住宅建筑集中空调系统收费标准的制定与探讨(上)--机房侧设备运行能耗费用的分析与计算

本文为住宅建筑集中空调系统收费标准的制定与探讨的上篇,介绍了某住宅小区集中供冷（热）及生活热水系统,基于系统形式和设备样本计算了不同负荷率下机房侧设备的运行能耗费用,并分析了以机房侧设备运行能耗费用最低为优化目标的设备最优启停方案.本文的计算结果为下篇的收费方式、标准的制定以及典型用户年空调能耗费用的计算奠定了基础.     

住宅小区集中空调系统收费方式研究

针对住宅小区集中空调系统收费方式问题,制定单一热价和两部制热价的集中空调系统收费方式,着重分析不同入住率对住宅集中空调系统收费的影响。以某小区地源热泵系统为例,在TRNSYS软件平台上建立系统的仿真模型,分别计算入住率为100%,70%,50%和30%四种情况下的空调系统运行能耗,得到不同入住率下不同收费方式的热价。结果表明:入住率对住宅小区集中空调系统的运行收费影响较大,无论是单一热价还是两部制热价,均随着入住率的减少而增加,两部制定价方式有利于协调企业利益和用户节能。     

住宅建筑集中空调系统收费标准的制定与探讨(下)--用户侧收费模式浅析及能耗费用计算

对住宅建筑集中空调系统的供冷(热)收费标准及收费模式进行探讨,指出制定收费标准时应遵循的原则,简要介绍四种收费模式,对某小区用能价格变化对系统的盈亏影响进行分析,并对各种户型的用冷(热)负荷及能耗费用进行模拟计算.分析认为,采用"套餐"方式的收费模式,即能量费用由固定使用费用和计量使用费用两部分组成,即可以避免用户恶意用冷,造成能源浪费,又在一定程度上鼓励用户多用冷,保证系统高效率运行,减少运行成本.     

某高尔夫球俱乐部空调设计

概要介绍某高尔夫球俱乐部的空调设计，就其自身特点，着重介绍采用智能变频集中空调方式的客房空调设计，指出智能变频集中空调系统具有使用标准高，运行高效节能，便于维护管理等特点。总结了设计、施工的经验教训，对插卡控制电源等引起的问题进行了剖析。     

热回收系统在酒店工程中的应用分析

针对某酒店空调工程的特点选择了热回收空调方案，介绍了该系统的设备选型及运行管理方法，并与传统中央空调加锅炉方案进行了经济性比较，证明热回收空调系统能降低运行成本，取得良好的经济效益。     

卫生部发布新通风卫生标准将于2013年4月1日施行

最近卫生部发布《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》等三项卫生行业标准。其中,《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》为强制性卫生行业标准,《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生学评价规范》、《公共场所集中空调通风系统清洗消毒规范》为推荐性标准。     

某化工厂冰蓄冷空调系统的节能分析

以某化工厂为例,根据空调冷负荷、当地分时电价、设备选型等,得出该厂冰蓄冷空调系统的初投资费用以及每年的运行费用;对化工厂冰蓄冷空调系统进行节能分析,设计对应的常规空调并与冰蓄冷空调系统进行比较：冰蓄冷空调系统初投资比常规空调系统高,但运行费用低,增加的初投资费用回收期为3．4年。     

数据中心双冷源列间空调系统设计与实测分析

介绍了苏州某数据中心双冷源列间空调系统的设计及空调参数配置,并通过机房满负载运行测试,评价空调系统运行状态与效果。理论结合实际测试数据,分析得出水氟换热主机回水温度偏低的原因是其水阻力较小;列间空调风阀开度不均匀会导致热量局部集中现象;氟氟换热系统压缩机带载数量不同会影响末端制冷量不平衡等现象。为类似数据中心项目水氟、氟氟列间空调系统的设计与运维提供参考和思路。     

广东省制冷学会等将协举办“空调通风系统清洗岗位”职业培训

空调通风系统的运行管理和合理维护是至关重要的，据研究，合理地对空调通风系统进行清洗可节约能耗和运行费用超过12％。上海市节能办公室也在2004—2006年通过两年的实际对比证明，空调通风系统清洗可平均节约能耗和运行费用超过14％。因此对空调通风系统的清洗不仅能改善环境卫生，而且还能大大提高空调系统的运行效率。     

某科技馆冰蓄冷系统经济分析

与常规空调相比，冰蓄冷空调系统的初投资大，但如果电价合理，冰蓄冷空调系统运行费用可以节省。本文对某科技馆冰蓄冷空调系统的经济性进行了分析，系统初投资的回收年限基本可以接受。     

Fee collection plan for plug-in electric vehicles charged in nonresidential parking lots with minimum hardware investment: a study of Asian megacities

This paper presents a fair and effective fee collection plan for owners of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) who charge their vehicles in nonresidential parking lots. The charging fee serves as a surcharge on the parking fee. From the parking lot administrator’s point of view, reducing hardware investment costs and increasing profit are two crucial issues when considering providing nonfree charging services in nonresidential parking lots. Drivers are concerned with fairness. The proposed method shows an advantageous balance between the two sides. This study also develops a method for fairly determining the suitable number of PEV spaces in a parking lot for vehicles with and without charging requirements.     

考虑收取搭便车消费者产品体验费的双渠道供应链定价

为研究实体零售商收取搭便车消费者产品体验费时消费者搭便车行为对厂商的影响,并探讨实体零售商收取产品体验费的条件,文章考虑一个制造商和一个实体零售商组成的双渠道供应链,基于消费者效用理论,利用K-T条件,分别在收取产品体验费和不收取产品体验费两种情形下,分析对比了消费者搭便车行为对厂商决策的影响。研究表明,收取的搭便车消费者产品体验费与实体零售商的产品销售价格正相关,当消费者旅行成本较低时,网络渠道产品销售价格与收取的产品体验费负相关。当消费者旅行成本较低且销售的产品估值较高时,实体零售商收取产品体验费才能使自身受益。研究进一步显示,实体零售商收取搭便车消费者产品体验费会损害制造商的利润,加剧了制造商和零售商之间的竞争。     

给水管道更新资金分配模型的研究

以管道更新前后管网维护费用 降低最大为目标,建立了考虑和不考虑 异型管两种情况下的管道更新资金分配 模型。实例验证了该模型能够在充分利 用维护资金的前提下,最大限度地降低 管网漏失损失,为供水管理部门合理使 用资金、有效控制漏损和产销差率提供 理论支持和决策指导     

Determination of effective protein charge by capillary electrophoresis: effects of charge regulation in the analysis of charge ladders

Protein charge ladders are an effective tool for measuring protein charge and studying electrostatic interactions. However, previous analyses have neglected the effects of charge regulation, the alteration in the extent of amino acid ionization associated with differences between the pH at the protein surface and in the bulk solution. Experimental data were obtained with charge ladders constructed from bovine carbonic anhydrase. The protein charge for each element in the ladder was calculated from the protein electrophoretic mobility as measured by capillary electrophoresis using the hindrance factor for a hard sphere with equivalent hydrodynamic radius. The protein charge was also evaluated theoretically from the amino acid sequence by assuming a Boltzmann distribution in the hydrogen ion concentration. The calculations were in excellent agreement with the data, demonstrating the importance of charge regulation on the net protein charge. These results have important implications for the use of charge ladders to evaluate effective protein charge in solution.     

Time distance diagram of the jet initation of covered high explosive charges

The bulging behaviour of a steel barrier in front and in contact with a high explosive charge desensitises the charge sensitivity for a shaped charge jet impact. The reasons are rampwave behaviour and pre-compression of the charge, which is explained in detail with a time distance diagram.     

Corona discharge in charge reduction electrospray mass spectrometry

Corona discharge is applied to charge reduction electrospray mass spectrometry for the analysis of complex mixtures of biological molecules. Recent work has described a method of charge reduction (reducing the charge states of analyte ions generated by the electrospray process) employing the radioactive isotope 210Po to produce neutralizing species. A variation to this approach is presented, in which charge neutralization is mediated by ions produced in a corona discharge. Varying the corona discharge voltage controls the current and the degree of charge reduction, providing predominantly singly charged ions that are detected by a commercial electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This technique provides charge reduction for the simplification of ESI spectra, without need for any radioactive material.     

The persistence of worthless patents?

The U.S. patent system requires owners to pay renewal fees at the four, eight, and twelve-year points of the patent's life of twenty years. Previous studies of renewal rates for patents granted over 1981–1991 and 2001–2004 show only around half of the patents were renewed by the twelfth year—leading some scholars to refer to this majority of patents as ‘worthless’. Much has changed in the world since patent renewal fees began in 1981, however. This paper investigates whether patent renewal rates changed correspondingly. Among those changes, the sheer volume of patents increased substantially, creating a challenge for collating patent data. A web scraper was coded to collect renewal rate data on 2.5 million utility patents issued from 1992 to 2009—the most recent patents for which twelve-year renewal rates are available. We find, somewhat surprisingly, that patent renewal rates are virtually unchanged from several years ago. We present and discuss related data, and present the underlying computer code that patent researchers may find useful for investigating a wide range of topics in the future.     

聚合物电介质的击穿与空间电荷的关系

空间电荷是聚合物在交流或直流高压作用下发生老化和击穿的主要原因之一,以往的研究基本认为由于空间电荷的注入并集聚使介质内部电场严重畸变,从而使介质老化最终引起击穿,相应的解释模型都是在有外加电场作为前提建立的.但是,根据最新的实验研究发现,外加电场并不是介质击穿的必要条件,介质的击穿可以发生在空间电荷的脱阱过程中而与外加电场无关.本文阐述了空间电荷与绝缘高聚物的老化和击穿的关系,并且结合最新的研究成果,揭示了介质内部空间电荷的存在是击穿的重要条件,而且击穿是发生在空间电荷的脱阱过程中.     

EFFECT OF LOADING WITH AIM OIL AEROSOL ON THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF AN ELECTRET FILTER

Loading of an electret filter changes the distribution of electrical field in the filter from its preloading condition, and, therefore, affects the filtration efficiency of the filter. Liquid droplets collected on electret filters cause degradation of the electrostatic enhancement of filtration efficiency because of charge neutralization and the formation of a dielectric coating over die charged fibers. In this study, calculations were made for the penetration of aerosol particles through a spun-type electret filter as a function of the particulate loading. An assumption was made that each charge collected neutralized one charge of opposite polarity on the fibers of the filter. It was also assumed that the electrostatic charges present on the particles followed the Boltzmann equilibrium charge distribution. The decrease in fiber charge and resulting increase in penetration were calculated as a function of time and of total particulate loading on the filter. The calculated penetrations were compared with experimental measurements of loading on a spun fiber electret filter challenged with monodisperse liquid droplets of bis-Ethylhexyl Sebacate with equilibrium charge distribution and with zero charge. The rate at which the penetration increased was found to be the same for particles with zero charge as for particles with equilibrium charge distribution. For 1 um diameter droplets with equilibrium charge the theory predicted complete discharge of the filter at a loading of around 200 g/m². Experimentally, only about 0.3 g/m² was required. This difference indicates the presence of additional mechanisms for the discharge of the fibers.     

破-破型串联战斗部前级爆炸对后级影响的研究

为了研究破-破型串联战斗部前级装药爆炸对后级装药的影响,采用三维数值模拟的方法,对前级装药爆轰波作用于后级装药殉爆以及两级装药间加装隔板隔爆进行了研究,同时研究了前后级不同间距时前级爆轰波对后级爆炸成型弹丸(EFP)速度及成型的影响。计算得出后级炸药殉爆距离的范围,在两级装药间加装隔板可以有效地减小爆轰波对后级装药的影响,起到隔爆效果。研究认为爆轰波对后级EFP速度的影响近似于某二次函数曲线的变化趋势,该计算结果可为破-破型串联战斗部结构设计提供参考依据。