一种低复杂度的HEVC码率控制算法

针对HEVC视频编码中帧层比特分配和率失真模型参数自适应更新,提出了一种改进的码率控制算法.该算法引入牛顿法来自适应更新率失真模型的参数;同时提出一种帧层复杂度度量方法,利用图像自身的内容特性来调整帧层比特分配;最后在编码过程中选择合适的量化参数.实验结果表明:与参考算法比较,该算法能大大降低计算复杂度,同时保持良好的码率控制性能,对含有场景突变的视频改进效果尤为明显.     

A bit allocation scheme for a class of embedded wavelet video encoders

In this paper, we investigate bit allocation strategies for a class of embedded wavelet video encoders. They take advantage of the precise control that such coders have over the bit-rate of each frame. We first show that a piecewise-linear model suits the rate × distortion characteristics of these encoders better than an exponential model, specially in low bit-rate applications. Then, we use an effective iterative procedure for dealing with the problem of frame dependency which yields improved rate × distortion results. Two types of embedded wavelet coders, using scalar and vector quantization, are tested. The results are encouraging, showing that the adoption of an adequate rate-control strategy can improve both objective and subjective quality of video sequences encoded using such embedded wavelet video encoders.     

Quantization of 3D-DCT Coefficients and Scan Order for Video Compression

This paper proposes a technique for generating the quantization values for 3D-DCT coefficients. The distribution of AC coefficients inside a transform cube is characterized by two regions, theshifted complement hyperboloidand theshifted hyperboloid,which capture the dominant and the less significant coefficients, respectively. An exponential function is used to determine the appropriate quantization values for the two regions. A quantization volume for the 3D-DCT is generated by using the function. The paper also describes a novel procedure for deriving the scan order for the quantized 3D-DCT coefficients. The proposed quantization volume has been tested on various standard test video sequences. The experiments show that the 3D-DCT video compression using the proposed quantization values produce high compression ratios with good visual quality for the reconstructed video frames. If desired, the parameter settings of the function can be further tuned for better visual quality. The proposed scan order was also found to be superior, in terms of compression ratio, to the 3D zig zag approach, which is an extension of the traditional 2D zig zag.     

Multiscale modeling and estimation of motion fields for videocoding

We present a systematic approach to forward-motion-compensated predictive video coding. The first step is the definition of a flexible model that compactly represents motion fields. The inhomogeneity and spatial coherence properties of motion fields are captured using linear multiscale models. One possible design is based on linear finite elements and yields a multiscale extension of the triangle motion compensation (TMC) method. The second step is the choice of a computational technique that identifies the coefficients of the linear model. We study a modified optical flow technique and minimize a cost function closely related to Horn and Schunck's (1981) criterion. The cost function balances accuracy and complexity of the motion compensated predictor and is viewed as a measure of goodness of the motion field. It determines not only the coefficients of the model, but also the quantization method. We formulate the estimation and quantization problems jointly as a discrete optimization problem and solve it using a fast multiscale relaxation algorithm. A hierarchical extension of the algorithm allows proper handling of large displacements. Simulations on a variety of video sequences have produced improvements over TMC and over the half-pel-accuracy, full-search block matching algorithm, in excess of 0.5 dB in average. The results are visually superior as well. In particular, the reconstructed video is entirely free of blocking artifacts.     

基于改进型Weibull密度分布的H.264视频率失真模型研究

通过对视频信源的统计分析,本文提出一种改进型Weibull密度分布,并据此密度分布建立一个新的率失真模型。文章通过使用Weibull概率密度函数,逼近实际DCT系数分布,并通过编码熵理论和失真分析,将模型表示成为两个关于视频编码量化步长的函数,即码率量化(R-Q)模型和失真量化(D-Q)模型,进而估计编码码率和量化失真。仿真结果表明,该密度分布比Cauchy密度分布更逼近于实际视频序列的DCT系数统计特性,并且该模型较基于Cauchy密度分布的率失真模型能够更为精确地估计实际编码码率和失真性能。      

A novel algorithm and architecture of combined direct 2-D transform and quantization for H.264

This paper proposes a novel high-performance direct 2-D transform algorithm which suitably arranges the data processing sequences adopted in row and column transforms of H.264 CODEC systems to finish the data transposition. Simultaneity, this paper proposes a new direct 2-D transform and quantization architectures for H.264 video coding standard. The induced new transform and quantization architecture greatly increases the data processing rate and eliminates transform multiplication and transpose memory, and select different mode and quantization according to AC coefficient, DC coefficient, chrominance block and Luminance block. And this architecture just need to storage one quantization tables for Integer transform and Hadamard transform, but it can do two types of forward transforms and quantization just in one block.     

Operational rate-distortion modeling for wavelet video coders

Based on our statistical investigation of a typical three-dimensional (3-D) wavelet codec, we present a unified mathematical model to describe its operational rate-distortion (RD) behavior. The quantization distortion of the reconstructed video frames is assessed by tracking the quantization noise along the 3-D wavelet decomposition trees. The coding bit-rate is estimated for a class of embedded video coders. Experimental results show that the model captures sequence characteristics accurately and reveals the relationship between wavelet decomposition levels and the overall RD performance. After being trained with offline RD data, the model enables accurate prediction of real RD performance of video codecs and therefore can enable optimal RD adaptation of the encoding parameters according to various network conditions.     

一种H.264时域可伸缩编码的量化参数选择策略

本文提出了一种用于H.264 SVC时域分级编码中的量化参数选择方法。本方法使用H.264 SVC编码处理中的统计数据完成快速视频内容检测。在视频数据出现场景变化时,为较高时域级别的SVC的图像帧设定精细的量化参数,保证参考帧的图像质量,提高SVC编码性能。对不同视频序列的实验表明,所提出的方法在几乎不增加计算量的条件下,可以有效的提高H.264 SVC时域伸缩编码的性能。     

Study on the distribution of DCT residues and its application to R-D analysis of video coding

Quantization errors in discrete-cosine-transform (DCT) video compression are known as DCT residues. Knowledge on their distribution is essential in understanding rate-distortion (R-D) behaviors of generic video coding. Traditional R-D analysis adopted a simplified distortion model. Those distortion models took only quantization parameter into account. They lack adaptability to variation of video sources, as the distribution of coding errors also depends on the statistics of video source. Another common approach models the distribution of DCT residues by fitting experimental data from coded pictures to conjectured statistical distributions, but it did not provide insights into what gives rise to the distribution of DCT residues. This paper intends to quantify the distribution of DCT residues with respect to video source and with respect to the quantization strategy by understanding the quantization of DCT frequency components. Moreover, it is applied to derive an R-D model to show the advantage of the proposed distribution model.     

Rate-distortion driven decoder-side bitplane mode decision for distributed video coding

Distributed video coding (DVC) features simple encoders but complex decoders, which lies in contrast to conventional video compression solutions such as H.264/AVC. This shift in complexity is realized by performing motion estimation at the decoder side instead of at the encoder, which brings a number of problems that need to be dealt with. One of these problems is that, while employing different coding modes yields significant coding gains in classical video compression systems, it is still difficult to fully exploit this in DVC without increasing the complexity at the encoder side. Therefore, in this paper, instead of using an encoder-side approach, techniques for decoder-side mode decision are proposed. A rate-distortion model is derived that takes into account the position of the side information in the quantization bin. This model is then used to perform mode decision at the coefficient level and bitplane level. Average rate gains of 13–28% over the state-of-the-art DISCOVER codec are reported, for a GOP of size four, for several test sequences.     

Quadtree-based non-local Kuan’s filtering in video compression

Transform coding has been widely used in video coding standards, such as H.264 advanced video coding (H.264/AVC) and high efficiency video coding (HEVC). But the coded video sequences suffer from annoying coding artifacts, such as blocking and ringing artifacts. In this paper, we propose the quadtree-based non-local Kuan’s (QNLK) filter to suppress the quantization noise optimally and improve the objective and subjective quality of the reconstructed frame simultaneously. The proposed filter takes advantage of the non-local Kuan’s (NLK) filter to restore the quantized signal in transform domain. Restored coefficients are then projected onto designed quantization constraint sets (QCS). Quadtree-based signaling strategy is used at the end of QNLK for adaptive filtering on/off control. Experimental results of QNLK show that the proposed method achieves significant objective coding gain and visual quality improvement, compared with both H.264/AVC high profile and HEVC.     

基于R—Q、D—Q模型的宏块量化因子选择

实现基于标准视频编码过程的一个关键问题是宏块编码模式选择,而选择宏块编码模式控制参量的关键是确定ＤＣＴ系数的量化因子。本文提出了一种基于宏块分类的最佳量化因子选择方法,着重讨论了二个问题：（１）宏块的Ｒ—Ｑ模型和Ｄ—Ｑ模型;（２）引人适当先验假设条件,根据宏块Ｒ—Ｑ、Ｄ—Ｑ模型,建立有限制条件的最优化表达式,得到最佳的分类宏块量化因子。模拟结果表明：与传统方法相比,基于宏块分类的最佳量化因子选择方法一定程度上能减少所需的编码比特。     

A linear rate control model for better target buffer level tracking in H.264

An improved rate control scheme with better buffer level tracking and more accurate mean absolute difference (MAD) prediction for H.264 video encoding is proposed in this work. Compared to the existing H.264 rate control scheme, the proposed scheme gives better buffer regulation with improved peak signal-to-noise ratio for basic unit level rate control. The bits required for encoding header information account for a significantly high percentage of the total bits, especially at lower bit rate and for low motion sequences. A linear relation between coded mean absolute difference and header bits is proposed for achieving effective rate control. The proposed scheme estimates the mean absolute difference adaptively from temporally colocated regions and INTER16x16 mode decision process. The estimated mean absolute difference is then used for calculating the quantization parameter for better target matching. A new linear rate control model is proposed, which works well especially for low motion sequences. The experimental results show that the proposed improvement in rate control algorithm significantly reduces the difference between actual and target buffer level while improving the quality of encoded video sequences.     

Motion-compensated wavelet transform coder for very low bit-rate visual telephony

This paper proposes a new motion-compensated wavelet transform video coder for very low bit-rate visual telephony. The proposed coder sequentially employs: (1) selective motion estimation on the wavelet transform domain, (2) motion-compensated prediction (MCP) of wavelet coefficients, and (3) selective entropy-constrained vector quantization (ECVQ) of the resultant MCP errors. The selective schemes in motion estimation and in quantization, which efficiently exploit the characteristic of image sequences in a visual telephony, considerably reduce the computational burden. The coder also employs a tree structure encoding to represent efficiently which blocks were encoded. In addition, in order to reduce the number of ECVQ codebooks and the image dependency of their performance, we introduce a preprocessing of signals which normalizes input vectors of ECVQ. Simulation results show that our video coder provides good PSNR (peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio) performance and efficient rate control.     

基于TMS320C6416的MPEG-2视频压缩优化方案

针对嵌入式视频编码的实时性问题,给出了MPEG-2视频压缩算法在TMS320C6416DSP上的优化方法,包括基于EDMA的双缓存设计、线性汇编改写以及对量化计算的改进等.测试结果显示,经过优化后的视频压缩速度得到显著提高,压缩D1视频的速度达到43fps左右,满足实时应用需求.     

基于神经网络的量化参数预测研究

在视频有损压缩编码中,量化是为达到压缩视频的目的,将原信号值映射到较小取值范围的过程。一个合适的量化参数(QP)可以在增加压缩效率的同时平衡视频质量和编码复杂度。现有的码率控制算法对运动剧烈及存在场景切换的连续帧控制不精确,视频PSNR值波动大。本文提出一种基于神经网络的视频量化参数选择,利用已编码帧信息对当前帧的量化参数计算进行调整。神经网络模型选取当前帧的目标比特、当前帧的MAD和前一帧编码的QP和实际比特数作为输入,输出值经过反归一化及取整处理对视频进行量化。实验表明,编码时使用该方法进行与H.264/AVC的标准参考软件JM14.2相比,在保证码率精确度和平均PSNR值基本不变的情况下,减小了PSNR的波动。     

Exploiting quantization and spatial correlation in virtual-noise modeling for distributed video coding

Aiming for low-complexity encoding, video coders based on Wyner–Ziv theory are still unsuccessfully trying to match the performance of predictive video coders. One of the most important factors concerning the coding performance of distributed coders is modeling and estimating the correlation between the original video signal and its temporal prediction generated at the decoder.One of the problems of the state-of-the-art correlation estimators is that their performance is not consistent across a wide range of video content and different coding settings. To address this problem we have developed a correlation model able to adapt to changes in the content and the coding parameters by exploiting the spatial correlation of the video signal and the quantization distortion.In this paper we describe our model and present experiments showing that our model provides average bit rate gains of up to 12% and average PSNR gains of up to 0.5 dB when compared to the state-of-the-art models. The experiments suggest that the performance of distributed coders can be significantly improved by taking video content and coding parameters into account.     

MPEG-2全I帧压缩流的高清视频质量客观评价研究

主要研究对MPEG-2全I帧压缩的高清视频码流客观质量评价的方法,对不同码率的全I帧高清测试序列在压缩域进行压缩特征参数码率和平均量化因子的提取,并对其进行加权,得到客观质量评价值。实验结果表明,设计的视频质量客观评价系统得到的结果与主观评价具有较好的一致性,可用于MPEG-2全I帧压缩的高清视频质量评价。     

基于有记忆信源模型的视频编码量化算法研究

针对视音频优化量化算法研究,本文通过模拟最佳软判决量化特点,引入系数间的相关性,在硬判决量化基础上提出一种有记忆信源模型的量化算法.该模型统计了量化块中每个位置编码比特节省估计量,利用贝叶斯二值判别法计算出可区分量化结果的最佳估计阈值,二值做差得到码率节省余量,利用码率节省余量实现对量化偏移量的动态调节,从而优化量化算法.实验表明,基于本文的有记忆信源模型相较于传统硬判决量化有显著性能提升,BD-PSNR有0.0964dB提升,相当于3.5723％码率节省.本文偏移量模型基于离线建模,实时计算所需额外计算复杂度较小,适合硬件编码器架构设计实现.     

Digital Video Bandwidth Compression Using Block Truncation Coding

A technique for bandwidth compression coding of sequential digitized video imagery is presented. The method uses adaptive one-bit quantization over small blocks of space and time. The system includes global registration and motion detection for optimal hit assignments. A comparsion is made with a conditional replenishment technique using a motion compensated predictor described in the literature. The method presented produces reconstructed video sequences filmed from low altitude aircraft with slight degradation which is acceptable for many remote sensing applications at 0.9 bit/pixel data rate. Robust behavior in the presence of channel noise is demonstrated.