西安市猕猴桃主产区农药残留风险评估

目的通过对西安市猕猴桃进行系统的农药残留情况及膳食暴露风险分析,明确猕猴桃农药残留风险状况。方法对2018年西安市周至县14个猕猴桃主产乡镇共200批次样品进行农药残留定量检测分析,用每日允许摄入量和急性参考剂量进行慢性膳食摄入风险评估和急性膳食摄入风险评估,利用猕猴桃大份餐、每日允许摄入量和人均参考体重计算最大残留限量估计值。并参照兽药残留风险排序矩阵方法(英国兽药残留委员会)对农药和样品进行风险排序。结果 200个猕猴桃样品中有137个样品检出了农药残留,未有超标农药和禁用农药检出;在检出的14种农药中,慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均值远远小于100%;将14种检出农药按照风险得分分为Ⅲ类,第Ⅰ类为高等风险农药,共1种;第Ⅱ类为中等风险农药,共0种;第Ⅲ类为低等风险农药,共有13种;以风险指数排序,低风险样品占35.5%,极低风险样品占64.5%,检出农药残留种类为3个以上的样品有占比5.5%,检出农药残留种类为1～2个的样品占比61.5%,未检出农药残留有66个样品,占比33%。结论西安市周至县猕猴桃农药残留处于低风险状态,但仍然要加强日常监管工作。     

西北地区四种蜜源蜂蜜的农药残留风险暴露评估

采集近两年西北地区油菜蜜、葵花蜜、洋槐蜜和枸杞蜜样品,对其中的五种农药(啶虫脒、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、多菌灵和克螨特)进行残留检测。针对儿童,孕龄女性及老人三类敏感人群,用风险商值进行蜂蜜膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明,五种农药残留的检出率在5.22%～29.57%之间,参照欧盟限定的农药残留最大限量标准,13.91%的啶虫脒含量超标,吡虫啉超标率为7.83%。不同蜜源蜂蜜的农药残留检出率从25%～100%,枸杞蜜农药检出率最高。对不同蜜源植物蜂蜜的农药残留含量进行方差分析,发现多菌灵,啶虫脒和吡虫啉残留水平都存在显著差异,这可能跟蜜粉源植物中农药的污染程度密切相关。三类人群的风险商值均低于1%,说明残留风险较低,可以接受。在不同人群中,10岁以下儿童的膳食暴露风险最高。     

餐前加工对辣椒中5种常见农药残留去除的影响

通过研究清洗及烹饪过程对辣椒中百菌清、哒螨灵、腐霉利、氯氟氰菊酯及氰戊菊酯残留的影响,了解农药在加工过程中的变化规律,为膳食暴露评估提供依据。方法 采用实验室浸泡法模拟农药污染试验,并模拟家庭日常加工对辣椒进行清洗、烹饪等处理,通过气相色谱法(ECD)检测加工前后辣椒中农药残留变化。结果 清洗及烹饪对农药残留均有明显影响,以上5种农药在辣椒中经清洗和烹饪后总去除率分别为54.12%～99.47%、58.78%～95.95%、55.74%～93.68%、41.37%～95.67%和44.71%～95.09%;不同烹饪方法对农药的去除作用由强到弱为:油炸>炒制>焯水,且烹饪时间越长,去除作用越大,当烹饪时间超过2 min后,去除作用则不发生明显变化。结论 烹饪对辣椒中农药残留的去除作用比清洗时好,加工对农药的影响受农药的水解、高温分解特性、熔沸点及饱和蒸汽压等性质的共同作用决定。     

剁辣椒家常加工对5种农药残留的影响

为研究剁辣椒家常加工过程对农药残留的影响,在实验室模拟沉积农药条件下,通过优化分散固相萃取方法建立了剁辣椒中5种农药的QuEChERS结合液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,研究了经水洗、晾干、切碎、加盐腌制4道家常加工工序后,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、精甲霜灵、嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑5种农药在剁辣椒加工过程中的残留量变化情况。结果表明:剁辣椒中5种农药的残留量随着加工工序的增加而呈下降的趋势,全过程加工因子分别为0.2、0.32、0.23、0.21和0.14。经过剁辣椒家常腌制21 d后5种农药的农药残留的膳食暴露量大大降低,膳食风险指数分别较未加工降低了80.6%、68.7%、76.3%、78.4%、85.9%。而在不同加工工序中不同农药的加工因子变化有差异,这与农药本身的理化特性密不可分,log Kow（辛醇水分配系数）值小的农药（吡虫啉和啶虫脒）,在水洗处理下的残留量少,且冲洗处理较浸泡处理去除农药效果好;而log Kow值大的农药（嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑）,在加盐腌制处理下的残留量少,且在剁辣椒腌制的无氧环境中农药降解速率逐渐变缓。因此剁辣椒家常加工过程可以减少农药残留量,提高剁辣椒食用安全性。     

北京市蔬菜中农药残留现状及慢性膳食暴露评估

目的了解北京市蔬菜中农药残留污染现状及对北京市居民的膳食风险水平。方法采集2013年北京市主要蔬菜生产基地和大型批发市场的蔬菜样品,采用NY/T 761-2008和GB/T 20769-2008等方法检测样品中的33种农药残留,分析北京市蔬菜中农药残留现状,并结合大城市居民的蔬菜消费情况和食品安全指数法对北京市居民从蔬菜中摄入农药风险进行慢性膳食暴露评估。结果 2013年北京市抽检的蔬菜中农药残留检测合格率达99.2%(502/506),农药超标的蔬菜为白菜类和绿叶菜类,拟除虫菊酯类农药检出频次较高,其构成比占40.8%,检出超标的农药为吡虫啉、毒死蜱、哒螨灵和百菌清;对所有检出农药进行慢性膳食暴露评估结果表明,百菌清的日摄入量相对较高,然而包括百菌清在内所有检出农药的食品安全指数值均小于1。结论北京市蔬菜中农药残留量的安全风险均在可接受范围内,百菌清是潜在的风险因子,应重点防患蔬菜中百菌清的残留风险。     

Assessment of uncertainty in a probabilistic model of consumer exposure to pesticide residues in food

The assessment of consumer exposure to pesticides is an important part of pesticide regulation. Probabilistic modelling allows analysis of uncertainty and variability in risk assessments. The output of any assessment will be influenced by the characteristics and uncertainty of the inputs, model structure and assumptions. While the use of probabilistic models is well established in the United States, in Europe problems of low acceptance, sparse data and lack of guidelines are slowing the development. The analyses in the current paper focused on the dietary pathway and the exposure of UK toddlers. Three single food, single pesticide case studies were used to parameterize a simple probabilistic model built in Crystal Ball™. Data on dietary consumption patterns were extracted from National Diet and Nutrition Surveys, and levels of pesticide active ingredients in foods were collected from Pesticide Residues Committee monitoring. The effect of uncertainty on the exposure estimate was analysed using scenarios, reflecting different assumptions related to sources of uncertainty. The most influential uncertainty issue was the distribution type used to represent input variables. Other sources that most affected model output were non-detects, unit-to-unit variability and processing. Specifying correlation between variables was found to have little effect on exposure estimates. The findings have important implications for how probabilistic modelling should be conducted, communicated and used by policy and decision makers as part of consumer risk assessment of pesticides.     

唐山地区韭菜农药残留检测分析及膳食摄入风险评估

为了解唐山地区流通韭菜的农药残留状况与民众的膳食摄入风险,该研究采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(HPLC-MS/MS)和气相色谱仪(GC)对2020年在唐山地区采集的415个韭菜样品分别进行了68种农药残留定性定量检测,并对韭菜样品中检出的农药进行风险评估.结果 表明,415个韭菜样品共计检出41种农药残留,检出率为69...     

新疆甜瓜农药残留膳食风险评估

以两年度新疆主产区127个甜瓜样品为研究对象,在完成甜瓜中60项农药残留分析的基础上,通过慢性、急性膳食暴露评估,对其膳食风险水平进行评估,同时采用英国兽药残留委员会兽药残留风险排序矩阵,探讨高风险残留农药种类。结果显示:甜瓜样品中检出苯醚甲环唑、毒死蜱、啶虫脒、多菌灵等10种农药残留,检出率在0.79%～22.05%;残留农药的慢性膳食摄入风险值和不同人群的急性膳食摄入风险值均远低于100%,毒死蜱、苯醚甲环唑和虫螨腈风险得分分别为24.03,18.12,18.05,高于其他种残留农药,样品存在农药残留的现象;但其膳食风险不高,毒死蜱、苯醚甲环唑和虫螨腈为高风险残留农药,需加强关注。     

广东省主要叶菜农药残留膳食暴露风险评估研究

为探讨广东省主要叶菜农药残留膳食暴露风险,对2014年和2015年广东省6种叶菜样品中的33种农药残留进行评估分析。采用点评估和基于@Risk v5.7评估软件的概率评估方法,对检出率超过5%的农药进行膳食暴露风险评估(包括急性暴露风险评估和慢性暴露风险评估)。结果显示,有22种农药检出,检出率在1.7%~36.1%之间;检出率超过5%的农药有10种,分别为吡虫啉、啶虫脒、多菌灵、氯虫苯甲酰胺、烯酰吗啉、灭蝇胺、联苯菊酯、苯醚甲环唑、毒死蜱、甲霜灵。其急性暴露风险熵在1.31~28.22之间,99%人群的慢性暴露风险熵在0.87~70.00之间,提示这10种农药残留膳食暴露风险水平在可接受范围,但慢性暴露风险熵较高的农药种类如毒死蜱、苯醚甲环唑等应引起关注。本研究为蔬菜质量安全风险管理提供了科学依据。     

济南市市售蔬菜中农药残留及慢性膳食暴露风险评估

目的了解济南市市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,评估蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险。方法对2010—2012年济南市市售蔬菜的农药残留情况进行分析,以2002年山东省居民营养与健康状况调查和中国居民膳食指南中推荐的蔬菜摄入量及JMPR制定的ADI为参数,应用国际每日膳食摄入评估法对济南市居民蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险进行评估。结果共监测样品675份,有机磷类农药(乐果和乙酰甲胺磷)的检出率为3.93%(13/331),超标率为2.11%(7/331);拟除虫菊酯类农药(甲氰菊酯和氯菊脂)的检出率为9.91%(21/212),超标率为6.60%(14/212);氨基甲酸酯类农药(抗蚜威和异丙威)的检出率为7.58%(10/132),超标率为5.30%(7/132)。经评估各类农药的摄入量均小于ADI。结论济南市市售蔬菜农药残留量在安全限制之内,居民蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险小,但农药残留超标现象普遍,应规范和加强农药的使用和管理。     

农药残留膳食暴露评估模型研究进展

农药残留膳食暴露风险评估为化学品风险管理、食品安全与人类健康领域的重点关注问题，有效的定量风险评估模型是开展农药残留膳食暴露评价的基础工具。本文结合国内外农药残留膳食暴露风险评估研究进展，旨在归纳农药残留膳食暴露风险评估模型，包括确定性评估模型、概率性评估模型和累积性评估模型；根据模型演变、适用情形与评估需求，比对分析模型间优缺点，探讨模型不确定度、评估软件、数据库应用等关键因子。同时立足我国农药残留膳食风险评估现状，展望模型相关参数整合的紧迫性与重要性，为完善农药残留膳食暴露风险评估体系建设提供科学参考。     

芹菜农药残留风险评估

目的 评估芹菜样品的农药残留风险, 为生产上安全合理使用农药及制订农药最大残留限量标准提供参考依据。方法 随机抽取基地30份芹菜样品, 检测68种农药残留, 分别运用风险系数法、慢性膳食摄入风险(acceptable daily intake, ADI)评估法、急性膳食摄入风险(acute reference dose, ARfD)评估法、风险矩阵排序法进行芹菜农药残留风险评估。结果 芹菜农药残留合格率为70.00%, 超标农药为甲拌磷、二甲戊灵、阿维菌素、对硫磷。甲拌磷、对硫磷、阿维菌素和二甲戊灵的风险系数R﹥2.5, 为高风险农药, 其余农药为低风险。慢性膳食摄入风险及急性膳食摄入风险均在可接受范围内。风险矩阵排序位于前五位的分别是甲拌磷、对硫磷、阿维菌素、异丙威、联苯菊酯。结论 芹菜种植中农药残留超标率较高, 其中甲拌磷风险最大, 其次为对流磷和阿维菌素等, 应重点监控芹菜种植中这些农药的使用。     

叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留及膳食暴露风险评估

摘要： 目的 了解石家庄市叶菜类蔬菜农药残留现状,并评估农药残留的膳食暴露风险。方法 随机采集主要叶菜类样品682批,采用NY/T761-2008方法检测65种农药残留,分析叶菜类蔬菜农药残留现状,并结合我国居民蔬菜消费情况,用%ADI和%ARfD分别对农药残留进行慢性和急性膳食摄入暴露评估。结果 叶菜类蔬菜合格率98.97%,蔬菜检出率6.74%,农药检出率7.78%,超标率1.03%。超标农药为水胺硫磷和毒死蜱。%ADI和%ARfD膳食摄入风险均远小于1。结论 叶菜类蔬菜中各农药残留量风险均在安全范围内,农药残留的膳食暴露风险很小,水胺硫磷、毒死蜱是潜在的风险因子,应加强防患。     

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to pesticide residues: results of the first Hong Kong total diet study

The use of pesticides and other chemicals has become a common practice in modern agriculture to enhance and stabilise crop yield, protect the nutritional integrity of food, facilitate food storage to assure year-round supplies, and provide attractive and appealing food products. With the adoption of strict good agricultural practice (GAP), only minimal amounts of pesticide residues should remain on the crops or in connected foods of animal origin up the food chain. To assess their associated health risk to local people, the dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to residues of four groups of pesticides or their metabolites – organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), carbamates, pyrethrins and pyrethroids, and dithiocarbamate (DTC) metabolites – is estimated in the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study (TDS). A total of 150 commonly consumed food items were collected and prepared “as consumed”. A total of 600 composite food samples were analysed for 85 pesticides or their metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These pesticides were primarily found at low levels (highest mean = 350 μg kg^?1) in food samples of plant origin such as vegetables and fruits. Dietary exposures to pesticide residues were estimated based on the analytical results and the food consumption data of the local residents. The estimated dietary exposures of Hong Kong adults to all individual pesticides were well below their respective acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). The percentage contributions of the estimated mean and 95th percentile dietary exposures to the ADIs of individual pesticides were <6% and <24% for the OPPs, <1% for the carbamates and pyrethrins and pyrethroids, and <1% and <4% for the DTC metabolites, respectively. The findings indicate that dietary exposures to all the pesticide residues analysed in this study were unlikely to pose unacceptable health risks to the Hong Kong population.     

蔬菜农药残留对人体健康急性风险概率评估研究

分析2004－2012年平凉市蔬菜中农药残留现状,根据联合国粮食及农业组织农药残留联席会议建议的急性膳食摄入量计算方法,运用风险分析软件,基于蒙特卡洛模拟技术建立蔬菜农药残留急性膳食风险评估模型,对超标率和检出率高的蔬菜农药开展暴露风险评估。结果表明：在检测的26 个种类1 273 个样品中,有6 种蔬菜中的3 种农药残留存在膳食风险,即甘蓝中的敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷膳食风险概率分别为27.0%和22.5%,普通白菜中的敌敌畏膳食风险概率为32.0%,芹菜、大白菜、番茄、黄瓜中的甲氰菊酯膳食风险概率分别为29.4%、0.4%、0.8%、16.7%。平凉市部分蔬菜中农药暴露风险较高,应加强平凉市蔬菜中农药质量安全监管力度。     

甜瓜MRLs增补种类及其建议值分析

为明确甜瓜最大残留限量值增补种类及其建议值,本文以2018和2019年6个省份545份甜瓜为实验材料,在完成实验材料中60种农药残留定量分析的基础上,通过急性膳食风险分析(％ADI)、慢性膳食风险分析(％ARfD)、风险矩阵等技术方法,探讨了甜瓜残留农药的质量安全风险,开展了风险相对较高残留农药及最大残留限量值(MRL...     

北方地区枣果农药残留风险评估

目的围绕我国北方地区枣果农药残留问题,开展膳食暴露风险评估研究。方法采集北方地区枣果主产省份(河北、山东、河南、陕西和山西)的102份枣果样品,对82种常用农药和23种禁限用农药进行检测,分别利用急性参考剂量(ARf D)和每日允许摄入量(ADI)进行急性和慢性膳食暴露风险评估,并利用风险排序矩阵对检出农药进行风险大小的排序。结果 102份样品中89份样品检出了农药残留,共检出37种农药,其中2个样品检出农药残留超标,超标农药分别为多菌灵和氰戊菊酯。枣果中检出农药的急性膳食暴露风险(用%ARf D表示)介于0.00%~6.01%之间,平均值为1.82%;慢性膳食暴露风险(用%ADI表示)介于0.00%~0.21%之间,平均值为0.03%。根据农药残留风险得分,检出残留的37种农药可划分为4类,即高风险农药(2种)、中风险农药(3种)、低风险农药(13种)和极低风险农药(19种)。结论我国北方地区枣果中农药残留检出率较高,98%的样品农药残留量符合国家限量标准,枣果中农药急性膳食和慢性膳食暴露风险均处于较低水平,地虫硫磷、克百威、毒死蜱、联苯菊酯和唑螨酯是枣果中应重点关注的农药风险因子。     

Variability in pesticides residues the US experience

The evolution of US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) process for estimating potential health risks from pesticide residues in or on food is examined in light of changes in US Legislation and the variability of residue data and assumptions used to estimate dietary exposure. In the 86 years since enactment of the Insecticide Act, pesticide laws have become progressively more health-based. Passage of the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) requires EPA to place particular emphasis on assessing potential risk from pesticides to infants and children. Primary factors affecting the actual pesticide residues in food include frequency of application, percentage of crop treated, and the interval from treatment to harvest. Primary factors affecting the estimated pesticide residues in food include the source of the residue data, calculation techniques for non-detected residues, and the availability of data reflecting post-harvest treatments. Risk assessors must thoroughly consider these factors when assessing dietary risk to pesticides. Risk managers will need to consider these factors as a means of mitigating dietary risk from pesticides.     

Cumulative risk assessment of the intake of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in the Danish diet

The aim of the study is to evaluate the potential cumulative effects of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides that act through a common mechanism of toxicity, and to assess the long- and short-term risks for the Danish population. The intake estimates are based on dietary intake data collected in the Danish nation-wide food consumption survey in 1995. The pesticide data are based on the Danish pesticide residue-monitoring programme from 1996-2001. The amount of 35 organophosphorus pesticides and carbamates were included in the cumulative risk assessment. Processing factors, such as reduction of pesticide levels by rinsing and peeling, were applied in the exposure assessment. The "Toxicity Equivalence Factor" (TEF) approach was used to normalise the toxicity of the different organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Cumulative chronic exposure of organophosphorus and carbamates pesticides via fruit, vegetables and cereals is for adults 0.8-2% of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in chlorpyrifos equivalents, and 0.03-11% of the ADI in methamidophos equivalents; and for children 2-5% of the ADI in the chlorpyrifos equivalents, and 0.07-27% of the ADI in methamidophos equivalents. Neither Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) nor ADI was exceeded for any of the compounds studied. The results indicate that the Danish population is neither exposed to any cumulative chronic risk, nor at risk of acute exposure, from consumption of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides from fruit, vegetables and cereals.     

新疆不同品种红枣农药残留风险评估与排序

为了评估新疆不同品种红枣中农药残留的危害,探明不同品种红枣(冬枣、灰枣和骏枣)中农药残留的高风险危害因子及其风险等级。利用液相色谱-质谱法和气相色谱-质谱法测定红枣中的93种农药,比较不同品种红枣的农药残留差异,并进行风险评估,对红枣中的农药残留风险和样品风险进行排序。85份红枣共检出农药16种,不同品种的红枣农药残留检出率和检出种类不同,冬枣的农药残留检出率93.33%、检出农药种类15种,明显高于灰枣和骏枣农药残留检出率和农药种类。红枣检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险远小于100%,风险在可接受范围。冬枣中高风险农药是甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和中风险农药哒螨灵、联苯菊酯、辛硫磷、啶虫脒、甲氰菊酯。灰枣和骏枣中风险农药为:辛硫磷、丙溴磷和啶虫脒。冬枣样品中存在高风险和中等风险的样品,灰枣和骏枣样品为中风险和低风险样品。新疆红枣的质量安全状况整体良好,但冬枣农药残留风险整体偏高,应引起重视。