且计算量小。     

水文模型模拟水文极值的不确定性分析

以黄河源区为研究区,运用GLUE法分析了HBV模型和新安江模型模拟水文极值的不确定性。目标似然函数阈值分别选用0.7、0.6、0.5,将得到的洪水和枯水水文极值以及选出的模拟结果按丰水年、平水年和枯水年过程分别进行分析。结果表明:两个模型均擅长于模拟洪水,而且对洪水模拟的不确定性较对枯水模拟的不确定性低;从两个水文模型模拟日过程估计区间的差别看,HBV模型估计区间与实测相比,洪水年总体偏低,枯水年总体偏高,平水年不存在明显趋势,新安江模型则不存在这个特点;在相同的参数采样方法和策略下,HBV模型的不确定性比新安江模型更显著;两个水文模型对枯水指标Q_(90)和Q_(75)模拟的不确定性都较大;新安江模型对洪水指标Q_(25)和Q_(10)的估计区间小于HBV模型的,不确定性水平较低。     

基于GLUE的新安江模型参数不确定性分析及应用

结合新安江模型在东洋河流域的应用,提出了基于GLUE方法的新安江模型参数不确定性分析。采用GLUE算法抽样结果对东洋河流域进行不确定性预报,选用水文模拟中常用的确定性系数作为似然判据,通过设定0.7为阀值,得到的90%置信区间的流量过程,实例研究表明,以该结果进行不确定预报是可行的。     

基于GLUE的流域水文模型参数不确定性研究

通过对三水源新安江水文模型参数分析,针对模型中的自由水蓄水容量、壤中流消退系数、地下水消退系数和河网消退系数4个敏感参数,以淮河息县流域为例,应用基于Bayesian理论的GLUE方法对参数进行不确定性分析。结果表明,GLUE方法以确定性系数0.85为临界似然判据,得到90%置信区间的洪水过程概率分布,能够很好地模拟实况流量过程。     

含水层渗透系数预测及不确定性分析耦合模型

本研究旨在精细计算冲洪积平原地区的渗透系数,并为进一步建立溶质运移模型提供基础数据。通过建立人工神经网络(ANN)与通用似然不确定估计法(GLUE)的耦合模型对含水层渗透系数进行预测,并对模型参数的不确定性进行分析。利用马尔可夫蒙特卡洛采样法(MCMC)取代常见的通用似然不确定性估计方法中的蒙特卡洛法(MC),将其与人工神经网络技术耦合,以150个典型粒度组分样本作为输入数据,构建研究区含水层渗透系数预测及不确定性分析的GLUE-ANN模型。通过对华北平原典型地区实例研究,验证该方法具有较好的采样效率和寻优性能。计算结果表明,与渗透系数的实测值相比较,GLUE-ANN模型的相对误差介于1.55%~23.53%之间,模型的计算精度满足地下水资源评价的要求。通过模型参数的后验分布得出参数全局最优值所在的区域,表明模型能够更合理地反映水文地质参数的不确定性。     

基于FCM-SCEMUA的水文模型参数不确定性估计方法

引入模糊C-均值聚类(FCM)方法对水文过程进行分类,结合SCEMUA方法,建立了基于FCM-SCEMUA的水文模型参数不确定性分析方法。选择南水北调水源区所在的汉江上游的江口流域,以新安江模型为例进行了实例研究。结果表明,FCM-SCEMUA方法通过对不同分类的似然函数分别设置阈值,在阈值同样为70%的情况下,所得到的有效参数组比通过SCEMUA方法得到的减少了64.8%的不合理参数组。所推求的参数后验分布更能够朝着高概率密度区进化,推导出更加合理的水文模型参数的后验分布,从而得到更加合理的预测区间,有效地减少了水文模拟与预测的不确定性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.