室外气候对空气全热交换器运行效率的影响

在对空气全热交换器在上海市冬季和夏季运行效率进行连续实测的基础上,利用湿度势理论,得到了全热交换器运行效率随室外温湿度变化的规律.     

Domestic ventilation with heat recovery to improve indoor air quality

Recently in the U.K., and particularly in Scotland, domestic ventilation systems have been considered as means of reducing condensation in existing housing stock. A simple ventilation model which is suitable for ventilation systems with a heat recovery unit is presented. Using field data of temperature and relative humidity, air supply and extract rates for individual rooms are estimated by applying this model. Unlike conventional systems, extract from bedrooms is considered necessary for the type of dwellings considered to reduce surface condensation.     

用动态模拟方法设计U形地埋管换热器

给出了U形地埋管换热器的数值模型.利用实测数据对比验证了自主开发的模拟软件的准确性.在模拟建筑全年动态负荷的基础上,采用该模拟软件对某地源热泵工程地埋管换热器进行了30年的逐时模拟,确定了埋管方案.指出不能采用单位深度换热量设计地源热泵换热器,必须进行动态模拟.     

地下水渗流作用下地埋管间歇散热特性

为了探求地下水渗流对地埋管换热器间歇运行性能所产生的影响,基于移动的有限长线热源理论模型解析解,利用MATLAB软件编程计算,分析渗流对单钻孔地埋管换热器的影响。同时对比分析了连续和间歇运行情况下其周围土壤的温度响应特征和过余温度场分布特点。研究表明:埋管周围土壤的温度变化是由热流密度、土壤本身的热物性和实际渗流速度耦合作用影响的,而在间歇运行下其因素影响更加明显。     

Impact of adsorbent finishing and absorbent filming on energy exchange efficiency of an air-to-air cellulose fibre heat & mass exchanger

This paper aimed to investigate the impact of two coating methods, namely solid adsorbent (CaCl₂) finishing and liquid absorbent (LiCl) filming, on energy (enthalpy) exchange efficiency of a cellulose fibre air-to-air heat & mass exchanger, through both theoretical analyses and experimental testing. Heat and mass transfer through three types of membrane, i.e., clear fibre and the fibre with adsorbent finishing and absorbent filming, were analysed. This led to the conclusion that the coating on the membrane would help improve energy exchange efficiency of the exchanger. Experimental testing was carried out for the exchangers with the two coatings, and the testing results were compared with the existing data of a clear fibre exchanger. It was found that absorbent (LiCl) filming had larger impact towards the energy exchange than the solid CaCl₂ powder did, and the level of efficiency increase for the two coatings are 25.6% and 15.9%, respectively. However, the inherent problems existing in liquid absorbent system, i.e., complexity of the desiccant cycle and potential air contamination by desiccant solution, limited its wide application in practical engineering, and therefore, the adsorbent finishing is a suitable option for this purpose.     

用子高密度显热机房排热的分离式热管换热器性能优化分析

分析了应用于信息机房空调系统的热管换热器的流程.热管换热器的总驱动温差为室内外温差,单级热管换热器内部制冷剂的恒温特性导致室内换热器和室外换热器两侧热容不匹配、等效热阻较大,可通过增加热管级数来降低换热器的热容不匹配程度,从而降低等效热阻,提高换热效率.     

Experimental investigation of dehumidification process in cooling coil by utilizing air-to-air heat exchanger in humid climate of Iran

Energy recovery systems can be used in HVAC to reduce energy consumption by recovering wasted energy from the exhausted air to pre-cool inlet fresh air. In this paper, experimental study of utilizing cooling coil (CC) and cooling coil combined with heat exchanger (CCHE) has been developed. Considering the different climate zones in Iran, the experimental study has been done for the areas with high humidity content. In each case, the effects of air-to-air heat exchanger (HE) on the sensible and latent cooling load are investigated. The analysis gives the applicability of HE in Iran for various operational conditions to obtain air with lower moisture content. In CCHE systems more latent load quota is allocated in cooling coils and lower air humidity ratio can be obtained. Also in the cities with higher dew point depression (difference between dry-bulb and dew point temperature) more humidity reduction is achieved and the difference between latent load quotas of CCHE system is higher than CC system.     

Temperature ranges of the application of air-to-air heat recovery ventilator in supermarkets in winter, China

Energy consumption is an important issue in China. In heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, more and more commercial buildings use air-to-air heat recovery ventilators as energy saving units for recovering heat from the exhaust air in ventilation systems in current years. In the present paper, critical temperatures of air-to-air heat recovery systems for supermarkets in winter are recommended and discussed for the four cities in different climate zones of China. The analysis shows that the temperature of fresh air in winter can be categorized into three regions, i.e., recovery region, transition region and impermissible recovery region. The results also indicate that the latent heat recovery is not suitable for ventilation energy savings in supermarkets in winter. Meanwhile, the applicability of sensible heat recovery in supermarkets depends on outdoor climate and fresh air flow rate. If a variable rotational speed fan is used to introduce fresh air into the building, heat recovery does always function as planned in winter for all the selected cities except Guangzhou, and most values of the COP are much higher than 2.5. Otherwise, there is the risk of negative impact on building energy savings in all cities except Harbin.     

New counter flow heat exchanger designed for ventilation systems in cold climates

In cold climates, mechanical ventilation systems with highly efficient heat recovery will experience problems with condensing water from the extracted humid indoor air. If the condensed water changes to ice in the heat exchanger, the airflow rate will quickly fall due to the increasing pressure drop.     

直接膨胀式土壤耦合热泵竖直单U形管换热器优化设计

考虑回油模型、换热模型、压降校核模型及制冷剂的热物性参数,建立了竖直单U形管换热器的计算机优化程序.以某工程为例,预测了优化设计参数,并分析比较了优化前后系统的COP、运行费用及初投资.     

Thermal modeling of a greenhouse with an integrated earth to air heat exchanger: an experimental validation

A simplified analytical model is developed to study the year round effectiveness of a recirculation type earth air heat exchanger coupled with a greenhouse located in IIT Delhi, India. The performance of the system was evaluated in terms of thermal load leveling and coefficient of performance. Calculations were done for typical winter and summer day in year 2002. Temperatures of greenhouse air were found to be on an average 6–7 °C more in winter and 3–4 °C less in summer than the same greenhouse when operating without earth air heat exchanger. Predicted and measured values of greenhouse air temperatures exhibited fair agreement.     

Thermal performance of diesel engine exhaust heat recovery system using concentric tube heat exchanger inserts with different porous materials

This paper aims to analyse and improve the thermal performance of a concentric tube heat exchanger using porous material inserts. In this method, two different types of porous materials such as cast iron and mild steel were introduced on the outer surface of the inner tube wall of a concentric tube exchanger. The porous particle improves the convective heat transfer co-efficient between the tube wall and fluid flow surface. Experimentally, it was found that the inserted porous material enhances the heat exchanger effectiveness by 76% for cast iron and 77% for mild steel. The effect of inserting porous particles on the waste heat recovered from the engine exhaust was also investigated in the present study.     

Primary energy implications of ventilation heat recovery in residential buildings

In this study, we analyze the impact of ventilation heat recovery (VHR) on the operation primary energy use in residential buildings. We calculate the operation primary energy use of a case-study apartment building built to conventional and passive house standard, both with and without VHR, and using different end-use heating systems including electric resistance heating, bedrock heat pump and district heating based on combined heat and power (CHP) production. VHR increases the electrical energy used for ventilation and reduces the heat energy used for space heating. Significantly greater primary energy savings is achieved when VHR is used in resistance heated buildings than in district heated buildings. For district heated buildings the primary energy savings are small. VHR systems can give substantial final energy reduction, but the primary energy benefit depends strongly on the type of heat supply system, and also on the amount of electricity used for VHR and the airtightness of buildings. This study shows the importance of considering the interactions between heat supply systems and VHR systems to reduce primary energy use in buildings.     

Analytical and experimental analysis of a low-pressure heat exchanger suitable for passive ventilation

A core element in sustainable ventilation systems is the heat recovery system. Conventional heat recovery systems have a high pressure drop that acts as blockage to naturally driven airflow. The heat recovery system we propose here consists of two separated air-to-liquid heat exchangers interconnected by a liquid loop powered by a pump ideal as a component in a heat recovery system for passive ventilation systems. This paper describes the analytical framework and the experimental development of one exchanger in the liquid-loop. The exchanger was constructed from the 8 mm plastic tubing that is commonly used in water-based floor-heating systems. The pressure loss and temperature exchange efficiency was measured. For a design airflow rate of 560 L/s, the pressure loss was 0.37 Pa and the efficiency was 75.6%. The experimental results agree well with the literature or numerical fluid calculations. Within the analytical framework, the total heat recovery of two liquid-coupled exchangers was calculated to be in the range 64.5–75.4%, depending on the parasitic heat loss in the experimental setup. The total pressure drop of the heat recovery system is 0.74 Pa. Moreover, preliminary improvement calculations promise a future total efficiency of 80% with a pressure drop of 1.2 Pa.     

Condenser heat recovery with a PV/T air heating collector to regenerate desiccant for reducing energy use of an air conditioning room

This paper presents an experimental test along with procedures to investigate the validity of a developed simulation model in predicting the dynamic performance of a condenser heat recovery with a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) air heating collector to regenerate desiccant for reducing energy use of an air conditioning room under the prevailing meteorological conditions in tropical climates. The system consists of five main parts; namely, living space, desiccant dehumidification and regeneration unit, air conditioning system, PV/T collector, and air mixing unit. The comparisons between the experimental results and the simulated results using the same meteorological data of the experiment show that the prediction results simulated by the model agree satisfactorily with those observed from the experiments. The thermal energy generated by the system can produce warm dry air as high as 53 °C and 23% relative humidity. Additionally, electricity of about 6% of the daily total solar radiation can be obtained from the PV/T collector in the system. Moreover, the use of a hybrid PV/T air heater, incorporated with the heat recovered from the condenser to regenerate the desiccant for dehumidification, can save the energy use of the air conditioning system by approximately 18%.     

Membrane heat exchanger in HVAC energy recovery systems, systems energy analysis

The thermal performance of an enthalpy/membrane heat exchanger is experimentally investigated. The heat exchanger utilizes a 60gsm Kraft paper as the heat and moisture transfer surface for HVAC energy recovery. The heat exchanger sensible, latent and total effectiveness have been determined through temperature and moisture content measurements. The annual energy consumption of an air conditioner coupled with an enthalpy/membrane heat exchanger is also studied and compared with a conventional air conditioning cycle using in-house modified HPRate software. The heat exchanger effectiveness are used as thermal performance indicators and incorporated in the modified software. Energy analysis showed that an air conditioning system coupled with a membrane heat exchanger consumes less energy than a conventional air conditioning system in hot and humid climates where the latent load is high. It has been shown that in humid climate a saving of up to 8% in annual energy consumption can be achieved when membrane heat exchanger is used instead of a conventional HVAC system.     

空调热回收热虹吸管换热器工质的试验研究

针对热虹吸管挟热器样机R22和R32两种工质,做了对比试验研究,得到了不同工况下热虹吸管换热器的温度效率,比较分析表明,模拟计算的模型能够较好地反映热虹吸管换热器的能量回收性能,同时试验分析也验证热虹吸管换热器新型工质R32的性能。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of an earth-air heat exchanger

The need to develop new technologies that allow the use of sustainable alternative sources of energy is increasingly evident. Thus, this work presents an experimental and numerical study of earth-air heat exchangers, which are used to reduce consumption of conventional energy for heating and cooling of built environments through the use of thermal energy contained in the soil. The experiment was conducted in southern Brazil in the city of Viamão, and its results were used to validate the computational modeling of heat exchangers. In the present work, the variation of air temperature inside the ducts, to an annual cycle, was investigated. The numerical solution of the conservation equations of the problem is performed with a commercial code (FLUENT) which is based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM). Turbulence is tackled with the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). The transient temperature fields predicted numerically was compared with the experimental ones, the highest difference found was lower than 15%. The results showed the validity and effectiveness of the employed computational model, enabling its use for future researches and projects developments about earth-air heat exchangers.     

Impact of air leakages and short circuits in ventilation units with heat recovery on ventilation efficiency and energy requirements for heating

The impact of unintentional air flows on the performance of ventilation units with heat recovery is discussed on the basis of single room ventilation units. Assuming an external short circuit (outdoor) and internal (inside the ventilation unit) air leakages, which lead to internal short circuits, a model is developed and characteristic numbers for ventilation efficiency, efficiency of heating load reduction and effectiveness of electrical energy use are derived. Differences between supply and extract air flow rates, resulting in increased air flows through cracks in the building envelope, are taken into consideration too. The use of tracer gas techniques to measure air leakage rates from ventilation units is described briefly. It is shown by numerical examples that unintentional air flows can considerably reduce the performance of ventilation units in terms of ventilation efficiency and, in combination with unintentional heat flows through the casing, energy savings. Therefore, these flows should be avoided or at least reduced to an acceptable level by an appropriate construction, manufacturing process and installation of the units.