Rainbow scattering by a coated sphere

We examine the behavior of the first-order rainbow for a coated sphere by using both ray theory and Aden-Kerker wave theory as the radius of the core a(12) and the thickness of the coating δ are varied. As the ratio δ/a(12) increases from 10(-4) to 0.33, we find three classes of rainbow phenomena that cannot occur for a homogeneous-sphere rainbow. For δ/a(12) ? 10(-3), the rainbow intensity is an oscillatory function of the coating thickness, for δ/a(12) ≈ 10(-2), the first-order rainbow breaks into a pair of twin rainbows, and for δ/a(12) ≈ 0.33, various rainbow-extinction transitions occur. Each of these effects is analyzed, and their physical interpretations are given. A Debye series decomposition of coated-sphere partial-wave scattering amplitudes is also performed and aids in the analysis.     

用能谱技术确定基体薄涂层的厚度

提出一种不同标样确定基体薄涂层厚度并同时得到薄膜成分的新方法。通过理论计算,得 不同涂层厚度下,涂层与基体的特征Ｘ射线相对强度比Ｉｃ／Ｉｓ并作出理论曲线;然后用能谱技术测出Ｉｃ／Ｉｓ,可由理论曲线得出相应的涂层厚度。经实验证明该方法可行     

Preparation and properties of electrochromic iridium oxide thin film by sol-gel process

We established a method for preparation of iridium oxide thin film by the sol-gel dip-coating process where iridium chloride was used as a starting material. The coating solution was prepared by reacting iridium chloride, ethanol and acetic acid. Iridium oxide coating was formed at 2.0 cm/min withdrawing rate. The coating films heat treated at 300°C did not contain impurities. Iridium oxide crystallized at temperatures above 450°C. Both crystalline and amorphous iridium oxide thin films showed electrochromism. The change in transmittance of the crystalline Ir₂O₃ film is larger than that of the amorphous Ir₂O₃ under the same experimental conditions. The transmittance of the crystalline thin film (film thickness 200 nm, measured at 400 nm) decreased 13.0% on application of 3 V for 1 s.     

多彩结构色氧化铝薄膜氧化机制的研究

在草酸电解液中,球形碳点电极作为阴极,铝箔作为阳极,利用一次氧化工艺成功的制备出了单一色彩和虹彩环形结构色的氧化铝薄膜.实验结果显示,球形碳点电极下制备的氧化铝薄膜厚度由薄膜中心向外呈对称性递减.当薄膜的径向厚度差在某一波长光的覆盖范围内时,薄膜呈现单一结构色,而当径向厚度差超出某一波长光的覆盖范围时,薄膜呈现虹彩环形结构色.本文详细的讨论了电极间距、氧化电压和氧化时间对薄膜结构色的影响,并从理论上分析了球形碳点电极下多孔氧化铝薄膜的氧化机制.     

V2O5溶胶-凝胶涂膜法及涂膜性能分析

以V2O5溶胶凝胶为原料,采用旋涂法、浸涂法、喷涂法和刷涂法在各种衬底上涂制V2O5薄膜。对4种涂膜方法以及胶体性能对涂膜的影响进行了分析;给出了薄膜厚度与主要影响因素之间的关系。     

Multifiber ceramic capacitor

A new type of capacitor, multifiber capacitor (MFC) is proposed. It is made up of fiber capacitors (elements) connected in parallel and bonded together with a binder. Each element consists of fiber core (inner electrode), dielectric coating and outer electrode. Analysis indicates that MFC has the optimum capacitance in comparison with multilayer capacitor (MLC) when the diameter of fiber core is carefully matched by the thickness of dielectric coating. Since dielectric layer of a wide range of thickness can be produced more easily as fiber coating than as flat tape, MFC can cover a wider range of capacitance than MLC. Apart from as a possible substitute or supplement to MLC, MFC is potentially useful to bridge the gap between ceramic MLC and thin film capacitor used in integrated circuits. MFC also has better resistance to dielectric breakdown. The possible techniques for the preparation of MFC are also described.     

Study of the delamination of diamond coatings under thermal stress

The influence of the thickness of CVD diamond coatings on the adhesion to a substrate, after cooling down from deposition temperature to room temperature, has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Diamond layers have been deposited at 850°C on W substrates by microwave plasma enhanced CVD. Cooling down of the substrate-diamond coating system to room temperature induces thermal stresses, due to different thermal expansion coefficients of coating and substrate. For thick diamond coatings a total and sudden delamination could be observed as a consequence of these stresses. On the contrary thin coatings, produced under identical circumstances, adhered well. These phenomena have been modelled and explained by the use of an energetic criterion for the delamination of a two-layer system under thermal stress. From the model a critical thickness of the coating can be calculated. Above this critical thickness, delamination will suddenly occur. The calculations also predict that for intermediate coating thicknesses delamination can easily be induced by external causes.     

Reflectance optimization of inhomogeneous coatings with continuous variation of the complex refractive index

A model is derived for the reflectance optimization of an inhomogeneous coating made of absorbing materials. The model is applicable mainly for spectral regions where no transparent materials are available, such as in the extreme ultraviolet. The complex refractive index is assumed to take values within a given continuous domain and in a given sequence. The coating design is generated through a series of layer elements with a small refractive-index contrast across interfaces; the thickness of the element is calculated in terms of the refractive-index increment at the interface. The coating is optimized element by element starting from the substrate. When the refractive index varies both continuously and smoothly, the thickness element is of first order in the refractive-index increment. Suggestions are given on how to optimize a more general coating that alternates continuous and smooth refractive-index domains along with discrete indices, which results in a succession of inhomogeneous coatings and finite layers. An example is given to illustrate the model. A new material selection rule is obtained to discriminate whether the addition of a material on top of a partly grown coating will increase or decrease the reflectance of the coating. As a consequence, the model, which is highlighted toward the maximization of reflectance, can be used analogously for reflectance minimization such as for anti-reflection coatings.     

Combinatorial approach to the edge delamination test for thin film reliability—adaptability and variability

We have demonstrated the adaptability and variability of a newly developed combinatorial edge delamination test. This was accomplished through studying the effect of substrate surface energy on the adhesion of thin films. In this combinatorial approach, a library (a single specimen) was fabricated with a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film on a silicon substrate. The film has thickness gradient in one direction and the substrate has an orthogonal surface energy gradient. The thickness gradient was produced with a flow coating technique, and the surface energy gradient was controlled by partial oxidation of an alkylsilane layer on a silicon wafer. Applying a constant temperature to the specimen, interfacial debonding events were observed and a distribution of failure was constructed. Our results demonstrate the proposed combinatorial methodology for rapidly and efficiently evaluating the adhesion of general film/substrate systems as a function of many controllable parameters. In addition, this methodology can be used to predict the reliability distributions of the adhesion for practical parameters.     

Hardness and indentation-induced damage of SiC-coated graphite

The hardness and indentation damage of chemical vapour-deposited SiC coating/graphite substrate composites have been studied. Experimental results indicate that hardness is a non-linear function of coating thickness, and is not significantly affected by the changes in the magnitude of the residual stresses in SiC coating. The size of indentation lateral crack, observed using optical microscopy, varies with coating thickness. Acoustic emission spectra show that thinner coatings suffer more extensive fracture as compared with thicker coatings.     

A numerical study of contact damage and stress phenomena in curved porcelain/glass-filled polymer bilayers

Finite Element Analysis is used to examine contact damage induced by Hertzian indentation of a porcelain coating on a glass-filled polymeric substrate. Different forms of cracking in the porcelain coating are studied –“Hertzian” cone cracks close to the indenter, more distant “outer” cone cracks, and “radial” cracking at the coating/substrate interface. The effects of porcelain coating thickness and radius of curvature on the critical stresses for initiation of these cracks are examined. The predicted critical load curves suggest that for systems with compliant substrates (relative to the coating) with a given radius of curvature, there is an optimum porcelain coating thickness that maximises the critical load for cone cracking. Conversely, for a given coating thickness, the effects of curvature vary significantly – for thinner coatings, where outer cone cracks are dominant, highly convex surfaces are more resistant to cracking, whereas for thicker coatings, which are more prone to Hertzian cone cracking, concave surfaces produce a higher predicted critical load. Curvature is observed to have little effect on the critical load for the formation of radial cracks, which remains the dominant mode of failure in cases of thin coatings on compliant substrates.     

Terahertz-Wave Antireflection Coating on Ge and GaAs with Fused Quartz

In the terahertz-wave region, fabrication of an antireflection (AR) coating is difficult because it must be as thick as several tens of micrometers, which is far thicker than that used in the optical region. We discuss a lapping method for fabricating an AR layer with a desired thickness for terahertz-wave optical devices. To demonstrate this method, we glued a thin fused-quartz plate to a surface of an undoped Ge or GaAs wafer and polished it to a thickness of one-quarter wavelength. This reduced the reflectivity of the AR surface to 1/720 of the reflection of an uncoated surface, as expected from optical theory.     

Antireflecting coating from Ta<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript> and SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> multilayer films

Sol-gel method is important for depositing antireflective coating that allows control over thickness as well as the index of refraction. Antireflective coatings which are produced from Ta₂O₅ and SiO₂ multi-layer thin films using sol-gel spin coating method are presented. The refractive index and the thickness are controlled by the composition and the concentration of the solution respectively. The thickness, refractive index and extinction coefficient of the films were calculated through transmission and reflection measurement by an NKD analyser. Mechanical properties of the films were checked by the cross tape test and dry sun test at 760 W/m². The result shows that the sample heat treated at 450^∘C for 15 min approaches a reflectance with less than 0.5% at around 840 nm.     

Design of multilayer polymeric coatings for indentation resistance

Summary Indentation is often a mode of in-service loading for a thin coating deposited on a substrate. Under such a loading, the strong adherence of the coating to the substrate is a basic necessity for successful performance of the coating. In this study, we investigate the indentation behavior of thin single and multilayered polymeric coatings using the finite element method. The deformation patterns and the stress fields that are generated during indentation are obtained by employing constitutive models which accurately represent the elastic-viscoplastic and hyperelastic behavior of the glassy and rubbery states of the polymeric layers under investigation. Three types of loading conditions are considered: indentation to (1) a fixed depth; (2) a fixed work; and (3) a fixed force. For these loading conditions, we then investigate the mechanical performance of various composite coatings subjected to an overall thickness design constraint. The composite structure is altered via variation in individual layer material composition, layer thickness and layer arrangement. It is shown how the placement of different material layers in a multilayer coating can alter the flow pattern and hence the distribution of stress state and resulting failure. It is also shown that a soft rubber elastic layer acts to greatly minimize the interfacial shear stress at the substrate, thereby reducing the risk of delamination of the coating, but the presence of the rubber can also produce detrimental tensile stresses on the surface. We then demonstrate that the tensile stress state can be eliminated through manipulation of the rubber layer thickness, without increasing the interface shear stress. Through these examples, a framework for evaluation and design of multilayer coatings for indentation resistance is provided.     

Rainbow-enhanced forward glory from fused-silica spheres

A tertiary rainbow enchances the forward glory scattering from a fused-silica sphere because of its refractive index m ? 1.465. The scattered light contains a strong cross-polarized component and varies rapidly in brightness with changes in m. In experiments m is varied by the use of a range of argon and dye laser wavelengths. The forward cross-polarized scattering is found to be in agreement with Mie theory calculations. A reflective coating on small areas around the equator and polar caps of the sphere increases the forward scattering by a factor of ~ 180.     

Nanosecond UV laser graphitization and delamination of thin tetrahedral amorphous carbon films with different sp/sp content

We have produced hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous carbon films with different densities and Young's modulus by coating silicon with a filtered vacuum arc under different angles. The films were modified with a pulsed laser (wavelength 355 nm) into sp² rich amorphous carbon and nano crystalline carbon films. The graphitization threshold of the films depends on the film thickness as well as on the carbon density. Simulations of the optical absorption of the different carbon films permitted to confirm the experimental results. On the other side, the delamination threshold of carbon films increases with the film thickness and was found to be controlled by thermal properties of the film. The thin film graphitization and delamination is investigated by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.     

Rainbow scattering by a cylinder with a nearly elliptical cross section

We both theoretically and experimentally examine the behavior of the first- and the second-order rainbows produced by a normally illuminated glass rod, which has a nearly elliptical cross section, as it is rotated about its major axis. We decompose the measured rainbow angle, taken as a function of the rod's rotation angle, into a Fourier series and find that the rod's refractive index, average ellipticity, and deviation from ellipticity are encoded primarily in the m = 0, 2, 3 Fourier coefficients, respectively. We determine these parameters for our glass rod and, where possible, compare them with independent measurements. We find that the average ellipticity of the rod agrees well with direct measurements, but that the rod's diameter inferred from the spacing of the supernumeraries of the first-order rainbow is significantly larger than that obtained by direct measurement. We also determine the conditions under which the deviation of falling water droplets from an oblate spheroidal shape permits the first few supernumeraries of the second-order rainbow to be observed in a rain shower.     

孔结构可控的网眼多孔陶瓷的制备

采用一种具有三维网状结构和贯通气孔的有机泡沫体作为载体,首先利用有机泡沫浸渍工艺制备出高气孔率且几乎没有堵孔的网眼素坯,经过排塑、预烧处理获得具有一定强度的预制体．由于未经烧结,预制体的孔筋呈疏松多孔结构．利用粘度较低、流动性很好的浆料对预制体进行涂覆处理．结果表明：通过这种处理,孔筋上的裂纹被消除,非常细的孔筋被避免,孔筋厚度比较均匀,从而获得了结构非常均匀的网眼陶瓷．相对密度、孔筋厚度、孔径大小可以根据徐覆次数来调节．随着涂覆次数的增加,孔径减小,孔筋厚度增加,相对密度也增加．本工作为网眼陶瓷孔结构的精确设计提供了一种新工艺,对于优化其力学性能、渗透率等性能具有重要意义．     

Thickness measurement of nanoscale polymer layer on polymer substrates by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy

For the first time, attenuated total reflection (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was utilized to measure the thickness (d0) of a nanoscale polymer layer on polymer substrate with significant credibility. First, a mathematical formula, A/A0 = 1 - 2d0/ d(p), was derived based on a self-defining subsection function (where d(p) was defined as depth of penetration of ATR and A and A0 were defined as the absorption band area of the characteristic functional group only contained in bulk substrate with a thin polymer layer attachment and the same group in blank substrate, respectively). On the mathematical model, through changing incidence angles, a series of values of A (A0) and corresponding d(p) were obtained, and when plotting A/A0 versus 2/d(p), d0 was obtained as the slope. With polystyrene (coating)/olypropylene (substrate) as a model system, we obtained the relevant values (d0). Comparing the results with the values of practical coating thickness (calculation and TEM observation), we found that this method was able to characterize well the thickness of a thin polymer layer on a polymer substrate in the range from 10 to 110 nm. Errors in the measurement were given and analyzed. Furthermore, this method was well applied in the thickness measurement of a polyacrylamide graft layer on a polypropylene film surface. The effect of pressure in the ATR technique on the coating thickness measurement was also discussed. In comparison with other methods such as XPS, SEM, TEM, and AFM, this approach based on a universal ATR technique was very convenient and fast. This method is expected to widen the application of the ATR-FT-IR technique and stimulate the further development of many fields such as surface self-assembly and surface functionlization.