Application of silica-based pigments in water-borne acrylic paints and in solvent-borne acrylic paints

The amorphic silica, Syloid 244 was modified using N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Pigments based on the silica carrier were obtained by coupling the organic dye, C.I. Reactive Blue 19 to the modified surface of the silica. The adsorption process was conducted in an aqueous suspension of the silica, supplemented with the dye. An extent of modification was evaluated using infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Structural and microscopic properties of the product were examined as were the zeta potential and the particle size distribution. The specific surface area was estimated using a BET approach. The efficiency of the adsorption process and the effects of the amount of dye and type of dye, on the final product, were determined. Moreover, the stability of the chemical bonds that were formed between the dye and the carrier was examined in elution tests. The pigments obtained were tested in water soluble binders and in organic solvent-solubilised acrylic paints.     

New waterborne acrylic binders for zero VOC paints

The development of a waterborne acrylic binder that can be formulated into zero VOC paints requires the tuning of film formation under difficult conditions, hardness, and flexibility properties. To meet these requirements, a model of the ‘ideal’ film was developed and polymers were synthezised to comply with this model. The choice of particle size and glass transition temperature (T _g) of the polymer phases were the key parameters in producing the desired film morphology. However, to ensure good mechanical properties, it was also crucial to optimize the interaction between the polymer phases by varying both the polymer composition and the stabilization of the latex. Presented at XXVIIIth FATIPEC Congress, organized jointly by the Hungarian Chemical Society (MKE) and the Polish Association of Chemical Engineers (SITPCHEM), in Budapest, Hungary, June 12–14, 2006.     

Linear bases for spectral reflectance functions of acrylic paints

A linear model for representing reflectances has been developed from a group of 5574 samples of acrylic paint on paper. Using acrylic paints makes easy the generation of a large variety of samples by mixing, due to the high miscibility among these kinds of pigments: this point was the key to achieve a great spatial homogeneity in our samples. Besides, these kinds of paints keep their chromatic properties stable over time. The first 7 vectors of the so-called overall linear basis were sufficient for a more than adequate mathematical representation of the spectral-reflectance curves. A study by hue groups of the mathematical properties of these curves indicates that the use of a hue basis of representation implies, on the average, a reduction in 1 or 2 of the number of vectors needed in order to achieve results analogous to those of the overall basis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 23, 39–45, 1998     

我国丙烯酸树脂漆的进展

本文详细介绍了我国丙烯酸树脂漆的发展状况，尤其对溶剂型丙烯酸树脂漆、水性丙烯酸树脂漆、无溶剂型丙烯酸树脂漆作了系统阐述，并且对该产品的发展作了展望。     

Substituted benzotriazole as UV absorber for paints

Substituted benzotriazoles were synthesised from 4-amino-3-nitro benzophenone and couplers such as β-Naphthol (BN), p-Cresol (PC) and 2,6-xylenol (XY). The reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The products were characterised by melting point, ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectra. Stabilising action of prepared 2-(5-Benzoyl-2H-benzotriazol-2yl)-4methyl phenol, 2-(5-Benzoyl-2H-benzotriazol-2yl)-4,6-dimethyl phenol and 2-(5-Benzoyl-2H-benzotriazol-2yl)-naphthol for protecting paint against photo-oxidation was examined by a QUV weatherometer. The effect of exposure on the properties of paints such as gloss, whiteness and yellowness was evaluated. Results show that paints containing prepared UV absorbers (UVA) possessed better stabilising effects against photo-oxidation than those employed on standard paints available in the market.     

Preparation and evaluation of linseed oil based alkyd paints

Alkyd resins are produced with reaction of oil or fatty oil, polyol and polyacid. Alkyd resins are commonly used in coating and paint industry due to ease of application in changing environmental conditions. Linseed oil based paints executed all requirements of technical properties, drying time, storage properties, simplicity in maintenance, appearance, economy, etc. In this study, linseed oil based alkyd resins having different oil contents were synthesized     

分散染料防尘油的研制和应用

以矿物油和自合成的乳化剂为主要原料研制成分散染料防尘油,并对其应用性能进行了测试。该产品的各项应用性能完全达到了进口同类产品的质量指标,并在一定程度上使分散染料的高温分散性得到改善。     

Alkyd-acrylic hybrid systems for use as binders in waterborne paints

Alkyd-acrylic hybrids were prepared by polymerizing acrylic monomers in the presence of colloidal alkyd droplets. Polymerization in the presence of alkyd caused a retardation of the polymerization through radical delocalization following radical transfer to the unsaturated groups of the fatty acids in the alkyd. The conversion could be raised to nearly 100% by adjusting the reaction conditions. The application properties of hybrids prepared according to this method could be varied over a broad range by changing either the acrylic part, the alkyd part or their ratio. The homogeneity of the hybrids differed from blends of acrylic dispersions and alkyd emulsions, as was shown by the minimum film formation temperature (MFFT). A good film formation was found without the use of co-solvents. Mixing of alkyd and polyacrylate on microscale, however, could not be determined. In some cases a true synergistic behaviour was observed, where the hybrid had properties superior to those of the acrylic polymer and the alkyd.     

Nanoparticles as antifungal additives for indoor water borne paints

There are nanotechnology-based materials that can be used as antimicrobial additives in different applications such as water-borne paints. Antimicrobial paints are important tool in order to avoid indoor biological colonization and therefore prevent paint bio-deterioration and health problems in people and pets. These paints would have application in kitchens, bathrooms and hospitals. The present study evaluated the incorporation of silver (of two different sizes), copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles in indoor waterborne paints and the bio-resistance imparted by them. The antifungal activity of nanoparticles is a less studied topic in relation to the antibacterial activity but is no less important from the environmental point of view. Molds that grow in indoor environments contribute significantly with bioaerosol formation and therefore on air contamination and human health deterioration. In this sense, this research evaluated the nanoparticles’ antifungal activity using previously isolated fungi, Chaetomium globosum and Alternaria alternata, on solid medium. Then, the bio-resistance of acrylic paints, with nanoparticles incorporated, was evaluated in Petri dishes and observations were made using scanning electron microscopy. The better results were obtained with the paint that contained silver with the smaller size (10 nm).     

Potential use of different agroindustrial by-products as supports for fungal ellagitannase production under solid-state fermentation

Ellagitannase is a novel enzyme responsible for biodegradation of ellagitannins and ellagic acid production. Ellagic acid is a bioactive compound with great potential in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This work describes the ellagitannase enzyme production from partial purified ellagitannins as inducers by Aspergillus niger GH1 grown on solid-state fermentation. Solid-state fermentation was carried out on four different lignocellulosic materials (sugarcane bagasse, corn cobs, coconut husks and candelilla stalks) as matrix support and production of ellagitannase enzyme was evaluated. All lignocellulosic materials were characterized in terms of water absorption index and critical humidity point. The best lignocellulosic materials for ellagitannase production were sugarcane bagasse and corn cobs (1400 U L⁻¹ and 1200 U L⁻¹, respectively). The lowest values were obtained with candelilla stalks (500 UL-1). The highest specific productivity was obtained with corn cobs (2.5 U mg⁻¹ h⁻¹) which enable increase ellagitannase productivity up to 140 times. Corn cobs have great potential as support matrix for production of fungal ellagitannase in SSF.     

坡缕石/聚乙二醇/丙烯酸水凝胶的表征及其对阳离子染料的吸附性能

采用红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜对辉光放电电解等离子体引发制备的坡缕石/聚乙二醇/丙烯酸(PGS/PEG/AA)水凝胶的结构和形貌进行了表征.研究了其对阳离子型染料亚甲基蓝、结晶紫、孔雀石绿和罗丹明B的吸附行为,考察了pH值、吸附时间对吸附性能的影响,同时探讨了可能的吸附机理.结果表明,PGS、PEG和AA发生接枝共聚形成水凝胶,组分间相容性好,表面呈现褶皱和深浅不均匀的孔洞;吸附的最佳pH值为6.2左右,吸附时间为3h,吸附动力学符合准二级模型,阳离子染料在PGS/PEG/AA上的吸附是由离子交换、氢键、范德华力等共同作用的物理化学过程.     

Potential for carrying dyes derived from spalting fungi in natural oils

Wood colored internally by fungi has long been used by woodcrafters and artisans as a substitute for synthetic dyes. Recent advances in the field of spalted wood have led to methods by which the fungal dyes can be extracted from either a fungal solution or colonized wood and then reapplied to clear wood. This takes the “guess work” out of spalting, as well as the time necessary for fungal colonization; however, it requires organic solvents like dichloromethane, which are toxic and not readily available to consumers. Herein, the authors show that the dyes can be successfully carried and blended together (to increase the range of colors) in a range of natural oils. The blue–green dye of Chlorociboria species, called xylindein, carried best in raw linseed oil, the red dye of Scytalidium cuboideum performed best in Danish oil, although more dye could be carried in raw linseed oil, and the yellow dye of Scytalidium ganodermophthorum performed best in walnut oil. The ability to carry and mix these dyes in easily purchased, nontoxic oils opens up their use to woodworkers who seek to follow the traditions of spalted wood, but do not have the skills or time to work with live fungal cultures or fungal dyes suspended in toxic organic solvents.     

丙烯酸酯橡胶的耐热性和耐油性

介绍了以丙烯酸酯橡胶为基础,含有季铵盐和硬脂酸钠两种硫化体系的橡胶A-1和A-2在ASTM№1、ASTM№3腐蚀性油介质中,在100℃-150℃高温老化条件下所发生的质量、体积溶胀、硬度、压缩永久变形及回弹性等性能变化。此外还详细介绍了利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对橡胶材料结构进行研究的结果。     

Aluminum compounds as additional crosslinkers for air-drying high-solids alkyd paints

Aluminum compounds, especially complexes of alcohols, are known as additional crosslinkers for air-drying alkyd paints. Particularly, the drying behavior of high-solids alkyd systems applied under adverse conditions may be improved distinctly. Besides the ether- and peroxy-crosslinks resulting from oxidative drying, coordinative crosslinking occurs. However, exterior weathering of paint films containing Al-complexes frequently results in severe embrittlement. In order to cope with these problems, drying and aging of alkyds and Al-complexes were investigated. All ligands in the complex appeared to get lost during drying, a probable cause of poor weathering performance. Using specially developed alkyd paints for Al-compounds, possible ways of controlling embrittlement are discussed. P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands. P.O. Box 3, 2170 BA Sassenheim, The Netherlands.     

Alkylaminoanthraquinones as dyes for polypropylene fibres

The synthesis of a series of 1-alkylaminoanthraquinones is described. In general, dyeing properties and light fastness of these compounds on unmodified polypropylene fibres improves with increase in length of the alkyl chain. The presence of the n-octadecylamino group is particularly advantageous and a range of new dyes containing this substituent is described.     

Direct coloration of textiles with photochromic dyes. Part 1: Application of spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyester,nylon and acrylic fabrics†

1,3,3‐Trimethylspiroindoline‐2,3′‐3H‐naphth[2,1‐b][1,4]oxazine ( 1a ) and 6′‐piperidino‐1,3,3‐trimethylspiroindoline‐2,3′‐3H‐naphth[2,1‐b][1,4]oxazine ( 1b ) were applied as disperse dyes to polyester, nylon and acrylic fabrics. Under optimised dyeing conditions, photochromic fabrics were produced which, on irradiation with ultraviolet or exposure to sunlight, turned blue ( 1a) or blueish‐purple ( 1b ). Dye 1a showed enhanced photochromic colour change performance compared with dye 1b . The photochromic colour build was highest on nylon and lowest on acrylic fabric. The colour change properties and the technical performance (wash fastness and photostability) of the photochromic fabrics were evaluated using specifically adapted colour measurement methods. The data were analysed in terms of variation of lightness, a*, b*, chroma, hue angle and ΔE, colour difference before and after exposure, and K/S curves as a function of irradiation time. The fabrics generally showed good wash fastness. Although the colour build‐up decreased with exposure to the Xenotest fadeometer, some residual photochromism remained after prolonged exposure.     

Studies on quinoline type dyes and their characterisation studies on acrylic fabric

Nitrogen heterocyclic fluorescent compounds and their possible dyeing pathway on acrylic fabrics was investigated. Their chemical spectral properties, including fluorescence and ultraviolet–visibility, were evaluated in this work. The colour fastness properties of these dyes attributable to light reflection and washing were examined. The CIE L*, a* and b* values after the dyeing process were studied and the colour fastness properties were also determined. Two quinoline derivatives showed stronger fluorescence properties and were also demonstrated to be non‐cytotoxic towards human HaCaT skin keratinocytes at a reasonable dose. These results led to speculation that these two compounds could be further used as dyes in various textile applications.