Among-site variability in environmental and management characteristics: Effect on nutrient loss in agricultural tile drainage

Water quality issues, including harmful and nuisance algal blooms (HNABs), related to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) exported from agricultural lands persist in the Great Lakes region. Previous work examining N and P loss from agricultural fields in portions of the United States (US) and Canada (CA) that drain into Lake Erie, consistently indicate significant nutrient loss from fields in Indiana and Ohio, US compared with those in southwestern Ontario, CA. The primary objective of this study was to examine variation in environmental and management characteristics from 30 sites (US: n = 28, CA: n = 2) located within the Lake Erie Basin and subsequently determine the influence of among-site variation on edge-of-field N and P losses. Using principal component analyses (PCA), we found that among-site variation was predominantly controlled by broad-scale patterns in fertilizer management practices and soil properties; however, N and P loss metrics were largely unexplained by these gradients. As such, fine-scale variability and the interaction of environmental and management characteristics at individual sites more strongly influenced N and P loss. Ultimately, these results further emphasize the importance of site- and nutrient-specific management plans that are needed to mitigate N and P losses from agricultural fields.     

The impact of agricultural best management practices on downstream systems: Soil loss and nutrient chemistry and flux to Conesus Lake,New York,USA

Six small, predominantly agricultural (> 70%) watersheds in the Conesus Lake catchment of New York State, USA, were selected to test the impact of Best Management Practices (BMPs) on mitigation of nonpoint nutrient sources and soil loss from farms to downstream aquatic systems. Over a 5-year period, intensive stream water monitoring and analysis of covariance provided estimates of marginal means of concentration and loading for each year weighted by covariate discharge. Significant reductions in total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total suspended solids concentration and flux occurred by the second year and third year of implementation. At Graywood Gully, where Whole Farm Planning was practiced and a myriad of structural and cultural BMPs were introduced, we observed the greatest percent reduction (average = 55.8%) and the largest number of significant reductions in analytes (4 out of 5). Both structural and cultural BMPs were observed to have profound effects on nutrient and soil losses. Where fields were left fallow or planted in a vegetative type crop, reductions, especially in nitrate, were observed. Where structural implementation occurred, reductions in total fractions were particularly evident. Where both were applied, major reductions in nutrients and soil occurred. After 5 years of management, nonevent and event concentrations of total suspended solids in streams draining agricultural watersheds were not significantly different from those in a relatively “pristine/reference” watershed. This was not the case for nutrients.     

Impact of agricultural practices and river catchment characteristics on river and bathing water quality.

The objective was to investigate the potential risk of faecal indicator organism (FIO) bacteriological contamination of river catchments and coastal bathing waters from farm management practices and to develop practices to reduce the risk. A risk assessment on 117 farms was carried out in two river catchments in south-west Scotland. Manure storage facilities, farming practices, field conditions and catchment characteristics were assessed. River samples at 33 locations were regularly taken and analysed for FIOs. Available manure storage capacity and farm management practices are inadequate on a high proportion of farms and FIO contamination of watercourses was likely the result of effluent transported into watercourses due to non-collection or poor containment. In addition, surface run-off or leaching following land application of manure or intensive stocking in adverse conditions was a high risk on up to 50% of farms. The concentrations of FIOs in the streams of two sub-catchments with high livestock intensity was 4 to 8 times higher compared to the two sub-catchments which had a low livestock intensity. The majority of potential risks of agricultural pollution to watercourses may be eliminated through improved manure and dirty water management, forward planning of manure spreading activities and improved operational procedures.     

水管理策略对土壤水盐动态和区域地下排水影响的模拟评价

以宁夏惠农灌区平罗试验区为对象,基于田间观测与灌溉试验结果,在田间尺度采用SWAP模型开展不同地下水调控深度与灌溉制度相结合的水管理方案下土壤水盐动态的模拟,在区域尺度采用MODFLOW模型进行不同水管理方案对区域地下排水量影响的模拟评价,据此分析土壤水盐动态过程和农田排水系统的作用,对拟定的各种水管理方案进行评价。结果表明,现状灌溉用水量虽有助于减少表土盐分积聚,但地下排水量占灌溉用水量的39．4％;现状灌溉用水量减少50％时,浅埋地下水位会加重表土积盐;现状灌溉用水量减少25％时,作物根区没有产生明显的积盐,地下排水量减少31．4％。因此,较为合理的水管理方案是将现状灌水量减少25％的同时将地下水埋深控制在70cm以下,才能达到节水、增产、改善农田水土环境的目标。     

Impact of nutrient losses from agricultural lands on nutrient stocks in Dianshan Lake in Shanghai,China

Abstract： The water quality of Dianshan Lake in Shanghai Municipality, China, is impacted by nutrient losses from agricultural lands around the lake. In this study, nine types of agricultural land use were monitored in 2010 and 2011, and a correlation analysis between nutrient losses from agricultural non-point sources （NPS） and nutrient stocks in the lake was conducted over monthly and seasonal time periods. The results indicate that the monthly average concentration of total nitrogen （TN） ranged from 1.41 to 7.34 mg/L in 2010 and from 1.52 to 5.90 mg/L in 2011, while the monthly average concentration of total phosphorous （TP） ranged from 0.11 to 0.26 mg/L in 2010 and from 0.13 to 0.30 mg/L in 2011. The annual loss of TN from agricultural NPS was 195.55 tons in 2010 and 208.40 tons in 2011. The cultivation of water oat made the largest contribution to the loss of TN. The annual loss of TP was 44.58 tons in 2010 and 48.12 tons in 2011, and multi-vegetable cultivation made the largest contribution to the loss of TP. The results of correlation analysis show that the monthly stocks of TN and TP in the lake have a positive correlation with the monthly losses of TN and TP from agricultural NPS. According to the seasonal data, the stocks of TN and TP in the lake both have a much stronger correlation with the losses of TN and TP from agricultural NPS in summer than in other seasons. Agricultural NPS pollution control should be the main focus for the water resource conservation in this area.     

水价对农业用水需求的影响分析

为合理配置水资源、提升水资源使用效率、稳定农业发展、发挥水利工程效益,科学、合理地确定农业水价,充分发挥水价杠杆调节水资源供需结构,具有重要的现实意义.通过对江苏省典型灌区农业用水量、水价、年降雨量、作物种类预处理,分析了水价上涨对农业用水量下降的影响,说明农业用水价格弹性是客观存在的,研究这种弹性对节水规划和水价改革都具有重要的指导作用.     

土壤初始含水量对注射灌土壤水分运移分布 特性影响试验研究

通过室内不同土壤初始含水量的注射灌水分入渗试验,研究了土壤初始含水量对注射灌土壤水分运移分布特性影响。研究表明：注射灌的累积入渗量与时间呈幂函数关系,土壤初始含水量越大,相同入渗时间的累积入渗量越大。在出水口下方土壤水分湿润范围较大,土壤含水量也较大,而在出水口上方则相反。土壤初始含水量越大,土壤湿润范围越大,距离出水口相同距离的土壤含水量越大。以上研究可为进一步补充注射灌理论技术提供基础。     

水足迹视角下辽宁省春玉米生育期水土资源匹配特征研究

随着气候变化及种植结构调整,农业水土资源配置状况发生改变,研究农业水土资源匹配特征对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。基于作物生产水足迹视角,采用广义农业水土资源匹配系数的计算方法,对 1985—2018年辽宁省春玉米生育期的水土资源匹配特征进行分析。结果表明：1985—2018 年间辽宁省春玉米农业水土资源匹配系数变化波动明显,总体以 14 m³/（hm²·a）增长,多年平均农业水土资源匹配系数值为 5733 m³/hm²。同时,1985—2018 年间辽宁省春玉米农业水土资源匹配状况呈现向好趋势,东部农业水土资源匹配良好的地区增多,西北部农业水土资源匹配较差的范围缩小。未来辽宁省玉米种植结构调整,应立足各地区农业水土资源匹配特征,构建水土资源空间均衡的农业生产体系。     

Agricultural best management practices for Conesus Lake: The role of extension and soil/water conservation districts

Small sub-watersheds of the Conesus Lake catchment were the site of a project evaluating the ability of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) to maintain soil and nutrients on the landscape and to reduce the impact of agriculture on downstream aquatic systems. Local agricultural agencies, with participation of local farmers, joined with scientists to focus attention on watershed issues, to develop and foster a sense of stewardship among the farming community, and to assist and coordinate collaboration among academic researchers, governing bodies, and the agricultural community. Cornell Cooperative Extension served as a liaison and as a resource and assisted in the development and implementation of voluntary BMPs in selected sub-watersheds of Conesus Lake. We discuss our approach to working with producers, the selection of watersheds for management, and our decision-making process for implementation of BMPs. Decisions to establish traditional structural and nonstructural management practices on sub-watersheds of Conesus Lake were based on field assessments, soil testing, the Phosphorus Index, and the software package Cornell Cropware. For example, the use of soil testing and the Cornell Cropware software allowed the cooperating farms to apply fertilizer only as needed for optimum crop production. Farmers achieved cost savings because previous plans had not given enough credit to soil reserves, manure, and sod crop nutrients. Low-cost voluntary practices based on well-established agricultural management practices have been combined with cost-shared (structural) practices in Conesus Lake watersheds to mitigate the impact of agricultural runoff on water quality and to improve cost efficiency of agricultural operations.     

The impact of CCA-treated posts in vineyards on soil and ground water.

Grapes in Marlborough are typically grown on a vertical shoot positioned trellis system (VSP). For this purpose Pinus radiata posts are treated with CCA, a mixture of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As), giving a wood concentration of 1,730, 3,020 and 2,410 mg/kg, respectively on a dry matter basis. The CCA levels around the posts in different soils were investigated and assessed for the potential leaching of CCA into ground water. An initial survey showed leaching of all three heavy metals from the treated posts into the soil surrounding the posts (0.2% of the total vineyard area) compared with the control, depending on vineyard age and soil type. The rate of movement out of the posts was calculated from posts placed in lysimeters. HortResearch's Soil Plant Atmosphere Model (SPASMO) was used to predict the leaching rate of CCA. For As, leaching was found to be 5 mg/post/month, with the Cr rate being about twice that. Further modelling revealed a steady plume of As moving downwards after about 200-300 years. However, long-term hydrogeological modelling showed that sufficient aquifer water flow prevented the accumulation of CCA in the ground water. The modelling approaches are discussed.     

估计土壤水分特征曲线的间接方法研究进展

土壤水分特征曲线是模拟水分和化学物质在非饱和土壤中运移的关键参数。对于一个较大范围的实际问题，由于其在空间和时间上的强烈变异性，采用直接实验大量测定通常是不可行的。作为一种替代方法，根据土壤基本性质如粒径分布、容重、有机质含量等间接估计水分特征曲线的方法在实践中证明效果是比较理想的。按照其理论基础，这些间接方法可以分为土壤转换函数、物理 _经验方法、分形方法等。本文对该领域近二十多年来的研究进展进行了综述，并对间接方法的发展前景作了展望。     

迁安市防治大石河铁矿水土流失的做法

通过对大石河铁矿水土流失成因的分析与研究,提出采取水土保持生物措施与工程措施相结合的办法,其有效地防治了水土流失,为推动铁矿业健康发展及实现水土资源可持续利用提供了典型的经验和做法,并深化和加快了迁安市生态环境建设的进程.     

焉耆盆地农排渠水质变化特征及其污染源分析

选取8项水质指标,对2005—2013年焉耆盆地内的7条主要农田排渠的水质进行评价,并采用主成分分析法寻找主要污染物。结果表明,2005—2013年7条主要农田排渠的水质基本处于Ⅴ类水状态,并以微咸水和咸水为主;各排渠水体中以TN和NH+4-N为主要污染物,CODMn和BOD是农排渠水体中第二污染物,TDS是农田排渠水体中第三污染物。农业活动和工业废水以及博斯腾流域气候是造成农排渠水体中矿化度成为污染物的因子。     

火烧干扰对南矶山湿地土壤养分的短期影响

采用对比采样分析方法,研究了南矶山湿地自然保护区湖水消退期高滩地火烧后土壤养分短期内的变化;结果表明,土壤总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮在火烧后显著增加,土壤含水量显著减少;土壤有机碳、总磷和有效磷在火烧后无显著影响;土壤有机碳和总氮的比值在火烧后明显减少.火烧对湿地生态系统的养分循环值得进一步的研究.     

Winter application of manure on an agricultural watershed and its impact on downstream nutrient fluxes

Whole Farm Planning was instituted and monitored over a 5-year period within the Graywood Gully sub-watershed of Conesus Lake, NY (USA). An array of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) (strip cropping, fertilizer reduction, tiling, manure disposal practices, etc.) were simultaneously introduced to determine the impact of a concentrated management effort on nutrient and soil loss from one watershed within the Conesus Lake catchment. During the study period, significant decreases in winter concentrations of dissolved and particulate fractions, including total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and nitrate (NO₃) but not total suspended solids (TSS), were observed. These decreases may or may not be attributed to cessation of manuring practices. Three years into the study, an opportunity existed to test the responsiveness of the watershed to the curtailment of a single BMP — winter manure application to fields. We field-tested the hypothesis that a change in winter manure applications would impact dissolved and particulate fractions in stream water draining this watershed. We found that the water quality of Graywood Gully is very responsive to winter manure application on environmentally sensitive portions of the sub-watershed. With the short-term resumption of manure application, TP, SRP, TKN, and NO₃ concentrations rose dramatically in stream water; elevated phosphorus concentrations persisted over a 5-week period. Total suspended solids, however, were not elevated after short-term manure application. Factors that affected these results were slope of the land, application of manure over snow and during a snowfall, warm air and soil temperatures, and possibly tile drainage of snowmelt water. Managers of agricultural systems must recognize that phosphorus losses from the watershed during the nongrowing season may detrimentally affect nuisance population of algae in lakes during the summer.     

虚拟水理论在河北省农业用水管理中的战略应用分析

从河北省水资源匮乏的实际以及虚拟水理论入手,调查分析了河北省主要粮食产品的区域贸易量和出口贸易量以及由此引发的虚拟水的流出量,得出河北省2000-2005年输出的虚拟水总量平均为20.78亿m3,这期间粮食作物灌溉用水量平均为202.48亿m3,占粮食作物用水量的10.26%。据此,在深入探究虚拟水理论应用于农业用水管理的理论基础上,进一步提出虚拟水理论在河北省农业用水管理中的应用思路。     

紫色土坡耕地磷素流失特征及施肥方式的影响

通过雨季典型降雨-径流事件中不同施肥方式下土壤磷素流失的野外定位观测,研究紫色土坡地磷素随地表径流和壤中流流失的通量、过程特征及其施肥方式的影响。结果表明,紫色土坡耕地地表径流过程呈多峰的时间变化特点,壤中流呈单峰且其产流时间滞后于地表径流;雨季次降雨平均径流量为23.6～29.1mm,壤中流是雨季的主要径流输出方式。地表径流总磷(TP)平均浓度远高于壤中流,泥沙吸附态磷(PP)是地表磷素流失的主要形态;溶解态有机磷(DOP)是壤中流流失的主要磷素形态。施肥方式显著影响地表径流TP浓度,常规施肥(NPK)、有机肥-化肥配施(OMNPK)、有机肥(OM)、秸秆-化肥配施(RSDNPK)各施肥处理的地表径流TP平均浓度呈依次减小的顺序。次降雨平均磷素流失负荷呈RSDNPKOMNPKOMNPK的规律;壤中流是紫色土坡耕地磷素流失不可忽视的重要通道。施肥方式仅能控制地表径流磷素流失,而控制壤中流磷流失的效果不佳,有待更深入的研究。     

浅谈数据中心工程给排水专业设计特点

数据中心由于其运行要求的特殊性,对给排水及消防系统有特别的要求.目前关于数据中心类建筑没有相关的国家标准.阐述了该类建筑的设计理念和设计标准,总结了给排水及消防系统的特点,供类似工程参考.     

The effects of water treatment residues on soil respiration and microbial community structure.

Land disposal of water treatment residue (WTR), a by-product of potable water production, is increasingly being considered a viable alternative to land filling. It is crucial, inter alia, that soil quality is not affected adversely. Six different WTRs obtained from South African water treatment facilities were added to Hutton and Westleigh topsoils at rates of 0, 5, 15 and 25% (m/m) to determine their impacts on soil basal respiration. In general, respiration increased with rate of addition of WTR. The Umgeni, Rand, Midvaal and Faure2 WTRs had the greatest effect on respiration. Increases in respiration became less marked with time. The Hutton topsoil was mixed with the WTRs (at 15% m/m) and, following incubation, the bacterial community structure was examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Changes in community structure were detected after 5 d and were attributed to physico-chemical changes arising from WTR amendment. However, dominant bands associated with the Hutton soil were retained and microbial diversity was not adversely affected. The findings of this investigation suggest that WTRs can be applied to the Hutton soil at a rate of at least 15% (300 Mg ha(-1)) without having a detrimental effect on microbial indicators of soil quality.