Enhanced optical properties of ZnS–rGO nanocomposites for ultraviolet detection applications

In this research, fabrication and characterization of ultraviolet (UV) detectors based on zinc sulfide–reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite with the focus on the wurtzite structure of zinc sulfide was carried out. The nanoparticles of ZnS were synthesized using chemical deposition method and annealed at 500?°C under flow of argon. X-ray diffraction pattern showed that ZnS with the wurtzite phase was formed at 500?°C. Here, rGO as a unique material with similar properties to graphene such as high electron transport was used in order to improve the optical properties of ZnS. For this purpose, rGO was added to ZnS with three different weight percentages of 5, 10 and 15. Scanning electron microscopy showed that ZnS nanoparticles were well placed in rGO sheets. The UV–visible spectra of the synthesized composites showed that with increasing rGO in composite, light absorption is increased. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra also showed that with increasing the percentage of rGO the generation of electron-hole in composite was increased and PL peak was enhanced. The effect of elevated generation of electron-hole pairs was apparent in optoelectrical properties of fabricated UV detectors based on the sample with higher concentration of rGO in composite. For this sample, the response time was decreased to 310 ms, and the sensitivity to UV irradiation was increased by 7.7 times.     

Synthesis of new vanadium cordierite pigment by sol–gel processing

Abstract

A new ceramic pigment with the cordierite high temperature structure was synthesised by sol–gel processing. A small region of a solid solution phase was detected containing <5 wt-%V₂O₅ . The crystallisation behaviour and thermal stability of the pigment was studied. Unit cell parameters, crystallite size, and the phase constitution of calcined powders were determined by X-ray diffraction. The xerogel powders were studied by thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The compositions of fired samples were obtained by inductively coupled plasma analysis and the L ^*a^*b^*colour parameters were measured.     

Correlating the microstructure of Mn–Zn ferrite with magnetic noise for magnetic shield applications

Many sensitive atomic devices require magnetic shield to reduce external magnetic field interference. Mn–Zn ferrites are optimistic candidates for shielding because they provide a high shielding factor and a low magnetic noise. This study evaluated the magnetic noise of Mn–Zn ferrite magnetic shield based on its grain size. The morphologies of Mn–Zn ferrite samples were characterized to establish a correlation between their grain sizes and magnetic permeability, which can be used to calculate magnetic noises. The correlation was then used to evaluate the shielding performance of another Mn–Zn ferrite, where the magnetic noise of the magnetic shield made from the ferrite was calculated to be 2.53 f ^−1/2fT. The magnetic noise of the magnetic shield was also measured experimentally using a spin-exchange relaxation-free atomic magnetometer. The measured magnetic noise of ferrite shield was 2.61 f ^−1/2fT, while the white noise of the atomic magnetometer was 0.71 fT/Hz^1/2 below 100 Hz. The consistency between the experimental results and predicted values suggests the viability of the proposed approach, providing a convenient, efficient, and precise method for developing ferrite ceramics materials for low-noise magnetic shields.     

Preparations and characterizations of Ca doped Ni–Mg–Mn nanocrystalline ferrites for switching field high-frequency applications

Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn spinel ferrites with compositions of Ni_0·5Mg_0·3Mn_0.2Ca_xFe_2-xO₄ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were prepared via sol-gel auto-ignition technique. TGA/DTA, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and VSM were employed to evaluate the thermal, spectral, structural, morphological, and magnetic features of Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn spinel ferrites. TGA/DTA curves show the weight loss in the sample. This weight loss was attributed to the oxidation and decomposition of the sample contents at a temperature of 500 °C. XRD reveals a single-phase structure of the Ni–Mg–Mn nano ferrites. A single-phase orthorhombic structure was confirmed for Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn ferrites. Structural parameters such as lattice parameter, ‘da’, ‘db’, ‘dc’, and ‘dv’ were evaluated using unit cell software. The absorption peaks at 427 to 538 cm^?1 confirmed the spinel structure, which was evaluated using FTIR. FESEM analyses showed that the agglomerations increased with the doping of Ca in Ni–Mg–Mn ferrites. Remanence, Y–K angles, saturation, coercive force, magnetic squareness, magnetic moment, and anisotropy constant were determined for Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn spinel ferrite samples. It is noticed that saturation increases from 29.157 to 51.322 emu/g, whereas remanence increased from 5.34 to 9.40 emu/g, respectively. The permeability, anisotropy constant, and magnetic moments were also found to increase with Ca doping. However, the Y–K angles increased with Ca concentration in Ni–Mg–Mn nano ferrites. In addition, the switching field distribution (SFD) and high-frequency response of all the Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn samples were also evaluated. Ca-doped Ni–Mg–Mn samples are suggested to be suitable for switching, filters, inductors, and microwave absorption applications because of the superparamagnetic nature of the prepared spinel ferrites.     

Synthesis and characterizations of BNT–BT and BNT–BT–KNN ceramics for actuator and energy storage applications

Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of 0.93Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃–0.07BaTiO₃ (BNT–BT) and 0.93Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃–0.06BaTiO₃–0.01K_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃ (BNT–BT–KNN) ceramics were studied in detail. An XRD analysis confirmed the single perovskite phase formation in both the samples. Room temperature (RT) dielectric constant (ε_r) ~1020 and 1370, respectively at 1 kHz frequency were obtained in the BNT–BT and BNT–BT–KNN ceramics. Temperature dependent dielectric and the polarization vs. electric field (P–E) studies confirmed the coexistence of ferroelectric (FE) and anti-ferroelectric (AFE) phases in the BNT–BT and BNT–BT–KNN ceramics. Substitution of KNN into the BNT–BT system decreased the remnant polarization, coercive field and the maximum strain percentage. The energy storage density values ~0.485 J/cm³ and 0.598 J/cm³ were obtained in the BNT–BT and BNT–BT–KNN ceramics, respectively. High induced strain% in the BNT–BT ceramics and the high energy storage density in the BNT–BT–KNN ceramics suggested about the usefulness of these systems for the actuator and the energy storage applications, respectively.     

Flexural strength of glass–ceramic for structural applications

In order to characterise the design strength of an innovative type of glass–ceramic with a view to structural applications, 4-point-bending and Ring-on-Ring biaxial bending tests have been performed. Strength is comparable with that of tempered glass but remarkably, the material breaks into large pieces like annealed glass. Interpreted through Weibull-type probability distributions, the data show much lower dispersion with respect to glass. Additional tests performed at different load rates have allowed an evaluation of the effects of static fatigue. Using a phenomenological model of equivalent-crack growth, a method is presented to calculate the decay of strength with loading time. As expected, this material is proven to be less sensitive than glass to this type of degradation.     

Synthesis and characterization of thiophene-based donor–acceptor type polyimide and polyazomethines for optical limiting applications

In this communication we describe the design and synthesis of four new conjugated polymers (P1–P4) based on 3,4-ditetradecyloxythiophene. The required diamine monomer was prepared by a unique catalyst-free reduction process using hydrazine hydrate. The structures of the intermediates and polymers were established by FTIR, ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Molecular weights of polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) method. Their electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and linear optical properties were determined by UV–Visible absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopic techniques. Further, their nonlinear optical properties were evaluated by Z-scan technique using Nd:YAG laser. These polymers showed strong optical limiting behavior with two-photon absorption (2PA) coefficients of the order of 10^?10 m/W, which are comparable to that of good optical limiting materials reported in the literature. Also, it has been observed that the optical nonlinearity enhanced with the increase in donor–acceptor strength of the polymer backbone.     

Synthesis of yellow pyridonylazo colorants and their application in dye–pigment hybrid colour filters for liquid crystal display

Nine yellow azo dyes were designed and synthesised by using different diazo components and pyridonyl coupling components for application in dye–pigment hybrid colour filters for liquid crystal displays. The synthesised dyes were characterised by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. The thermal stability was examined by thermogravimetric analysis, and solubility was estimated in industrial solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and propylene glycol methyl ether acetate. The dyes, which exhibited suitable physical properties for use in a dye–pigment hybrid colour filter, were fabricated into colour filters, and their optical properties were measured.     

Synthesis and characterization of Cu–doped Cs2KBiBr6 double perovskite phosphors for photoluminescent applications

In the present study, we report on the synthesis and photo-luminescent applications of hexagonal double perovskite Cs₂BIBiBr₆ (where BI = K, Li) doped with Cu ²⁺ ions. Powder XRD patterns were used to confirm the formation of single-phase compounds. Near-UV light was significantly assimilated by localized excitations focused on Bi ³⁺ ions in the host lattice. Only very faint photoluminescence was detected in the undoped host lattice, while energy transfer from Bi ³⁺ to Cu ²⁺ causes immense green photoluminescence in copper-doped materials. A photoluminescence emission peak was obtained at 415 nm for Cs₂KBiBr₆. PL peaks were gradually red-shifted to higher wavelengths of 417 nm and 419 nm for Cu-doped Cs₂ Li_0.5K_0.5BiBr₄Cl₂ and Cu-doped Cs₂KBiBr₄Cl₂, respectively. Their capacity to modify a phosphor system's excitation and emission spectrum has enhanced these novel classes of material.     

Synthesis and microwave absorption properties of Ni–Zn–Mn spinel ferrites

A series of Ni_0·5?xZn_0·3?xMn_0·2+2xFe₂O₄ ferrites was successfully prepared by the sol–gel autocombustion method. The structure and electromagnetic properties of the powders were characterised by X-ray diffraction, SEM and vector network analysis. The pure powders were formed by heating at 1200°C for 3 h in air, and grain sizes increased as the amount of substitution ranged from x?=?0·0 to x?=?0·25. For samples with x?=?0·1, a minimum reflection loss of ?27·57 dB was observed at 11·0 GHz with the less than ?10 dB absorption bandwidth at 8·0 GHz with 3·8 mm thickness. The results indicate that substitution with Mn and Zn ions can greatly improve the microwave absorption properties of NiFe₂O₄ ferrites.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Mn–Ce–VOx/TiO2 Nanocomposite for SCR of NOx at Low Temperatures: Role of Mn,Ce and V Oxide

Topics in Catalysis - Mn–Ce–VOx/TiO2 (MnCeVTi), Mn–CeOx/TiO2 (MnCeTi) and Mn–VOx/TiO2 (MnVTi) nanocomposites as SCR DeNOx catalysts were synthesized by a modified...     

Electrospinning of polyvinylalcohol–polycaprolactone composite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

Random nanofibrous composite scaffolds of PVA/PCL bilayer were fabricated by electrospinning method. The bilayer nanofibrous scaffolds were subjected to detailed structural, morphological, chemical, and thermal analysis using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and DSC. Morphological investigations revealed that the prepared nanofibers have uniform morphology and the average fiber diameters for bilayer samples A, B, and C are 203, 252, and 244 nm, respectively. The obtained scaffolds have a porous structure with porosity of 77, 89.2, and 78.3 % for bilayer samples A, B, and C, respectively. FTIR analysis ensured complete evaporation of solvent and formation of non-interactive bilayers. Biocompatibility of the membranes was investigated by studying the adhesion of mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts for 72 h, and its enhanced adhesion and proliferation proved its mettle as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering applications.     

Sol–gel preparation of titania multilayer membrane for photocatalytic applications

The main goal of the present study is to prepare a titania membrane with high permeability and photocatalytic activity for environmental applications. In this investigation a mesoporous titania multilayer membrane on alumina substrate is successfully fabricated via the sol–gel processing method. The prepared titania polymeric sol for the membrane top layer has an average particle size of 11.7 nm with a narrow distribution. The resulting TiO₂ multilayer membrane exhibits homogeneity with no cracks or pinholes, small pore size (4 nm), large specific surface area (83 m²/g), and small crystallite size (10.3 nm).The permeability and photocatalytic properties of the titania membrane were measured. The photoactivity of the titania membrane was examined to be 41.9% after 9 h UV irradiation based on methyl orange degradation. This measurement indicates high photocatalytic activity per unit mass of the catalyst. Through multilayer coating procedure, the photocatalytic activity of the membrane improved by 60% without sacrificing the membrane permeation. The prepared TiO₂ photocatalytic membrane has a great potential in developing high efficient water treatment and reuse systems due to its multifunctional capability such as decomposition of organic pollutants and physical separation of contaminants.     

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose nanowhisker-reinforced-poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffold for tissue-engineering applications

Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is a bioresorbable and biocompatible polymer with assorted medical applications. However, remarkable hydrophobicity and nonosteoconductivity have stood as a barrier to limit its applications. The present study aims to modify the bulk characteristics of PCL to develop a polymeric scaffold with adequate structural and mechanical properties to support regenerated tissues. For this purpose, functionalized bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers (BCNW-g-βCD-PCL₂₀₀₀) are synthesized. Reinforcing PCL matrix with 4 wt % of the nanowhiskers resulted in a bionanocomposite with promoted bulk properties. Compared to neat PCL, the obtained bionanocomposite shows improvements of 115 and 51% in tensile strength and Young's modulus, respectively; 20% increase in hydrophilicity; 7% increase in degradation rate; and 6% decrease in crystallinity. Gas foaming/combined particulate leaching technique is used to develop highly porous structures of 86–95% porosity with interconnected macropores of mean pore diameters of 250–420 μm. Porous scaffolds showed compression modulus values of 5.3–9.1 MPa and would have promising applications in regenerative medicine. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48481.     

Processing and characterisation of Pr–zircon pigment powder

Abstract

Praseodymium–zircon pigment powders were successfully prepared at different calcination temperatures with sodium fluoride NaF as mineraliser, using the solid state synthesis method. The powders were characterised using techniques such as XRD, SEM and TEM. Qualitative investigation of the phases using XRD showed the presence of large amounts of unreacted zirconia after calcination at 900 and 950°C, whereas from 1000 to 1200°C zircon was found to be the major phase, together with a small amount of zirconia. Quantitative investigation of phases was carried out using an external standard method. The weight fraction of unreacted zirconia at 1000°C was found to be 0·056. SEM observation of powders exposed at various calcination temperatures indicated the presence of tetrahedral crystals, and this was enhanced by the addition of the NaF mineraliser. TEM observations showed lattice defects and elastic strains in the samples at various calcination temperatures.     

Synthesis and characterization of magnesium–carbon compounds for hydrogen storage

Magnesium (Mg) and carbon (C) compounds were synthesized by ball-milling a mixture of Mg and different graphites with different crystallinities. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray total scattering techniques. Hydrogen storage properties were also investigated. In the case of the material using low-crystalline graphite, a Mg and C compound was formed as main phase, and its chemical bonding state was similar to that of magnesium carbide (Mg₂C₃). The hydrogen absorption reaction of the Mg–C compound occurred at around 400 °C under 3 MPa of hydrogen pressure to form magnesium hydride (MgH₂) and the C–H bonds in the carbon material. The hydrogenated Mg–C material desorbed about 3.7 mass% of hydrogen below 420 °C with two processes, which were the decomposition of MgH₂ and the subsequent reaction of the generated Mg and the C–H bonds. From the results, it is concluded that the Mg–C compound absorb and desorb about 3.7 mass% of hydrogen below 420 °C.