Effect of Starch Sources on Properties of Extrudates Containing DDGS

Various levels of DDGS (20, 40, and 60% wb) were blended with starch sources (cassava, corn, and potato), and other ingredients to produce an iso-nitrogenous feed (28% protein) at varied moisture contents (15, 20, and 25% wb). The feed blends were extruded in a single-screw extruder at a preset screw speed of 130 rpm (13.6 rad/s) with three temperatures profiles 90–100–100°C, 90–120–120°C, and 90–140–140°C. The effect of these variables on processing conditions (extruder torque and die pressure) and other extrudate properties (expansion ratio (ER), unit density (UD), color (L*, a*, and b*), sinking velocity (SV), water absorption, water solubility, and pellet durability indices (PDI)) were analyzed. For all the three starch extrudates, changing the levels of DDGS, feed moisture content, and extruder barrel temperature had a significant effect on SV, PDI, a*, and b* values at α = 0.05.     

OPTIMIZATION OF THE FERMENTATION PARAMETERS OF HONEYBUSH TEA (CYCLOPIA)

The effects of elevated fermentation temperatures (60, 70, 80 and 90C) on the extract and leaf color, as well as the organoleptic quality of Cyclopia maculata and C. intermedia, and the effect of flowers on the quality of C. intermedia were studied. Color development increased with increasing fermentation temperature while the water soluble solid and pofyphenol contents of the extracts decreased (P < 0.05) over the fermentation period resulting in higher L* values. Fermentation at 70C for 60 h and 90C for 36 h produced the best flavored tea. Fermentation at 90C for 36 h produced optimal development of the desired dark-brown leaf color and dark red-brown extract color. Longer fermentation times are necessary for fermentation at 60, 70 and 80C. The color of dried fermented tea containing flowers had higher L*, a* and b* values (P < 0.05) than tea without flowers. Extracts prepared from material containing flowers had higher b* values (P < 0.05) and more soluble solids (P < 0.05), but contained less polyphenols (P < 0.05). Flowers gave the tea a sweeter aroma (P < 0.0001) and flavor (P < 0.0001) and subsequently a better overall quality (P < 0.0013) than when manufactured in midsummer when no flowers were present.     

Improving low fat meatball characteristics by adding whey powder

In this study whey powder (WP) at levels of 0%, 2% and 4% was added to beef meatballs formulated with 5%, 10% and 20% fat levels. Raw and cooked meatballs were analyzed for protein, fat, moisture, ash and pH. Meatballs were evaluated for cooking characteristics, juiciness, colour parameters (L*,a*,b*) and sensory properties. Addition of WP did not affect fat and protein contents of meatballs. Addition of 2% or 4% WP significantly increased cooking yield regardless of the fat level. Both fat level and WP level significantly affected fat retention values of meatballs. Incorporating WP had no effect on meatball juiciness. Addition of WP increased fat and moisture retention of meatballs. Twenty percent fat resulted in higher L* and lower a* values. Adding WP resulted in higher L* values but WP had no effect on a* and b* values. WP had no detrimental effect on sensory properties.     

Changes in color parameters of corn kernels during roasting

Changes in color parameters (L*, a*, b*, ΔE*, h°, and C* values) of corn during roasting were investigated and subsequently described using mathematical models. Corn kernels were roasted for 50 min at 160, 180, 200, 220, and 240°C. The L*, b*, h°, and C* values tended to decrease more rapidly as the roasting temperature and time increased up to 220°C and 50 min, whereas a* and ΔE* values tended to increase. Variation of L* and ΔE* values was found to be proportional to the roasting temperature and time. Variation of L* value during roasting above 180°C was adequately described by a first-order model. Cubic model satisfactorily described changes in all of color parameters over the temperature range. Activation energies of L* and ΔE* values were determined as 34.04 and 79.16 kJ/mol, respectively. Results suggest that L* and ΔE* values may be used as color control indicators during roasting of corn kernels.     

吸湿对不同干制方式下枸杞粉活性成分及色泽变化的影响

探讨晒干、烘干和冻干对枸杞粉吸湿前后多糖、黄酮和类胡萝卜素含量的影响,并采用高效液相色谱法测定了3种干制方式对黄酮类和胡萝卜素类化合物的种类和含量的影响,研究吸湿前后的色泽变化。结果表明:相同干制方式下,枸杞粉吸湿后多糖和类胡萝卜素含量均显著降低(p<0.05);黄酮含量显著升高(p<0.05),其中阿魏酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸含量减少,而槲皮素、芦丁含量增大;3种干制方式的枸杞粉吸湿后的L*、a*、b*值较吸湿前均显著降低(p<0.05)。不同干制方式下,冻干枸杞粉的多糖和类胡萝卜素含量均高于其他两种干制方式,而烘干枸杞粉黄酮含量最高;其色泽参数显示,吸湿前:烘干>晒干>冻干,吸湿后:冻干>烘干>晒干。综合而言,吸湿对不同干制方式下枸杞粉活性成分的保留及色泽均有不利影响。     

挂面的理化特性和感官质量研究

采集全国28家企业的60份普通挂面样品,测定其理化特性、烹调特性、感官质量,分析挂面产品质量现状,比较不同小麦产区间挂面质量的差异,研究质量要素间的关系。结果表明,挂面理化特性变异较大,感官质量整体较好,色泽和食味的差异是挂面感官差异的主要方面。与南方冬麦区相比,北方冬麦区的挂面含水率较低,色泽偏黄,煮后面条的黏性、食味及总分较高。在一定范围内(色泽b*值≤18.06、烹调吸水率≤197.2%、煮面10 min后鲜重≤27.4 g),熟面条的色泽、硬度和黏性评分分别随着挂面b*、吸水率和煮面10 min后鲜重的提高而改善,但超过该范围会对面条评分产生负向作用。挂面灰分含量和烹调吸水率对色泽评分有显著影响,可以用来预测面条色泽。色泽L*均匀性、煮面10 min后鲜重和灰分含量分别与面条硬度、弹性和光滑性评分呈负相关关系,影响显著。理化和烹调特性中的色泽a*值对面条感官总分影响最显著。     

坛紫菜干品色差测定条件的优化研究

坛紫菜具有很高的营养价值,其品质与色泽密切相关,坛紫菜干品的色差研究有利于其优质化和标准化加工。以坛紫菜干品为研究对象,采用单因素和L₉(34)正交试验确定色差最佳测定条件,以L*、a*、b*值及变异系数为指标,研究光照强度、温度、湿度、背景色和坛紫菜干品片数对色差测定结果的影响。结果显示,坛紫菜干品色差测定的最佳条件为,光照强度为黑暗、温度为15℃、低湿度(40%以下)、白色背景及坛紫菜片数为4张,在该条件下坛紫菜干品的L*、a*、b*值变异系数分别为0.41%、2.08%、2.07%。适宜测定条件有利于提高坛紫菜干品色差测定的稳定性,可为坛紫菜干品色差测定提供技术上的支持。     

Effects of Carbon Monoxide Packaging on Color and Lipid Stability of Irradiated Ground Beef

ABSTRACT: The effects of packaging atmosphere (aerobic, vacuum, or modified atmosphere with carbon monoxide) on ground beef treated with ionizing radiation were investigated. Measurements of color (CIE L*, a*, b*), lipid oxidation (TBA value), and sensory quality were conducted during 28 d of storage at refrigerated (0 to 2°C) temperatures. Irradiation significantly ( p > 0.001) decreased color scores and increased TBA and off-odor scores. The MAP + CO treatments increased the L* and a* values ( p < 0.001), regardless of irradiation dose. The TBA values for MAP + CO-packaged samples were well below the levels considered "rancid" (about 1.0). In addition, sensory scores indicated minimal production of irradiation off-odors with MAP + CO packaging.     

Effect of temperature and fruit-moisture content on discolouration of dried, sulphured Bon Chretien pears during storage

Summary Discolouration of Bon Chretien pears which had been treated with sulphur dioxide and which had moisture contents of either 16, 18 or 20%, was monitored during storage at 4, 7, 10 and 20 °C. Colour was quantified in terms of CIE L*, a*, b*, hue and chroma. L* was used to predict quality retention. Discolouration was categorized as a decrease in all colour parameters, except a* which increased with storage. Measurement of L* showed that only fruit at 16% moisture content and stored at T ≤ 10 °C retained their original colour. The rate of change in overall colour was observed in the following order at 20 °C, 20% > 18 > 16% moisture content. Fruit with 18 and 20% moisture content could be stored at 10 °C for at least 140 weeks without changing their quality grading. Storage at 20 °C shortened this period to 60 and 27 weeks for fruit at 18 and 20% moisture content, respectively.     

EFFECT OF DRYING CONDITIONS ON THE QUALITY OF HONEYBUSH TEA (CYCLOPIA)

The effect of drying conditions on the color of the leaves and extracts, polyphenolic content of the extracts and sensory properties of honeybush tea (Cyclopia intermedia and C. genistoides) was determined. Controlled drying (40C, 6 h) as opposed to traditional sun-drying did not affect extract color, aroma, taste and mouthfeel (P > 0.05), but resulted in a darker leaf color (lower L* values) (P < 0.05), while sun-drying gave higher a* values (P < 0.05), indicative of a more reddish color. Drying temperature (40, 50, 60 and 70C) did not affect (P > 0.05) leaf (L* and b*) and extract (L*, a* and b*) color values of both specie. Lower a* values (P < 0.05) were obtained for C. genistoides drying at 60 and 70C compared to those at 40C. Drying rates of C. genistoides species were lower than those for C. intermedia. Taste and overall flavor of C. intermedia were not affected by drying temperature (P > 0.05) at 70C but resulted in a less sweet aroma compared to drying at 50C (P < 0.05).     

蒙顶黄芽不同加工工序中色泽变化与品质相关性研究

研究不同加工工序制成的蒙顶黄芽干茶、汤色及叶底色泽,并进行色素成分检测及品质审评,分析干茶、汤色及叶底色泽L*a*b*值与各审评因子得分、色素含量、品质总分的相关性,为黄茶闷黄程度及色泽的评价提供一定的参考依据。以蒙顶黄芽加工过程中的茶样为试验材料,采用色彩色差计CR410测定干茶、汤色及叶底的L*a*b*值,再与干茶、汤色、叶底得分做显著性分析,与茶色素、叶绿素及品质总分做相关性分析。结果表明,干茶L*、a*、b*值与干茶色泽审评得分呈显著或极显著相关（P<0.05, P<0.01）,茶汤L*、a*、b*值与汤色审评得分均呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,其相关系数分别为?0.93、0.97、0.93,叶底L*、a*、b*值与叶底得分均呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,其相关系数分别为?0.96、0.97、0.98;干茶、汤色及叶底的L值与茶色素含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,a*、b*值与茶色素含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;干茶、汤色及叶底的L*值与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,a*、b*值与叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。蒙顶黄芽感官品质与L*、a*、b*值及色素之间的相关性表现为:与干茶 L *值、汤色L *值、叶底L *值、叶绿素a*、叶绿素b*含量均呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与干茶a*b*值、汤色a*b*值、叶底 a*b*值及茶色素含量均呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.05, P<0.01）,除干茶a*值外,相关系数均在0.80以上。本试验表明,就各审评因子及品质总分而言,采用色泽Lab值测定方法可为黄茶色泽与品质相关性研究提供一定的理论基础。     

Cooked Color in High pH Beef Patties as Related to Fat Content and Cooking from the Frozen or Thawed State

Beef patties were processed from high pH (>6.0) beef to contain 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25% fat. Patties were cooked to 71°C from the frozen or thawed state before evaluating color. Neither fat content nor state of patties when cooked exerted any major influence on color, but linear effects (p<0.01) in association with increased fat content included higher L* values and hue angles and lower a* values (15.2% reduction). Higher values for L*, b* (but not for 5% fat patties), and hue angles were observed for patties cooked thawed rather than frozen. The use of high pH beef lessened the effects of increased fat and cooking from the thawed state on increased brown color in cooked patties.     

Measuring pork color: effects of bloom time, muscle, pH and relationship to instrumental parameters

To evaluate factors affecting pork color, the gluteus medius (GM), longissimus lumborumetthoracis (LT), semimembranosus (SM), biceps femoris (BF), and triceps brachii (TRI) muscles from pork carcasses of varying ultimate pHs were allowed to bloom for 30 min. L*, a*, and b* values, hue angle, chroma and visual color were determined. Color was evaluated using HunterLab (illuminants A, C, D(65) and F) and Minolta (illuminants C and D(65)) Spectrocolorimeters. LT had the highest L* value (51.31; TR=39.93) and hue angle (59.36; TR=46.94), and the lowest a* (7.52; TR=12.88) value. L* value was unaffected by bloom time; hue angle stabilized after 5 min, a* and b* values after 10 min and chroma after 20 min. Using the Minolta/illuminant D65, visual color best correlated with b* and L* values (r=-0.94 and -0.89) of LT. Using the Hunter/illuminant C, visual color correlated with L* value of LT, GM, BF and SM (r >-0.90 for each). Overall, the instrumental measure that best related to visual color was L* value.     

烤烟表面颜色的量化及其与胡萝卜素类物质的关系

为揭示我国不同产区烤烟颜色特征差异的成因,采用L*a*b*均匀颜色空间的颜色表征方法对我国11个省60个产烟县的C3F烟叶进行了测量分析,并研究了烤烟颜色的色空间分布指标与类胡萝卜素含量的关系。结果表明:①我国不同产区烤烟颜色的色空间指标明度L*、红度a*、黄度b*、色饱和度c*及类胡萝卜素类物质差异明显,东南烟区烟叶的明度、黄度和色饱和度较低,红度较高,类胡萝卜素含量较低,叶黄素比例较高;长江中上游和西南烟区烟叶的明度、黄度和色饱和度较高,红度相对较低,类胡萝卜素含量较高;北方烟区烟叶的明度相对较高,色饱和度相对较低,类胡萝卜素含量较低。②烤烟类胡萝卜素类物质与颜色色空间分布指标关系密切,随类胡萝卜素含量的提高,红度、黄度、色饱和度等指标均呈现出显著上升趋势,明黄度比值呈显著下降趋势。     

Influence of source and quality on the color characteristics of annatto dyes and formulations

Annatto dyes containing different strengths of bixin, norbixin and their formulations such as water-soluble liquid, and oil soluble liquid were measured for L*, a* and b* in a Hunter color meter and the Yellow (Y) and red (R) units in a Lovibond tintometer. Seed source and dye purity had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the color characteristics L*, a*, b* and Y and R units of bixin/norbixin dyes and their formulations. These characteristics behaved independently when different dyes diluted to a common concentration of 50 mg bixin or norbixin/L. However, when individual bixin/norbixin dyes serially diluted L*, b* decreased and a* values increased with increase in concentration of bixin/norbixin. Similarly the increase in concentration of bixin/norbixin have shown decreasing trend on Y/R values due to increase in R-values in the tintometer. It has been observed that a* and R units generally increased with increase in concentration, and L* and b* values decreased and Y values are almost constant in both the bixin and norbixin dyes. However the b*/a* values showed lower values in bixin dyes and higher in norbixin dyes. Similarly R-values were higher in bixin dyes when compared to norbixin dyes.     

干面条色泽影响因素的相关性分析

为了明晰影响小麦粉及面条色泽的因素,分别测定了面粉灰分、蛋白质、类胡萝卜素、微量元素、游离酚含量及多酚氧化酶活性等指标,并在此基础上,分析了面条色泽与这些指标以及面粉色泽的相关性。结果表明,面条的L^*、a^*、w值与小麦粉的L^*、a^*、w值完全对应呈高度显著正相关(P<0.01,r=0.865、r=0.834、r=0.701),小麦粉的色泽可以很好地预测面条的色泽;小麦面条b^*值与灰分、类胡萝卜素、游离酚、Cu元素含量及多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性呈高度显著正相关,而面条的w值与这些因素呈高度显著负相关。通过逐步回归分析得出,灰分、类胡萝卜素和游离态酚类物质是综合影响小麦面条色泽的因素。该研究筛选影响面条色泽的因素,将为面条生产过程中的品种挑选、色泽控制及小麦品种改良育种提供理论指导。     

冷却猪肉新鲜度的色差快速分析评价方法

为了得到冷却猪肉新鲜度的变化规律,本研究以冷却猪肉里脊部分为研究对象,进行球蛋白沉淀实验、感官评价、pH值、水分含量、肉浸液以及肌肉表面颜色值测定。结果表明：球蛋白沉淀实验、pH值能够较好地反应肉品新鲜度的变化,色差分析符合一定的规律：肌肉表面色差测定中,20℃条件下,a*变化与贮藏时间显著相关(P＜0.05),L*变化显著(P＜0.05);4℃条件下,b*、C变化与贮藏时间极显著相关(P＜0.01),L*值与pH值极显著相关(P＜0.01);对于肉浸液,L*、b*、C、ΔE*均发生显著性变化(P＜0.05),20℃条件下L*、b*、C、ΔE*与贮藏时间和pH值显著相关(P＜0.05),而4℃条件下,L*、C、ΔE*与贮藏时间显著相关(P＜0.05),L*、a*、b*、C、ΔE*值与pH值极显著相关(P＜0.01);冷链过程中,当L*高于48.73、a*高于4.72、b*高于9.18时可认定冷却肉为新鲜肉。     

纸片型1-MCP处理对安溪油柿果实采后生理和贮藏品质的影响

研究了纸片型1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）处理对安溪油柿果实采后生理和贮藏品质的影响。采后安溪油柿果实用1.35 μL/L的1-MCP处理12 h后,在（20±1）℃、相对湿度85%下贮藏。结果表明：与对照相比,1-MCP处理能有效降低采后安溪油柿果实呼吸强度;抑制果实表面色度a*值、b*值、C*值、L*值和色调角h的变化,抑制果皮叶绿素含量下降和类胡萝卜素含量上升,降低果实转红指数,并保持较好的果实外观色泽;此外,1-MCP处理能保持较高的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总糖、蔗糖、还原糖质量分数和VC、单宁含量,减少果实质量损失。因此认为,1.35 μL/L纸片型1-MCP处理可有效延缓采后安溪油柿果实后熟衰老、改善果实贮藏品质。     

Assessment of the coloring strength of brevibacterium linens strains: spectrocolorimetry versus total carotenoid extraction/quantification

Brevibacterium linens is a major component of red-smear cheese microflora and imparts color to the cheese rind. The present study was done to evaluate carotenoid contents in 29 strains of this bacterium and to relate the color of the strains to the carotenoids present. A spectrocolorimeter was used to determine the color, and the carotenoid contents were determined by spectrophotorimetric measurement at 450 nm. Regression analysis was carried out on the color values a*, b*, and C* to determine which color value could be used to express the contents of carotenoids in B. linens biomass. The C* color value appeared to be the best estimate for correlation.     

添加亚麻籽粉和番茄粉对鸡肉香肠品质特性的影响

研究亚麻籽粉添加量（0%、3%、5%）、番茄粉添加量（0.0%、1.5%、3.0%）和贮藏时间（4 ℃贮藏1、14、21、28 d）对鸡肉香肠理化特性和感官特性的交互作用。结果表明：亚麻籽粉和番茄粉的添加显著降低了鸡肉香肠亮度值（L*）、pH值、亚硝酸盐残留量和水分含量（P＜0.05）,显著提高了黄度值（b*）、蛋白质、碳水化合物、灰分和总膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）;亚硝酸盐残留量在贮藏期间下降;亚麻籽粉的加入使鸡肉香肠中亚麻酸含量增加;添加3%以上的亚麻籽粉对鸡肉香肠的感官评定参数具有负面作用;亚麻籽粉×番茄粉交互作用对鸡肉香肠的水分含量、灰分含量、L*、红度值（a*）、b*、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、亚硝酸盐残留量、pH值、脂肪酸组成及感官评分均具有显著影响（P＜0.05）,亚麻籽粉×番茄粉×贮藏时间交互作用对鸡肉香肠的L*、a*、b*、TBARs值、亚硝酸盐残留量和pH值均具有显著影响（P＜0.05）。