Robust drift-free bit-rate preserving H.264 watermarking

This paper presents a novel method for open-loop watermarking of H.264/AVC bitstreams. Existing watermarking algorithms designed for previous encoders, such as MPEG-2 cannot be directly applied to H.264/AVC, as H.264/AVC implements numerous new features that were not considered in previous coders. In contrast to previous watermarking techniques for H.264/AVC bitstreams, which embed the information after the reconstruction loop and perform drift compensation, we propose a completely new intra-drift-free watermarking algorithm. The major design goals of this novel H.264/AVC watermarking algorithm are runtime-efficiency, high perceptual quality, (almost) no bit-rate increase and robustness to re-compression. The watermark is extremely runtime-efficiently embedded in the compressed domain after the reconstruction loop, i.e., all prediction results are reused. Nevertheless, intra-drift is avoided, as the watermark is embedded in such a way that the pixels used for the prediction are kept unchanged. Thus, there is no drift as the pixels being used in the intra-prediction process of H.264/AVC are not modified. For watermark detection, we use a two-stage cross-correlation. Our simulation results confirm that the proposed technique is robust against re-encoding and shows a negligible impact on both the bit-rate and the visual quality.     

可抵抗共谋攻击的H．264／AVC压缩域数字视频水印算法

针对H．264／AVC编码标准的新特性,提出一种可抵抗共谋攻击的压缩域鲁棒数字水印算法。对Noorkami等算法进行改进,水印的安全性是基于水印嵌入位置的随机性,通过DC系数的相关改变量产生密钥从而确定水印的嵌入位置。通过改变每个宏块的一个4×4块的非零量化系数嵌入水印。仿真试验表明,本算法在保证视频的视觉质量的前提下,水印的嵌入量有很大的提高。此外,水印提取时不需要对压缩码流完全解码,并能满足实时盲检测的要求。     

基于H．264／AVC视频流的双水印算法

针对H．264／AVC编码标准的新特性,提出一种基于H．264／AVC低比特率视频流的双水印算法,将鲁棒水印嵌入DCT域中,把脆弱水印嵌入运动矢量残差中,达到对视频版权保护和视频内容完整性认证的双重目的。实验结果表明,该算法对视频质量和码率的影响较小,鲁棒水印能有效抵抗高斯噪声、低通滤波、重编码以及轻微的抖动失真等常见的视频攻击,脆弱水印对视频内容的轻微修改具有较强的敏感性。     

Perceptual differential energy watermarking for H.264/AVC

This paper presents a novel watermark embedding scheme for H.264/AVC video using a spatio-temporal just-noticeable difference (JND) model, which is based on 4?×?4 DCT blocks. Combined with the proposed JND model, a previous differential energy watermarking (DEW) algorithm is modified for better imperceptibility. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) and spread spectrum are used to enhance robustness of the watermark. The watermarked video has good robustness against common video attacks such as re-compression, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), salt-and-pepper noise, Gauss filtering, circular averaging filtering and frame averaging. The watermarked video also has good visual quality due to the introduced JND model.     

基于粒子群优化及二维映射的视频水印算法

数字视频水印算法存在的共同问题就是如何解决水印容量、鲁棒性和不可感知性三者之间的矛盾。基于此,提出一种新的H.264/AVC视频水印算法,算法利用粒子群优化算法选择嵌入载体位置并以此位置构造与水印信息之间的二维映射关系来嵌入水印信息。仿真实验结果表明所提算法能够很好地解决上述三者矛盾问题,具有较强的实用性。     

一种基于MPEG-4的帧间差分能量视频水印算法

针对视频水印的盲检测特性和对时间轴上帧操作的鲁棒性,论文提出了一种基于相邻帧间相关性的视频水印算法,即在预测帧的编码过程中,根据编码器的运动估计和补偿模块提供的运动向量和宏块的编码模式,在残差中嵌入水印数据。在该算法中,用能量替换函数保证嵌入数据不影响视频质量,用重同步策略来保证水印提取时的鲁棒性,并且在水印提取的过程中不需要任何附加信息,是一种盲检测算法。水印的嵌入和提取是在视频的编、解码过程中直接利用编码器提供的信息进行的,因此该算法具有计算复杂性低的特点。实验证明这种方法能够抵抗重编码操作,并且对于帧删除、帧插入和帧置换等攻击也有一定的鲁棒性,而且由于该算法是在预测帧的残差中进行,水印的隐藏效果比较好,生成码流的信噪比也较高。     

A new video watermarking algorithm based on shot segmentation and block classification

In this paper, we propose a new video watermarking algorithm based on shot segmentation and block classification to enhance the robustness, imperceptibility and real-time performance based on the H.264/AVC codec. A method of selecting host frames is proposed based on shot segmentation to avoid embedding watermark frame by frame, so as to improve the robustness and the real-time performance. The watermark signal is cropped into small watermarks according to the number of shots in the host video, and small watermarks are respectively embedded into different shots. The watermarking capacity and the perceptual quality are greatly improved by this way. A method of selecting host coefficients is proposed based on block classification in the Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) compressed domain. The texture characteristics of host blocks are considered in the classification and the places of host coefficients can change adaptively according to the content of the video. The imperceptibility of the watermarked video is greatly improved by this way. The simplified quantization index modulation (QIM) is applied to embed watermark. It brings fewer artifacts to the host signal than the current main watermarking method, such as spread spectrum (SS), differential energy watermarking (DEW) and so on. The experiment results show that the proposed scheme has a good performance in maintaining real-time performance and resisting Gaussian noising, frame swapping, MPEG compression, etc.     

基于H.264编码的帧间预测块划分视频水印算法

研究一种针对H.264编码的帧间预测块划分视频水印算法,该算法先对水印图像进行二值处理并经Arnold置乱,然后在H.264帧间预测编码时,根据水印二值序列选择不同的区块划分将水印值嵌入进去。实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的实时性、鲁棒性。     

一种抗几何变换攻击的MPEG-4视频对象水印方案

基于对象的视频水印在几何变换的攻击下将丧失同步信息．采用图像规范化的方法，比较水印嵌入和检测时的规范化信息来达到同步检测，并进一步校正了由于插值误差产生的波动点．同时为了抵抗MPEG-4压缩，通过分析水印嵌入量、鲁棒性和视频质量三者的关系，使用编码阶段量化后的四个SA—DCT系数来嵌入一个水印分量．算法可方便地并入到MPEG-4基于对象的编码框架中．实验结果表明本方案具有失真小、鲁棒、简单易行及可操作性强等优点．     

基于光流场的鲁棒性视频水印算法

为改善视频水印抗H.264压缩的性能,提出一种基于光流场的视频水印算法。根据视频图像中各点的光流速度,计算其帧图片的总光流,再根据总光流的差值来选定视频关键帧,在这些关键帧中利用DCT分块变换来嵌入水印信息。实验结果表明,该算法能有效对抗H.264的3种压缩模式,满足了水印的鲁棒性和视频高压缩率的双重要求。     

Digital Video Watermarking in P-Frames With Controlled Video Bit-Rate Increase

Most video watermarking algorithms embed the watermark in I-frames, but refrain from embedding in P- and B-frames, which are highly compressed by motion compensation. However, P-frames appear more frequently in the compressed video and their watermarking capacity should be exploited, despite the fact that embedding the watermark in P-frames can increase the video bit rate significantly. This paper gives a detailed overview of a common approach for embedding the watermark in I-frames. This common approach is adopted to use P-frames for video watermarking. We show that by limiting the watermark to nonzero-quantized ac residuals in P-frames, the video bit-rate increase can be held to reasonable values. Since the nonzero-quantized ac residuals in P-frames correspond to nonflat areas that are in motion, temporal and texture masking are exploited at the same time. We also propose embedding the watermark in nonzero quantized ac residuals with spatial masking capacity in I-frames. Since the locations of the nonzero-quantized ac residuals is lost after decoding, we develop a watermark detection algorithm that does not depend on this knowledge. Our video watermark detection algorithm has controllable performance. We demonstrate the robustness of our proposed algorithm to several different attacks.      

一种抗H.264压缩的低比特率视频水印算法

为了解决H.264压缩视频版权保护问题,提出一种新的低比特率视频水印算法。根据H.264中DCT系数分布特点,通过系数的符号编码,水印信息被嵌入到I帧DCT量化系数中。引入量化失真补偿的办法,降低了水印嵌入时引起的视频失真。水印检测时采用了符号相关检测思想,不需要原视频作参考,实现了盲检测功能。实验结果显示,新算法在保证较小视频失真的同时,能够很好地抵制H.264压缩攻击。     

基于H.264的AAQIM水印算法*

针对网络视频传输过程中的版权保护问题,提出基于H.264的自适应活性量化索引调制(AAQIM)水印算法,以块的活性为载体信号,引入自适应机制,采用一个区域嵌入一位水印信息,使误差被块的几个系数分担。实验表明,水印具有良好的不可见性,对后续帧影响小,对重编码、加噪及滤波等攻击具有很强的鲁棒性;水印的提取不需要原始视频,算法简单、调制方便,能够满足实时要求,有较高的实用性。     

稳健局部特征非下采样小波域数字水印

目的 基于数字水印技术的音乐作品版权保护是学术界的研究热点之一,多数数字音频水印方案仅仅能够对抗简单的常规信号处理,无法有效抵抗破坏性较强的一般性去同步攻击。为此,提出了一种基于稳健局部特征的非下采样小波域数字水印算法。方法 利用非下采样小波域平滑梯度检测算子从载体音频中提取稳定的音频特征点,结合数字音频样本响应确定局部特征音频段,采用量化调制策略将数字水印信号重复嵌入局部特征音频段中。结果 选取4段典型的采样频率为44.1 kHz、量化精度为16 bit、长度为15 s的单声道数字音频信号作为原始载体进行测试,并与经典算法在不可感知性和鲁棒性两方面进行对比。结果表明,本文算法在含水印音频与原始载体音频间的信噪比平均提升了5.7 dB,同时常规攻击和去同步攻击下的平均检测率分别保持在0.925和0.913,高于大多数传统算法,表明了本文算法具有较好的不可感知性。在常规信号处理（MP3压缩、重新量化、重新采样等）和去同步攻击（幅度缩放、随机剪切、音调伸缩、DA/AD转换、抖动等）方面均具有较好的鲁棒性。结论 本文利用描述能力强且性能稳定的平滑梯度刻画局部数字音频性质,提出一种基于平滑梯度的非下采样小波域音频特征点提取方法,有效解决了音频特征点稳定性差且分布极不均匀的缺点,提高了数字音频水印对音调伸缩、随机剪切、抖动等攻击的抵抗能力。     

人眼视觉特性与SIFT相结合的视频双水印算法

针对视频水印容易遭受几何攻击以及水印的鲁棒性与透明性的平衡问题,提出一种基于人眼视觉特性与尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）相结合的抗几何攻击视频双水印算法。首先获取视频序列中人眼视觉掩蔽阈值作为水印的最大嵌入强度。其次,将视频帧进行离散小波变换（DWT）,对中高频子带系数提出基于视频运动信息的自适应水印算法;针对低频子带,提出基于小波低频系数统计特性的抗几何攻击视频水印算法。最后,以SIFT作为触发器判断视频帧是否遭受几何攻击,对遭受几何攻击的视频帧利用SIFT的尺度与方向不变性进行校正,并对校正后的视频帧提取水印信号;针对非几何攻击的视频帧,直接利用中高频提取算法。所提算法与实时性视频水印算法——基于小波域直方图的视频水印（VW-HDWT）算法比较,峰值性噪比值（PSNR）提高了7.5%;与基于特征区域的水印算法相比,水印嵌入容量提高约10倍。实验结果表明,在保证水印透明度较好的情况下,所提算法对常规几何攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

MCDCT-TF based video watermarking resilient to temporal and quality scaling

Heterogeneity among the end using display devices and corresponding varying system requirements make scalable version of H.264/AVC standard more popular. Existing watermarking based authentication system may not be suitable well for this new extension, because the scalability property of the codec may itself is perceived as an attack popularly known as content adaptation attack. In this paper, a blind scalable video watermarking scheme is proposed, which is robust against quality and temporal scalability. In the proposed scheme, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based temporal filtering and wavelet based spatial filtering is used for choosing suitable watermark embedding zone. Experimental evidences are provided to justify the improved robustness of the proposed scheme over existing related watermarking schemes. The visual quality of the watermarked video has also been evaluated to show the efficiency of the proposed scheme.     

时空特征分析结合随机密钥的压缩域数字视频水印嵌入和提取方法

针对现有水印嵌入和提取算法对滤波、压缩和噪声条件较为敏感的问题,提出了一种鲁棒的基于时空特征的压缩域数字视频水印嵌入和提取方法。提出的框架由一个公共密钥和一个私有密钥组成,用于阻止自我共谋攻击。算法对视频进行时空分析,并从压缩视频的时空特征中提取公共密钥,在本质上具有鲁棒性。首先,利用一个随机密钥从事先选取的块集合中选取候选块,进而确保水印框架的安全;然后基于压缩视频的时空特征选取出适合嵌入水印的4×4子块;最后,利用非零量化系数嵌入水印位。该水印框架允许视频位速率有限增加,并且降低了计算的开销。实验结果显示,相比其他几种对比方法,提出的方法具有较强的鲁棒性和安全性。     

基于分集技术的抗线性共谋攻击的视频水印方案*

针对视频水印中存在的线性共谋攻击问题,通过分析线性共谋攻击的数学模型,基于通信分集技术建立了一个有效抵抗线性共谋攻击的视频水印设计框架,并根据该框架提出了一种新的能够有效抵抗线性共谋攻击的空域自适应视频水印方案。理论分析和实验结果表明,该方案不仅对剪切、帧去除、帧插入、帧重组以及不可察觉的几何变形具有很好的鲁棒性,而且能够有效地抵抗线性共谋攻击,同时对H.264压缩也具有较好的鲁棒性。     

RDWT domain statistical watermark detector using FRHFMs magnitudes and bivariate Cauchy-Rayleigh distribution

Imperceptibility, robustness and data payload, which are complimentary to each other, are widely considered as the three main properties vital for any image watermarking systems. It is a challenging work to design a statistical model-based multiplicative watermarking scheme for achieving the tradeoff among three main properties. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical image watermarking scheme by modeling local redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) and fast Radial harmonic Fourier moments (FRHFMs) magnitudes with bivariate Cauchy-Rayleigh distribution. Our image watermarking scheme consists of two parts, namely, embedding and detection. In the embedding process, RDWT is firstly performed on the host image and RDWT highpass subbands are divided into non-overlapping blocks. Then FRHFMs are computed on RDWT coefficient blocks. And finally, the watermark signal is inserted into robust RDWT-FRHFMs magnitudes through a non-linear multiplicative approach. In the detection process, robust local RDWT-FRHFMs magnitudes are firstly modeled by employing bivariate Cauchy-Rayleigh distribution, which can capture accurately both marginal distributions and strong dependencies of local RDWT-FRHFMs magnitudes. Statistical model parameters are then estimated effectively by the method of logarithmic cumulants (MoLC) approach. And finally, an image watermark detector for multiplicative watermarking is developed using bivariate Cauchy-Rayleigh model and locally most powerful (LMP) test. Also, we utilize the bivariate Cauchy-Rayleigh model to derive the closed-form expressions for the watermark detector. After performance testing and comparison with the experimental results of existing methods, the proposed statistical image watermarking method has achieved relatively ideal results in terms of robustness, imperceptibility and data payload.

     

MPEG-4码流中的数字水印

基于视频码流内嵌入数字水印典型系统H&G算法的基础,提出了在MPEG-4码流中嵌入数字水印的一种新算法。该算法在MPEG-4视频流中,根据局部图像特性调整水印嵌入的局部强度以达到水印鲁棒性的最大化和视频质量影响的最小化;同时构造了具有纠错功能的水印信息并且在水印信息提取过程中采用了信号合并技术得到了较高的正确率。计算机试验表明此算法与嵌入水印前的原视频图像相比,嵌入水印后的视频图像信噪比损失很小.并证明信号合并技术具有很好的提取水印能力。