复合材料螺栓连接预紧力松弛的温度-时间依存行为

针对碳纤维增强环氧基复合材料机械连接结构耐久性设计中的2个关键问题:黏弹性预紧力松弛的温度-时间依赖行为及其长期性能预测方法进行研究。建立了以蠕变全应变理论为基础的预紧力松弛预测模型。36 h的恒温耐久试验表明:初始预紧力越大,温度越高,连接件预紧力松弛速率越快;复合材料连接件的松弛速率远大于金属连接件;预紧力松弛主要表现为材料蠕变过程。对比短期试验结果表明:本模型能较好地实现对不同温度、预紧力和连接材料的松弛预测,为确立试验数据的外推方法提供了依据。      

微动损伤对复合材料螺栓连接预紧力松弛的影响

开展了横向循环载荷下复合材料螺栓连接件预紧力松弛试验,探究了材料疲劳损伤与接触面微动磨损联合作用下螺栓连接预紧力松弛过程。基于有限元软件ABAQUS,采用Archard磨损模型和ALE（Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian）自适应网格技术,编制了适用于连接结构微动磨损的UMESHMOTION子程序,建立了分析连接支承面微动磨损的计算模型;利用子程序UMAT编制了Shokrieh和Lessard提出的疲劳累积损伤定量分析程序。在此基础上分析了复合材料疲劳损伤、螺孔伸长及接触磨损的耦合作用下预紧力随循环周次变化的机制,与实验结果进行对比,验证了所提出的预测方法的合理性、有效性。      

复合材料螺栓连接预紧力松弛的改进预测模型

该文研究了复合材料构件螺栓连接预紧力的长期性能预测。在作者前期工作的基础上,建立并完善了基于蠕变全应变理论的螺栓连接预紧力松弛预测模型。主要改进包括各蠕变阶段表达式转换为分段形式和修正时-温转换因子的作用方式两方面。采用时-温等效原理获得的长时加速表征实验数据对模型进行验证。结果表明,本模型能较好地描述预紧力长期特性,且预测效果比现有的Shivakumar-Crews模型及Hook-Norton模型更好,从而证明了该模型的准确性和可靠性。     

复合材料螺栓连接松弛的弹-黏塑性分析方法

预紧力松弛是影响复合材料螺栓连接结构耐久性的主要原因之一。本文重点讨论导致预紧力松弛的材料蠕变与粗糙表面接触蠕变的相互影响。内容包括建立了以弹-黏塑性理论为基础的复合材料蠕变本构模型,并结合考虑粗糙表面的分形接触理论,将其推广到与时间相关的弹-黏塑性接触问题。数值结果与实验结果对比表明,考虑粗糙表面接触效应时,计算误差从2.87%~4.37%降至0.04%~0.5%,预测准确性有显著提高。表面分形参数D和G的讨论结果表明,接触表面越粗糙,预紧力越容易松弛。这对工程上通过控制表面形貌参数来改善表面接触性质具有指导意义。     

FRP 结构螺栓接点的预紧力与应力松弛

应用螺栓-垫圈应力理论对FRP 结构搭接点预紧力进行了研究。理论计算的预紧力与垫圈的尺寸, 在结构试验初期与试验数据相吻合, 但随时间的增长, 由于基体的松弛效应, 预紧力有明显的减小, 然后在某一数值上又趋于稳定, 但重新按原预紧力紧固螺栓后, 1. 5 年的试验结果表明, 接点的应力松驰得到非常明显的抑制, 取得了预定的效果。      

振动工况下螺栓连接自松弛机理研究

为研究振动工况下螺栓连接自松弛机理,利用ANSYS参数化语言建立考虑螺纹的三维螺栓连接有限元模型,用降温法加载预紧力,进行螺栓连接横向振动瞬态分析;研究横向激励幅值、初始预紧力、螺纹啮合面、螺栓头及螺母承压面以及连接物之间结合面的摩擦因数等对螺栓连接自松弛影响。结果表明,横向振动时完全滑移先发生于螺纹啮合面处;横向激励幅值越小、初始预紧力越大、螺纹啮合面及螺栓头、螺母承压面摩擦因数越大,螺栓连接自松弛越不易发生;激励幅值一定时连接物间结合面摩擦因数对自松弛无影响,但摩擦因数越大,发生横向振动所需剪切载荷越大。研究结果对理解螺栓连接自松弛、指导防松设计具有重要意义。     

基于8.8级螺栓疲劳性能的预紧力优化

测量了8.8级螺栓的拉伸性能,根据螺栓材料的强度极限和屈强比研究了预紧力分别为强度的10%、30%和50%的极限条件下材料的疲劳性能。结果表明,当8.8级螺栓的预紧应力从10%强度极限提高到50%强度极限时,其疲劳极限由370 MPa降低到263 MPa。根据有效应力(σˉσˉ)参数法处理预紧应力对8.8级螺栓疲劳曲线的影响,得到了疲劳极限处的有效应力(σˉ10^7=562.75MPaσˉ10^7=562.75MPa)。当有效应力σˉ<σˉ10^7σˉ<σˉ107时预紧的8.8级螺栓不会发生疲劳失效,由此得到了8.8级M6和M27两种螺栓在不同应力比下所对应的最大预紧力和预紧扭矩曲线。     

基于分层理论的螺栓连接夹芯复合材料加筋结构振动特性

针对采用螺栓连接方式固定的夹芯复合材料加筋结构,表层采用分层理论单元、芯层采用体单元,结合有限元方法计算固有频率和振型。通过试验验证,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合,并得到了在有限元分析中模拟实际结构边界条件的处理方法。试验结果对比表明,与钢制结构相比,夹芯复合材料加筋结构前三阶固有频率提高2倍以上,夹芯复合材料加筋结构能大幅提高整体结构刚度,改善结构的振动特性。      

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料预紧力单齿接头的静态及疲劳性能试验

通过试验研究了预紧力、齿长和载荷水平对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）预紧力单齿接头（PTSTC）静态和疲劳性能的影响。试验结果表明:CFRP PTSTC的疲劳极限承载力可以达到静态极限承载力的80%~85%,与螺栓等传统连接方式相比,其疲劳性能具有一定优势;预紧力可以显著改善CFRP单齿接头的静态和疲劳性能;CFRP PTSTC的静态极限承载力随齿长增加而升高,但是在相同载荷水平下增加齿长不一定可以延长接头的疲劳寿命,尤其是在低载荷水平下齿长增加反而会缩短疲劳寿命;在加载初期,PTSTC的疲劳裂纹快速萌生,之后扩展缓慢,在接近破坏前的几次循环中又骤然增大,预紧力可以减缓疲劳损伤的累积速率;疲劳过程中PTSTC的刚度衰退不明显,在前95%疲劳寿命阶段仅下降1%~4%,预紧力也可以减缓刚度的衰退速率。所得研究成果可为复合材料接头抗疲劳设计提供参考依据。      

Water-displacing organic corrosion inhibitors—their effect on the fatigue characteristics of aluminium alloy bolted joints

Some aircraft manufacturers and operators have attempted to control in-service corrosion by the use of water-displacing organic inhibitors which can be either brushed or sprayed onto corrosion-susceptible areas of the structure. However, because of the low surface tension and lubricating properties of these preparations, concern has been expressed as to their potential side-effects on the fatigue performance of bolted and riveted joints.

Fatigue tests were carried out in repeated tension under both constant-amplitude and multi-load-level sequences on several types of 8-bolt double-lap joint specimens of 2024-T3 alclad aluminium alloys sheet. Tests were made on joints assembled with either ‘dry’ components or components coated with the corrosion inhibitors LPS-3 or PX-112.

Contrary to the findings of previous investigations into the effect of inhibitors on riveted joints, the two corrosion inhibitors used were found, in general, to have either no effect or a beneficial effect on the fatigue lives of bolted joints. It is concluded that the specific effects of a water-displacing organic corrosion inhibitor on fatigue strength of joints are likely to be dependent on the type of joint, its configuration and on the severity of the load spectrum involved.     

A three-dimensional progressive damage model for bolted joints in composite laminates subjected to tensile loading

A three-dimensional progressive damage model was developed to simulate the damage accumulation and predict the residual strength and final failure mode of bolted composite joints under in-plane tensile loading. The parametric study included stress analysis, failure analysis and material property degradation. Stress analysis of the three-dimensional geometry was performed numerically using the finite element code ANSYS with special attention given to the detailed modelling of the area around the bolt in order to account for all damage modes. Failure analysis and degradation of material properties were implemented using a set of stress-based Hashin-type failure criteria and a set of appropriate degradation rules, respectively. In order to validate the finite element model, a comparison of stress distributions with results from analytical models found in the literature was carried out and good agreement was obtained. A parametric study was performed to examine the effect of bolt position and friction upon damage accumulation and residual strength.     

基于渐进损伤分析的复合材料螺栓连接强度包线法研究

针对中国民机采用T800级复合材料这一新材料体系而基础数据匮乏的现状,采用渐进损伤分析(PDA)替代试验以显著降低研究周期和成本。综合渐进损伤方法和工程算法各自的优点,提出以渐进损伤分析替代应力集中减缓因子(SCRFs)测定试验,进而建立强度包线,并进行多钉连接强度预测的数值策略。为验证该数值策略的可行性,针对典型铺层应力集中减缓因子,测定试样,并开展渐进损伤分析,获得了试验件强度预测值来计算应力集中减缓因子,采用旁路载荷修正的强度包线法,绘制了典型铺层复合材料多钉连接旁路载荷修正强度包线,预测多钉连接的失效载荷,并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明:采用该数值策略预测的强度包线、多钉连接的失效载荷和失效模式均与试验结果吻合良好,证明了该数值策略的可行性。     

接头局部增强的复合材料层合板螺栓连接试验与数值模拟

采用真空辅助成型工艺（VARI）制备了四种局部增强的复合材料层合板螺栓连接试件，通过试验及数值模拟对其力学性能进行了研究。数值研究中将复合材料层合板连接件的拉伸作为一个准静态问题，运用ABAQUS的显示分析算法及所编写用户材料子程序VUMAT对连接件进行了三维渐进失效模拟，同时在有限元模型中采用内聚力单元模拟了层合板与所设增强层的界面分层失效。数值计算结果与试验结果取得了较好的一致，验证了本文中数值方法的有效性。研究结果表明，不同的局部增强方案对复合材料螺栓连接性能的影响较大，设置[0/90/0/90]_S铺层的内置纤维增强层能显著提高层合板的螺栓连接性能。     

C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料螺栓连接件的振动响应特性及防松性能

通过对C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料螺栓连接件的模态进行计算和试验分析,确定了其模态参数和振动响应特性;然后通过对C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料螺栓连接件进行正弦扫频振动试验,研究了拧紧力矩对螺栓连接件振动性能的影响规律;最后研究了液态聚硼硅氮烷（L-PBSZ）对C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料螺栓连接件防松性能的影响。研究结果表明：一阶和三阶固有计算模态频率与试验模态频率一致,因此可以采用有限元分析方法对C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料螺栓连接件进行振动响应特性分析;采用正弦扫频振动频谱信号差值曲线分析方法可以检测螺栓连接件是否松动;SEM观察表明,L-PBSZ改性的C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料螺栓连接件的螺纹副间形成陶瓷填充体,使得螺纹与螺母间有效摩擦系数和有效摩擦面积增加,因此螺母松脱退出的力矩增大,提高了C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料螺栓连接件的防松可靠性能。     

The static and fatigue strength of bolted joints in composites with hygrothermal cycling

The effects of hygrothermal cycling upon the performance of a bolted composite joint was examined. Bolt torque relaxed as the number of environmental cycles increased. Comparison with analytical results suggested that the bolt torque “zigzag” behavior probably results from the natural sensitivity of bolted composite joints to the existing ambient temperature and moisture. The washer effect and specimen surface finishes were investigated to study the friction effect on joint bearing performance. Fatigue tests of specimens exposed to hygrothermal cycling exhibited greater hole elongation than specimens not exposed. High preload does improve static failure strength and the fatigue life of specimens under room conditions. Tests run on IM6/3501-6 material specimens with hygrothermal cycling show reasonable declines in fatigue life. The moisture weight gains of composites under hygrothermal cycling exposure were measured and compared to numerical results; good correlation was obtained. As a result, bolt failure occurred in some fatigue tests and is most frequently associated with large thickness-to-diameter ratio. The peak-to-peak stress was defined to study the effect of the R-ratio on bolts for the bolt failure problem.