钌离子催化氧化法研究胜利减压渣油组分的化学结构

利用对芳香碳有高选择性转化能力的钌离子催化氧化法研究了胜利减压渣油中芳香分、胶质和庚烷沥青质３种组分的化学结构。定量测定了与芳香核相连的正构烷基侧链和连接两个芳香核的正构烷基桥的分布。结果表明，该渣油的３种组分都含有Ｃ１～Ｃ３３的正构烷基侧链和Ｃ２～Ｃ２２的正构烷基桥。正构烷基侧链的摩尔浓度随其碳数的增加而下降。相对来说，沥青质含有较多的＜Ｃ１０的侧链而＞Ｃ１６的侧链较少。正构烷基桥的浓度按沥青质、胶质、芳香分顺序下降。在３种组分的水相氧化产物中都检测出从邻苯二甲酸到苯六甲酸的一系列苯多甲酸，表明胜利减压渣油中的芳香分、胶质和沥青质都含有缩合程度较高的芳香环系结构。对不同结构苯多甲酸的定量分析表明，沥青质以迫位缩合芳香环系结构为主，芳香分以渺位缩合芳香环系结构为主，胶质介于两者之间。     

钌离子催化氧化法研究胜利减压渣组分的化学结构

利用对芳香碳有高选择性转化能力的钌离子催化氧化法研究了胜利减压渣油中芳香分、胶持和沥青质３种组分的化学结构。定量测定了与芳香核相连的正构烷基侧链和连接两个芳香核的正构基桥的分布。结果表明，该渣油的３种组分都含有Ｃ１－Ｃ３３的正构烷基侧链和Ｃ２－Ｃ２２的正构烷基桥。正构烷基侧链的摩尔浓度随其碳数的增加而下降。相对来说，沥青质含有较多的〈Ｃ１０的侧链而〉Ｃ１６的侧链较少。正构烷基桥的浓度按沥青质、胶质     

减压渣油中胶状沥青状物质的化学结构研究

利用对芳香碳有高选择性转化能力的钌离子催化氧化法研究了减压渣油中轻、中、重胶质和戊烷沥青质的化学结构,定量了与芳香环相连的正构烷基侧链和桥链的分布,并了芳香环系的缩合型式,结果表明,这些石油重质组分中均存在碳数为Ｃ１￣Ｃ３０的与芳香 相连的正构烷基侧链,其摩尔浓度随链长的增加而下降,也存在由正构烷基桥连接的至少具有两个芳香环系的芳香性分子,在芳香结构中存在着渺位缩合,迫位缩合以联苯型结构,其中联苯     

渣油加氢处理后沥青质组成和结构的变化

采用IR、NMR、XPS等分析手段及钌离子催化氧化(RICO)法,考察了不同加氢反应温度下渣油沥青质组成和结构的变化。结果表明,随着加氢反应温度的升高,沥青质结构中硫质量分数降低,而氮质量分数增加,芳碳率提高;沥青质结构中出现较大的芳香核,芳香环上的取代侧链和芳环间的桥链均变短,分别由C₂₉降至C₁₇、C₂₁降至C₇;沥青质RICO产物中的苯多酸由苯甲酸、苯二甲酸为主逐渐变化为以苯四甲酸至苯六甲酸为主,说明沥青质中的群岛型结构有向大陆型结构转化的趋势。加氢温度升至450℃后,沥青质的组成和结构已基本稳定,说明渣油加氢适宜温度为450℃。     

渣油浆态床加氢反应过程中沥青质微观结构的动态变化

为了研究渣油加氢反应过程中沥青质微观结构的动态变化,以克拉玛依常压渣油为原料油,进行了不同反应时间的浆态床加氢裂化反应,分离反应产物中的沥青质,进行沥青质基本性质与生焦率的分析,采用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）及X射线衍射（XRD）等分析手段对沥青质进行表征。结果表明：渣油浆态床加氢反应过程中沥青质的微观结构变化可以分为两个阶段,在反应时间短于20 min时,沥青质含量逐渐增大,其表面由光滑变得粗糙,出现立体堆积颗粒,芳香片层堆积趋于有序变化,层数逐渐增多,层间距和烷基侧链间距不断减小;在反应时间长于20 min时,沥青质迅速缩合生焦,含量明显降低,芳香片层堆积趋于无序变化,层数逐渐减少,层间距和烷基侧链间距不断增大。     

大港减压渣油超临界萃取残渣极性组分的化学结构特征

 将大港减压渣油超临界萃取（SFEF）的残渣利用中性Al2O3色谱柱进行四组分（SARA）分离，得到饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质。然后对其中的芳香分、胶质和沥青质3个极性组分进行钌离子催化氧化反应（RICO）选择性降解，生成的混合物分离处理后，非挥发性羧酸用CH2N2-乙醚溶液酯化，挥发性羧酸用苯甲酰甲基溴酯化。采用GC-MS、GC、FT-IR等手段对这些酯化产物进行定性和定量分析，检测到各组分的降解产物含有一系列的一元正构脂肪酸、α,ω-二元正构脂肪酸和多种芳羧酸，以此可了解各组分的结构特征。结果表明，3个组分的RICO产物中，芳环上的正构烷基侧链含量和连接两个不同芳碳的聚亚甲基桥含量均随着碳链增长都呈递减趋势。沥青质组分的芳核中迫位缩合结构比芳香分要多，而芳香分中的联苯和渺位缩合结构比沥青质中的比例要大，胶质中各种结构的分布介于两者之间。     

加氢反应温度对塔河沥青质结构组成的影响

以塔河常压渣油的正庚烷沥青质为原料,在高压釜内考察了加氢反应温度对沥青质结构组成的影响。结果表明,与原生沥青质相比,加氢后次生沥青质的H/C原子比、平均相对分子质量、单元薄片数目和芳香环系缩合度参数HAU/CA均减小,芳碳率fA增大;加氢后沥青质单元薄片的平均相对分子质量增大,Hα、Hβ和Hγ减小,HA增加,总环数RT和芳香环数RA也都明显增加,质子芳碳比例增加,取代芳碳比例减小,表明沥青质在加氢过程中发生了明显的烷基侧链和单元薄片的脱除反应及少量的脱氢缩合反应。随加氢反应温度升高,沥青质结构参数的变化更明显,且在653～673 K范围时各结构参数的变化幅度最大。     

固态13C-NMR法表征渣油沥青质的结构组成

以长庆常压渣油、胜利减压渣油和加拿大减压渣油为原料,研究了正庚烷沥青质的结构及组成,根据固态13C NMR分析结果,计算了沥青质分子的平均结构单元参数,并模拟出了沥青质的结构单元模型。结果表明,沥青质分子由4个左右的结构单元组成,每个结构单元包括5～7个缩合芳香环。沥青质中的饱和碳以环烷碳为主,并包含少量的短烷基侧链,沥青质的n(HS)/n(CS)在16左右。对于平均相对分子质量较大、具有较短烷基侧链和较少取代基的沥青质分子,由核磁共振氢谱计算其结构参数时,采用重油计算过程的假设--芳香环烷基侧链上α位及β位和β位以远的氢/碳比为2(x=y=2)是不合理的,可能会导致计算结果与沥青质的真实结构存在较大的误差。     

反应时间对加氢残渣油四组分含量和结构的影响

以沙特轻质原油减压渣油（ALVR）为原料,采用高压釜考察了不同反应时间下加氢反应后残渣油的四组分含量及其结构组成变化。结果表明,与未加氢渣油相比,加氢残渣油中的饱和分含量大幅度增加,而芳香分、胶质和沥青质的含量均降低,四组分的H/C原子比和平均相对分子质量均降低,芳碳分率升高。加氢残渣油的四组分含量随反应时间的增加均呈规律性变化。随着加氢反应时间的增加,四组分的H/C原子比和平均相对分子质量降低,芳香分、胶质和沥青质的芳碳分率增加,胶质和沥青质的总环数和芳环数均降低。渣油加氢反应过程中,其四组分均发生了明显的氢解和脱烷基反应,胶质和沥青质结构单元间的各种桥键可发生明显的断裂,导致其结构单元数减少。不同来源和属性的渣油加氢反应后各组分的结构变化有一定区别。     

加氢反应时间对塔河沥青质结构组成的影响

在高压釜反应器中考察了反应时间对加氢后沥青质结构组成的影响。结果表明,加氢后沥青质缔合体的平均相对分子质量、H/C原子比、结构单元数以及芳香环系缩合度参数HAU/CA均减小,芳碳分率升高,沥青质在加氢反应过程中发生了明显的烷基侧链和环烷环脱除反应及缩合反应,使次生沥青质的缩合度增加。加氢后沥青质中Hα和Hγ所占氢原子的比例减小,Hβ和HA的比例增加,沥青质的加氢过程既有正碳离子反应,又有自由基反应。次生沥青质单元薄片的总环数和平均相对分子质量增大,单元薄片间可以发生脱氢缩合反应。随反应时间的延长,沥青质结构参数的变化幅度逐渐减小,沥青质的加氢转化反应时间以控制在2小时左右为宜,过长的反应时间无益于反应的进一步进行。     

Structural Changes of Sub-fractions in Residue Hydrotreating Products by Ruthenium Catalyzed Oxidation

Abstract

Structure of aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes in petroleum residue was undertaken by using ruthenium ion catalyzed oxidation. The distribution of alkyl side chains and bridges connected to aromatic rings was quantified, and the condensed type of aromatic rings was deduced. The structural changes of fractions in residue during hydrotreating were discussed. The results showed that fractions have abundant alkyl side chains (C₁–C₂₇), mainly n-alkyl side chains, attached to aromatic carbons, and polymethylene bridges connected to at least two aromatic ring systems are also present. The molar concentrations of these alkyl groups are declined as the increase of chain length. Cata-condensed, peri-condensed, and biphenyl-type aromatic unit structures coexist in fractions, while the proportion of biphenyl type structure is relatively small. The aromatic structure of aromatics is mostly cata-condensed, while for resins the proportion of cata-condensed and peri-condensed type aromatic structures is comparable, and structure of asphaltene is mostly peri-condensed. The chemical structure of fractions in residue changed due to the increase of hydrotreating degree. The enrichment of large aromatic units made asphaltene have more aromatic structures and higher condensed degree.     

Structural Description of Polyaromatic Nucleus in Residue

The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （1H-NMR）, the synchronous fluorescence spectrometry （SFS） and the ruthenium ions catalyzed oxidation （RICO） method were used to determine the chemical structure of polyaromatic nucleus in Oman residue fractions. The results of 1H-NMR analyses showed that the average numbers of aromatic rings in the aromatics, resins and asphaltenes units were 3.2, 5.6 and 8.2, respectively. SFS was used to investigate the distribution of aromatic rings in residue fractions, the main distribution range of aromatic rings in aromatics, resins and asphaltenes were 3 4 rings, 3--5 rings and more than 5 rings, respectively. The aromatic network in residue fractions was oxidized to produce numerous carboxylic acids. The types and content of benzenepolycarboxylic acids, such as phthalic acid, benzenetricarboxylic acids, benzenetetracarboxylic acids, benzenepentacarboxylic acid and benzenehexacarboxylic acid disclosed the condensed types of aromatic nuclei in the core. The biphenyl fraction （BIPH）, the cata-condensed fraction （CATA）, the peri-condensed fraction （PERI） and the condensed index （BCI） were calculated based on the benzenepolycarboxylic acids formed. The results implied that there was less biphenyl type structures in all residue fractions. The aromatics fraction was almost composed of the cata-condensed type system, and the asphaltenes fraction was wholly composed of the peri-condensed type system, while in the resins fraction co-existed the two types, herein the peri-con- densed type was predominant over the cata-condensed type. Based on the analytical results obtained in the study, the components --aromatics, resins and asphaltenes -- were given the likely structural models.     

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GUDAO ASPHALTENE BY RUTHENIUM ION CATALYZED OXIDATION

ABSTRACT

Structural characterization of Gudao asphaltene was undertaken by using ruthenium ion catalyzed oxidation (RICO ) which is capable of converting aromatic carbons selectivety to carbon dioxide and/or carboxyUc groups while leaving aliphatic and alicyclic structures essentially unaffected. The oxidation products were dominated by a homologous series of straight chain monocarboxyfic acids ( C₂ -C₃₅) indicating that normal alkyl chains are important constituents of the asphaltene. A series of α,ω; -dicarboxylic acids (C₄ - C₂₆) were also detected and determined, confirming the presence of poh/methylenc mokties linking two aromatic units. Relative high yields of benzenepenta- and hexacarboxyhc acids fonned in the RICO of Gudao asphaltene clearly indicate that substantia] aromatic structures of this asphaltene are peri-condensed.     

沥青质添加量对其加氢反应过程的影响

以十氢萘为溶剂,研究了不同添加量下沥青质在高压釜中的加氢转化反应行为。结果表明,随着沥青质添加量的增加,小于200 ℃组分和焦炭的产率增加,脱氮率、残渣油中饱和分和芳香分的含量降低,沥青质转化率、脱硫率、加氢残渣油中胶质的含量均会出现最大值。加氢后所得沥青质的平均相对分子质量均小于原生沥青质,表明沥青质在加氢反应过程中发生了明显的烷基侧链和单元薄片的脱除反应。在纯沥青质加氢反应条件下,沥青质含量的增加不利于加氢反应的进行。     

Structural Characterization of Different Asphaltenes of Kuwaiti Origin

Asphaltenes obtained by precipitation from crude Kuwaiti oils have been analyzed by proton magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) and Infrared (IR) spectral techniques. The molecular weight and elemental analysis were also determined. These combined analytical data were used for the characterization of these Kuwaiti oils. The asphaltenes molecular weights range from approximately 4200-6500 with an H/C ratio of 0.91-1.1 with an average 45-71% aromatic carbons. The average side chain length was of 4-6 carbons. It can also be concluded that the asphaltenes under investigation contain 5-9 sets of condensed aromatic rings joined together by bridges of alkyl chains or other hetero atoms and the average number of each of these sets of condensed aromatic rings is nearly 7. There are a number of alicyclic rings and condensed alicyclic rings in asphaltene. The IR spectra showed main molecular groups including OH, NH, SH, C=O and aliphatic and aromatic C-H's.     

Structural Studies on Residual Fuel Oil Asphaltenes by RICO Method

Structural characterization of asphaltenes isolated from Saudi Arabian heavy and medium crude oils was undertaken by using ruthenium ion catalyzed oxidation (RICO) method. The RICO method was capable to convert aromatic carbons selectively into carbon dioxide and carboxylic acids and esters group while leaving aliphatic and naphthenic structures of asphaltenes essentially unaffected. Detailed analyses of RICO products of both Arab heavy and Arab medium asphaltenes were conducted using FT-IR, ¹³C-NMR, IC, GPC, and GC-MS techniques. These analyses indicate that the aqueous phase fraction (water-soluble products) obtained from RICO reaction of asphaltenes consists of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic poly carboxylic acids with longer alkyl chains. The ¹³C-NMR and GC-MS analyses of organic phase products of asphaltenes indicate that this fraction contains large amount of aliphatic carboxylic acids with longer alkyl groups. The oxidation products of both Arab heavy and Arab medium asphaltenes were found to be dominated by a homologous series of straight chain monocarboxylic acids suggesting that the normal alkyl chains are major and important constituents of the chemical structure of both asphaltenes.     

Structural Characterization of Different Asphaltenes of Kuwaiti Origin

Abstract

Asphaltenes obtained by precipitation from crude Kuwaiti oils have been analyzed by proton magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) and Infrared (IR) spectral techniques. The molecular weight and elemental analysis were also determined. These combined analytical data were used for the characterization of these Kuwaiti oils. The asphaltenes molecular weights range from approximately 4200–6500 with an H/C ratio of 0.91–1.1 with an average 45–71% aromatic carbons. The average side chain length was of 4–6 carbons. It can also be concluded that the asphaltenes under investigation contain 5–9 sets of condensed aromatic rings joined together by bridges of alkyl chains or other hetero atoms and the average number of each of these sets of condensed aromatic rings is nearly 7. There are a number of alicyclic rings and condensed alicyclic rings in asphaltene. The IR spectra showed main molecular groups including OH, NH, SH, C=O and aliphatic and aromatic C-H′s.