鲑鱼皮明胶的提取及胶原蛋白肽的制备

以鲑鱼皮为原料,采用酸浸-水提法提取明胶,通过氨基酸分析以及紫外吸收光谱等方法分析明胶的理化性质。结果显示:明胶提取率为60.46%,纯度为83.92%,紫外最大吸收波长为233 nm,氨基酸组成符合明胶的特性。为得到低相对分子质量胶原蛋白肽,选用木瓜蛋白酶对明胶进行水解,系统考察水解时间、加酶量(质量分数)、底物质量分数、pH、温度对水解率的影响,并通过正交实验对各影响因素进行优化,确定最优酶解条件。结果表明:水解时间2.5 h,加酶量7%,底物质量分数10%,酶解温度55℃,pH 8.0,该工艺条件下水解度为12.65%。制备的胶原蛋白肽相对分子质量小,其中低于1 000的占91.5%。     

Plasticizing—Antiplasticizing Effects of Water on Physical Properties of Tapioca Starch Films in the Glassy State

The effects of moisture sorption on physical properties of native and cross-linked starch films in the glassy state were studied. Water played a dual role as a plasticizer or an antiplasticizer, depending on the physical property measured. Plasticizing effects were clearly evident in the case of the calorimetric glass transition temperature ( T _g), tensile modulus, linear expansion, and water vapor permeability. In contrast, antiplasticization by water resulted in maxima in tensile strength, strain-at-break, and toughness of films that were observed at an intermediate moisture content ranging from 4% to 8% (RVP 0.1 to 0.4). The seemingly contradictory effects of water on mechanical properties associated with lower and higher deformation of starch films were reconciled by assigning different roles to water operating primarily via opposite entropic/free volume effects. Relationships, if any, between DSC thermal events and mechanical antiplasticization were not apparent.     

玻璃化微胶囊香精的研究

本文研究碳水化合物为壁材,柠檬油香精为芯材,通过喷雾干燥实现玻璃化微胶囊包埋柠檬油香精。实验结果表明,麦芽糊精(DE9-11)、玉米糖浆(DE42)和阿拉伯胶配比为1:1.5:3.75,香精含量20%～30%时,形成的玻璃态微胶囊壁结构紧密,香精加工挥发损失少;柠檬香精微胶囊Tg为108.4℃。     

Effect of Gelatin Addition on Properties of Pullulan Films

The gelatin was added into pullulan films to improve their performances and lower their cost. The gelatin addition raised the tensile strength of the gelatin–pullulan composite films, and reduced the oxygen permeability. The cost of composite films was reduced comparing to that of the pullulan films. Moreover, the molecular interaction of the composite film was evaluated. The interactions of gelatin and pullulan in the composite films were detected, such as (1) formation of 2 glycosylated proteins; (2) improvement of β‐sheet content; (3) formation of the interchain hydrogen bond and a semicrystalline region. Therefore, the molecular interaction was the main reason for the performance improvement of the composite films.     

Water Vapor Permeability of Mammalian and Fish Gelatin Films

ABSTRACT:  Water vapor permeability of cold- and warm-water fish skin gelatins films was evaluated and compared with different types of mammalian gelatins. Alaskan pollock and salmon gelatins were extracted from frozen skins, others were obtained from commercial sources. Water vapor permeability of gelatin films was determined considering differences on percent relative humidity (%RH) at the film underside. Molecular weight distribution, amino acid composition, gel strength, viscoelastic properties, pH, and clarity were also determined for each gelatin. Water vapor permeability of cold-water fish gelatin films (0.93 gmm/m²hkPa) was significantly lower than warm-water fish and mammalian gelatin films (1.31 and 1.88 gmm/m²hkPa, respectively) at 25 °C, 0/80 %RH through 0.05-mm thickness films. This was related to increased hydrophobicity due to reduced amounts of proline and hydroxyproline in cold-water fish gelatins. As expected, gel strength and gel setting temperatures were lower for cold-water fish gelatin than either warm-water fish gelatins or mammalian gelatins. This study demonstrated significant differences in physical, chemical, and rheological properties between mammalian and fish gelatins. Lower water vapor permeability of fish gelatin films can be useful particularly for applications related to reducing water loss from encapsulated drugs and refrigerated or frozen food systems.     

双醛淀粉改性明胶膜的制备与性能研究

利用双醛淀粉(DAS)交联明胶,制备了DAS改性明胶膜,研究了DAS改性对明胶膜力学性能、溶胀性能、吸湿性能和热降解稳定性能的影响。结果表明:DAS能有效地与明胶发生交联反应。适量DAS的交联可大幅提高明胶膜的拉伸强度。DAS交联可赋予明胶稳定的结构,有效地降低明胶膜对水的敏感性。随着DAS用量的增加,明胶膜的平衡溶胀率逐渐降低。DAS交联可降低明胶膜的吸湿率,在DAS用量为3%～5%时,膜的平衡吸湿率最低。经DAS改性后,明胶膜的热降解温度升高,表明其耐热降解稳定性得到提高。     

多不饱和脂肪酸糖玻璃微胶囊化的研究

研究了以阿拉伯胶和糖类为复合壁材,亚麻酸为芯材,通过喷雾干燥实现玻璃化微胶囊包埋多不饱和脂肪酸,利用Schaal烘箱法评价其氧化稳定性。结果表明,DE15~17的麦芽糊精替代40%的阿拉伯胶作为复合壁材,亚麻酸含量不超过30%时,制备的微胶囊包埋效率较高。在63℃通风条件下加速氧化,过氧化值(POV)未超过6 mmol/kg,根据Arrhenius经验公式预计在22℃存储保质期可达24个月以上。     

Influence of Transglutaminase-Induced Cross-Linking on Properties of Fish Gelatin Films

ABSTRACT:  Fish gelatin (FG) is a potential alternative to current mammalian (beef and pork) gelatin. However, its physical and thermal properties limit its use in many applications. The treatment of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) on FG could be a practical way to increase the use of FG films in various applications. Physical properties, barrier properties, and molecular weight change of FG films were measured. The viscosity of the MTGase-treated FG solution significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 6.81 ± 0.65 cP to 35.04 ± 3.59 cP as the reaction time and concentration of MTGase increased. After employing 2% of MTGase into FG solution, the tensile strength increased from 48.03 ± 5.45 MPa to 68.00 ± 1.9 MPa, while percent elongation decreased from 13.1%± 2.90% to 1.47%± 0.05%. Oxygen barrier property was significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 7.24 ± 1.48 cc·m/m²·d to 17.69 ± 3.08 cc·m/m²·d, while water vapor permeability was not statistically ( P < 0.05) different. The melting temperature ( T _m) measured by differential scanning calorimetry increased from 124.78 ± 1.98 °C to 158.49 ± 2.68 °C as the enzyme reaction time increased. The color values of L *, a *, and b * were changed from 95.56 ± 0.09 to 95.50 ± 0.06, from −0.17 ± 0.01 to −0.23 ± 0.00, and from 3.17 ± 0.04 to 3.47 ± 0.09, respectively. The opacity significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 1.43%± 0.32% to 2.87%± 0.06%. SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of fish gelatin films increased when the MTGase reaction takes place.     

Characterization of Fish-Skin Gelatin Gels and Films Containing the Antimicrobial Enzyme Lysozyme

ABSTRACT:  Fish skins are rich in collagen and can be used to produce food-grade gelatin. Films cast from fish-skin gelatins are stable at room temperature and can act as a barrier when applied to foods. Lysozyme is a food-safe, antimicrobial enzyme that can also produce gels and films. When cold-water, fish-skin gelatin is enhanced with lysozyme, the resulting film has antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect on strength and barrier properties of lysozyme-enhanced fish-skin gelatin gels and films, and evaluate their activity against potential spoilage bacteria. Solutions containing 6.67% fish-skin gelatin were formulated to contain varying levels of hen-egg-white lysozyme. Gels were evaluated for strength, clarity, and viscoelastic properties. Films were evaluated for water activity, water vapor permeability, and antimicrobial barrier capabilities. Fish-skin gels containing 0.1% and 0.01% lysozyme had pH (4.8) and gelling-temperatures (2.1 °C) similar to lysozyme-free fish-skin gelatin controls. However, gel strength decreased (up to 20%). Turbidities of gels, with or without lysozyme, were comparable at all concentrations. Films cast with gelatin containing lysozyme demonstrated similar water vapor permeabilities and water activities. Lysozyme was still detectable in most fish gelatin films. More antimicrobial activity was retained in films cast with higher lysozyme concentrations and in films where lysozyme was added after the gelatin had been initially heated. These results suggest that fish-skin gelatin gels and films, when formulated with lysozyme, may provide a unique, functional barrier to increase the shelf life of food products.     

明胶/普鲁兰酶改性淀粉膜的制备与性能研究

研究了普鲁兰酶对淀粉膜性能的影响及明胶对普鲁兰酶改性淀粉膜性能的影响。结果表明:与原淀粉膜相比,普鲁兰酶改性淀粉膜的表面更平滑;膜的热稳定性增大,热封性能增强;抗拉强度、水蒸气透过率和透光率分别增加了75%、18%和35%,断裂伸长率降低了53%。与未添加明胶的酶改性淀粉膜相比,添加明胶后,膜的表面变粗糙;膜的阻水性能与阻光性能增强,热封性能变差。当明胶添加量为10%时,膜的抗拉强度增加了17.6%;当明胶添加量为25%时,膜的断裂伸长率增加了54.3%;在明胶添加量为15%时,膜的热稳定性最大。     

Development of Gelatin Bionanocomposite Films Containing Chitin and ZnO Nanoparticles

The gelatin-based nanocomposite films (GNCFs) containing 0, 1, 3, and 5% zinc oxide nanoparticles (N-ZnO) and/or 0, 3, 5, and 10% chitin nanofibers (N-chitin) were prepared, and their water vapor permeability (WVP), chemical structure and microstructure, and their mechanical, thermal, and antifungal properties were investigated. Results showed that incorporation of N-ZnO improved WVP, mechanical, thermal, and antifungal properties of the gelatin-based films. Moreover, physicochemical and antifungal properties of the nanocomposite films improved by increasing N-ZnO concentration. However, applying N-chitin in gelatin films could not enhance barrier properties of the films against water vapor, probably due to the hydrophilic nature of N-chitin. On the other hand, tensile strength of the GNCFs containing N-chitin increased by an increase in nanoparticle concentration, up to 5%, Incorporation of N-chitin in the gelatin film raised both thermal stability and antifungal activity. Simultaneous incorporation of chitin and ZnO nanoparticles in the GNCFs had the interactive effect on improving the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of GNCFs. For instance, thermograms of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the GNCF containing both nanoparticles increased melting point and ?H _m in comparison with net gelatin film. Furthermore, thermograms of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that applying both of nanoparticles in gelatin films led to higher thermal stability of polymer against decomposition at higher temperatures, compared to the gelatin film containing each of them.     

Glassy State in Bacterial Spores Predicted by Polymer Glass-Transition Theory

Polymer glass-transition theory was used to gain information about a possible general mechanism to explain the high heat resistance of bacterial spores. In a glassy state the configuration of vital macrom-olecules and supramolecular assemblies in the spore protoplast would change extremely slowly when heated. The temperature dependence for heat inactivation rates above the glass-transition temperature was shown to be free-volume dependent and described by the kinetics commonly observed for glassy polymers. Glass-transition temperatures for various spores, predicted by nonlinear regression analysis of their heat inactivation rates at different temperatures, increased with increasing heat resistance as expected.     

海藻酸钠对鱼皮明胶膜理化特性的影响

采用罗非鱼皮明胶与海藻酸钠混合制备可食性复合膜,研究海藻酸钠含量对复合膜理化性质的影响。结果显示：单一罗非鱼皮明胶具有良好的成膜能力,但是机械性能差,将海藻酸钠添加到明胶膜中得到的复合膜抗拉强度和断裂伸长率有明显改善,海藻酸钠添加量在40%时,抗拉强度达最大值6.6?MPa,相对于纯明胶膜（5.5?MPa）和纯海藻酸钠膜（4.6?MPa）分别增加20%和43%,断裂伸长率也在此时达到最大值120%,比纯明胶膜（64%）和纯海藻酸钠膜（88%）分别增加87.5%和26.7%。海藻酸钠水溶性和吸湿率分别高达100%和48.7%,经共混后复合膜的水溶性降低至55%以下,吸湿率介于25%～40%之间,有较大的改善。流变学特性和X射线衍射分析结果表明：明胶和海藻酸钠具有良好的相容性,二者共混可制得性质稳定的复合膜,海藻酸钠与明胶的复合膜液为非牛顿流体,黏度和增稠能力较单一明胶膜有所增加。     

Physical Properties of Gelatin Films Plasticized by Blends of Glycerol and Sorbitol

ABSTRACT: The addition of plasticizers increases the flexibility and workability of films based on biopolymers. However, the use of some plasticizers cause undesirable results, such as the migration of these additives out the film or crystallization during shelf life. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of blends with different ratios of sorbitol and glycerol, at 2 plasticizer concentrations, on mechanical, viscoelastic, and water vapor barrier properties of films based on gelatin. The films were prepared with 2 g gelatin/100 mL of water and with 25 or 55 g plasticizer/100 g gelatin. The ratio, glycerol to sorbitol, was studied as 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0. The increase of plasticizer concentration from 25 to 55 g plasticizer/100 g gelatin caused an increase of flexibility and reduction of resistance and water vapor barrier as expected. In relation to the effect of the mixture, the increase in the proportion of glycerol caused a reduction of the puncture force, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and an increase of the puncture deformation, elongation at break, and water vapor permeability due to the higher plasticizing effect of glycerol. This behavior was explained in terms of molecular weight of the plasticizers, which demonstrated that the studied properties could be considered as functions of the number of molecules of plasticizers in the films.     

提高明胶可食膜机械强度和热封强度的研究

研究了明胶可食膜的机械强度和热封强度。结果表明：明胶可食膜的机械强度和热封强度受干燥温度的影响大,随干燥温度的升高,明胶膜机械强度和热封强度均呈先递增后递减的变化趋势,其最适干燥温度为６０℃;掺用少量琼脂（０．０２％）可明显改善明胶膜的机械强度和热封强度,特别是其断裂伸长率;用０．２％甘油增塑的明胶膜,其抗拉强度,直角撕裂强度均有所改善,但其热封强度稍有下降;明胶膜在贮藏过程中（－１８、０、２０、４０℃,相对湿度６５％）,其机械强度先递减后趋于稳定,但其热封强度变化不明显。     

4种改性淀粉与明胶共混膜的制备与性质比较

该研究对4种改性淀粉（羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯、羟丙基淀粉、氧化淀粉、氧化羟丙基淀粉）的溶解度、膨胀势、糊化特性、老化值进行了分析和比较。溶解度高、膨胀势小、糊化特性好、老化值低的淀粉,较适宜作为制备共混膜的原料。在此基础上加入甘油或聚乙二醇400（Polyethylene Glycol,PEG400）作为增容剂,并对配方中水和甘油加入量进行了初步摸索,运用紫外、扫描电镜和拉伸试验机测定共混膜的透光性、透水气性、微观形貌和机械性能。结果表明：羟丙基淀粉溶解度最高,为86.42%;膨胀势最低,为0.086%,稳定性更好;黏度较低,老化值较大,流动性高,易于成膜。为4种改性淀粉中最适宜和明胶共混的原料。利用紫外分光光度计进行全波长扫描测量透光率;利用不同时间水保留质量反应透水汽性;用扫描电镜放大500~6 000倍对微观形貌观察,用拉伸材料试验机对机械性能进行测试。通过比较,发现以羟丙基淀粉为原料的共混膜,具有较好的透明度（优于纯明胶样品的透光度）,良好的透水汽性和机械性能。微观形貌也是呈现出相容性较好的形态（SEM显示）,相较于PEG400,甘油作为增容剂时共混膜的微观形貌横截面均匀光滑,内容物相容性好。明胶:甘油:水质量比为1:9:3:13制得共混膜透光性、透水气性、机械性能最佳,具有较好的实际应用价值。     

大目金枪鱼皮明胶的理化性质及结构分析

以大目金枪鱼皮为原料制备明胶,对所得明胶的凝胶强度、胶凝温度、熔化温度、氨基酸组成、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）、光谱学特性等理化性质及结构特性进行研究,并与猪皮明胶进行比较。结果表明,金枪鱼皮明胶的凝胶强度为403?g,胶凝温度和熔化温度分别为21.5?℃和28.8?℃,略低于猪皮明胶;氨基酸分析结果表明,金枪鱼皮明胶中亚氨基酸质量分数为19.09%,低于猪皮明胶的22.82%,可以解释金枪鱼皮明胶凝胶特性、胶凝温度和熔化温度低于猪皮明胶的原因。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,金枪鱼皮明胶的小分子组分质量分数仅为6.67%,说明预处理及热水提胶过程并没有破坏明胶中亚基的完整性。金枪鱼皮明胶的紫外光谱与红外光谱谱图均与猪皮明胶相似,进一步说明实验所制得的产物为高质量明胶。     

明胶/壳聚糖/迷迭香复合膜的制备与表征

为开发新型具有抗氧化活性的包装材料,以壳聚糖、鱼皮明胶为复合膜基质材料,研究添加迷迭香提取物对复合膜物理性质、微观结构及抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明,添加0.1%迷迭香提取物显著(p<0.05)提高了复合膜的抗氧化性能,将膜的DPPH自由基清除率由15%以下提高到60%以上。迷迭香提取物的添加影响了膜的结构与理化性质。其中,膜的热变性温度由130.97 ℃升至167.52 ℃,同时水溶解性下降了12.62%,但对膜的力学性质没有显著影响。红外光谱显示添加迷迭香提取物影响了O-H键的弯曲和伸缩振动,干扰了复合膜体间的氢键相互作用。研究结果表明,添加0.1%迷迭香提取物既能提高明胶/壳聚糖复合膜的抗氧化能力,又可使复合膜的热稳定性提高,明胶/壳聚糖/迷迭香复合膜活性包装材料具有良好的应用前景。     

Using Liquid Smoke to Improve Mechanical and Water Resistance Properties of Gelatin Films

Improvement of mechanical and water barrier properties is critical for gelatin films when applied to edible food packaging. A liquid smoke (LS) obtained from hawthorn nucleus was used to improve the performance of gelatin film based on its abundant compounds. Through SPME‐GC‐MS analysis, 86 volatile and semi‐volatile chemical compounds was detected in LS, in which the total carbonyl compounds were 27.60%, with the main aldehyde as 2‐furaldehyde (9.83%). For gelatin films, an observable influence of LS on film transparency was observed in gelatin films, but not for its thickness and microstructure. Desirably, adding LS into gelatin solution increased the tensile strength of the films, with a better value of 16.38 MPa as 3 wt% LS added, compared with the control (10.30 MPa). Accordingly, film elongation decreased with a LS dependent manner. Furthermore, the water resistance properties of gelatin film were improved by the LS addition, which was supported by the results of water contact angle, water vapor permeability. Moreover, the addition of LS also led to a higher insolubility for gelatin films. Also, thermal stability of the LS treated gelatin films was slightly enhanced with the DSC analysis. According to the FTIR spectra and crosslinking degree detection results, all the above enhancing of gelatin film should be attributed to the crosslinking between carbonyl groups in LS and amide functionalities in gelatin based on nucleophilic reaction.