十年风雨 沐浴阳光——国家发改委能源所可再生能源中心任东明主任专访

国家发改委/世界银行/GEF中国可再生能源规模化发展项目(CRESP项目)一期将要结束,该项目的实施对我国可再生能源的发展产生了很大的影响。为此,本刊就此项目实施情况以及将要进行的项目二期等采访了国家发改委能源研究所可再生能源发展中心主任任东明先生。     

The inter-islamic network or renewable energy sources

The Inter-Islamic Network on Renewable Energy Sourced was established in 1986 to foster cooperative efforts to promote renewable energy technologies among the member otates of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Few OIC countries have the resources to establish and maintain a full programme of training, information, exchange, research and development in renewable energy, but collectively their level of accomplishment can be substanial.     

Multi-criteria decision-making in the selection of a renewable energy project in spain: The Vikor method

One of the characteristics of the Spanish energy system is its high degree of dependence on imports. In 2005, the Spanish government approved the new Renewable Energy Plan in the following sectors: Windpower, Hydroelectric, Solar Thermal, Solar Thermo-electric, Photovoltaic, Biomass, Biogas and Biofuels. The aim of the Plan is to make it possible to reach the target of 12% of primary energy being met from renewable sources by 2010. When selecting one from various Renewable Energy investment projects different groups of decision-makers become involved in the process. Decision-making has to take into consideration several conflicting objectives because of the increasingly complex social, economic, technological, and environmental factors that are present. Traditional single-criterion decision-making is no longer able to handle these problems. The Compromise Ranking method, also known as the VIKOR method, introduces the Multi-criteria ranking index based on the particular measure of “closeness” to the “ideal” solution. In this paper, we apply the method in the selection of a Renewable Energy project corresponding to the Renewable Energy Plan launched by the Spanish Government. The method is combined with the Analytical Hierarchy Process method for weighting the importance of the different criteria, which allows decision-makers to assign these values based on their preferences. The results show that the Biomass plant option (Co-combustion in a conventional power plant) is the best choice, followed by the Wind power and Solar Thermo-electric alternatives.     

Renewable Energy Certificate and Perform,Achieve, Trade mechanisms to enhance the energy security for India

The Renewable Energy Certificate and Perform Achieve Trade mechanisms in India are designed to target energy generation and saving, respectively, in line with Clean Development Mechanism implemented by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Renewable Energy Certificate System is a voluntary regulation in India for renewable energy generators and is designed for effective implementation of inter-state transactions by introducing the Renewable Purchase Obligation regulation for consumers and a flexible trading platform for transactions across the country. Another initiative, the Perform Achieve Trade scheme, is an enhanced energy efficiency trading mechanism based on consumption targets that require large energy user sectors to improve efficiency by 1–2% per year. The Perform Achieve Trade programme has introduced mechanisms for the identification of industry sector, designated customer, specific energy consumption and target setting. The Perform Achieve Trade design issues are in test phase in the first cycle of the scheme which will run from 2012 to 2015. This paper discusses key design issues about boundary and target setting for Renewable Energy Certificate and Perform Achieve Trade energy saving certificate (ESCert) A data sharing and trading mechanism for Perform Achieve Trade is also proposed for review and coordination among regulator, designated consumers and traders in the market.     

Renewable energy planning for India in 21st century

Energy is a vital input for economic and social development of any country. With increasing industrial and agricultural activities in the country, the demand for energy is also rising. Solar, wind and biomass are accepted as dependable and widely available renewable sources of energy. Development of an energy model will help in the proper allocation of these renewables in meeting the future demand of energy in India. The present work deals with the development of an Optimal Renewable Energy Model (OREM) for the effective utilisation of renewable energy sources in India for the year-2020-21. The objective of the Optimal Renewable Energy Model (OREM) was minimising cost/efficiency ratio based on social acceptance, reliability, demand and potential constraints. The OREM model allocated renewable energy sources for different end-uses such as lighting, cooking, pumping, heating, cooling and transportation for the year 2020-21.     

Prof. S. Shcheklein – One of the founders of the scientific and methodical school of energy saving,increasing energy efficiency and hydrogen energy in the Urals

The article gives the main results of scientific and educational activities of a prominent and well-known scientist in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency improvement, hydrogen energy, development of methods and technologies for the use of renewable energy sources, environmentally efficient projects, head of the Department of Nuclear Power Plants and Renewable Energy Sources of Ural Federal University (UrFU), Honored Power Engineer of Russia, Full Member of the International Energy Academy, Dr. Tech. Sciences, Professor Sergei Shcheklein. It is shown the achievements of the Ural Scientific and Methodological School in this area of knowledge, as well as the history of the creation of the first in Russia Department of Energy Saving at UrFU, the Center for the Training and Certification of Specialists in the Field of Energy Saving, the Regional Educational and Methodological Center for Energy Saving. The results of the work of the Interuniversity Coordination Council on Energy Saving in educational institutions of the Ural Region under the Regional Energy Commission of the Government of the Sverdlovsk Region on the implementation of the Energy Saving Program of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation in 1999–2005 are described. The article expounds twenty years of experience in organizing and holding all-Russian, and recently – international student olympiads, youth scientific and practical conferences, exhibitions of scientific and technical creativity of students, graduate students and young scientists on energy and resource saving, renewable energy sources and nuclear energy. We have presented some results of scientific research of the laboratory “Eurasian Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Saving”, created and operated under the guidance of prof. Sergei Shcheklein and described briefly the textbooks published in recent years in the field of hydrogen energy, on the safe use of nuclear energy at modern and promising nuclear power plants, the development of a methodology for calculating complex energy systems based on the use of renewable energy sources, the classification of renewable energy clusters, performed in collaboration and under the guidance of prof. Sergei Shcheklein. Moreover, references to the main federal and regional regulatory documents, scientific publications and educational publications related to the scientist's many years of work in this area, scientometric indicators are given.     

India and renwable energy : A future challenge

India is endowed with a very vast renewable energy potential. Significant progress has been made in development, field trials and commercialisation of several renewable energy technologies. The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources is responsible for formulation of policies, support to R&D and industries and large scale applications. The present paper gives a brief outline of Indian National programme on renewable energy, potential of renewables, achievements, related Government policies and discusses various issues related to financing, large scale dissemination, after sales service etc.     

Additional renewable energy growth through small-scale community orientated energy policies

This paper summarises the energy policies that the UK Government has enacted in order to achieve its renewable targets by 2010. Current policies are designed primarily to support large-scale renewable projects through Renewable Obligation Certificates, Levy Exemption Certificates and capital grant schemes. Non-profit domestic and non-profit community renewable projects are also eligible for grant support. First-hand experience of privately owned renewable projects indicate that existing renewable policy is insufficient in its support of both small-scale and community-based profit oriented renewable energy (RE) schemes. Primary and secondary survey information suggests that people living in regions where RE will be situated may generally be inclined to support broader uses of renewables in these regions. Small-scale renewables can make a significant cumulative contribution to the RE mix. The results reported in this paper support the contention that the Government could go further towards approaching its targets through rural-focused changes to its energy incentive programmes.     

《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》的实施回顾及展望

2006年1月1日国务院颁布实施了《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》,它不仅成为推动我国可再生能源发展的重要法律保障,而且在国际上也产生了积极影响。《可再生能源法》建立了总量目标、强制上网、分类电价、费用分摊和专项资金5项基本法律制度,围绕这5项基本法律制度,形成了支持可再生能源发展,特别是支持可再生能源发电的比较完整的法律和政策体系。同时,重要法律制度和一些规定、规章的实施取得了一定进展,促进了可再生能源的开发利用,对缓解资源瓶颈性约束、应对气候变化做出了巨大贡献。然而《可再生能源法》在实施中也暴露出一些突出问题,如可再生能源开发利用规划同能源规划以及电力、电网规划脱节,可再生能源发电强制上网和全额收购制度难以落实,可再生能源电价附加调配方式不合理等。为此,在法律后评估工作的基础上,全国人大环资委提出了修改《可再生能源法》的相关立法建议,内容包括实行统筹规划,市场配置与政府宏观调控相结合,保证国家扶持资金集中统一使用,形成政府统一调控的可再生能源发展基金。全额保障性收购制度是此次法律修改的最大亮点。2009年12月26日,十一届全国人大常委会第十二次会议表决通过了对修改《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》的决定。     

德国最新《可再生能源法》及其对我国的启示

可再生能源法是推动可再生能源发展的重要制度保障,本文详细介绍了德国最新修订后的《可再生能源法》（EEG-2012）,EEG-2012首次明确了2050年德国可再生能源在电力供应中的份额要达到80％,同时EEG-2012对可再生能源电力的并网、收购、传输、配送等环节,对不同技术类型可再生能源电力的上网电价,对可再生能源发电的平衡方案、信息通报和公开义务、可再生能源发展追踪等都进行了详细和明确的规定.通过对德国EEG-2012的解析和思考,本文提出了对我国可再生能源电力发展的一些重要启示和政策建议.     

Towards improved policy processes for promoting innovation in renewable electricity technologies in the UK

This paper analyses recent, current and potential future relations between policy processes and substantive outcomes in UK low carbon innovation policy, focussing on policies relating to renewable electricity generation technologies. It examines the development of policy processes relating to the adoption and implementation of the Renewables Obligation and how these may affect the current and likely future success of the Obligation in promoting low carbon innovation. It examines the new policy and institutional processes put in place in the 2003 Energy White Paper and argues that these are unlikely to provide the strategic long-term framework needed to realise the ambitious goals for UK energy policy set out in the White Paper. Finally, it outlines some suggestions for further development of policy processes to facilitate improved delivery of these goals, based on guiding principles for sustainable innovation policy processes, developed by the authors and their colleagues.     

Evaluation of green-certificates policies using the MARKAL-MACRO-Italy model

This study evaluates the overall effects of the present Italian Renewable Energy Supply of Electricity (RES-E) obligation and compares the contribution of each expected RES-E to the economic equilibrium mix resulting from computable economic equilibrium scenarios. The impact of the policies has been evaluated by means of a model of the Italian energy–environment system built with the MARKAL/TIMES methodology, which has been developed by the Energy Technology Systems Analysis Project of the International Energy Agency (IEA/ETSAP). Since the development of RES-E helps energy security, climate mitigation and the distribution of energy production revenues across the country, this study evaluates also an alternative scenario assuming a progressive increase of the RES-E obligation. Both scenarios are then compared with the targets fixed for each RES by the Italian White Paper on renewable energy source. Eventually the effectiveness of the RES-E policies implemented through the green-certificate mechanism are compared with the obligation to improve the efficiency of end-use devices fed by electricity and natural gas. Contrary to green-certificates policies, White certificates obligations increase energy security and GDP at the same time, because in principle they force end users to more rational choices.     

ASEAN towards clean and sustainable energy: Potentials,utilization and barriers

This paper reports the outcome of the project on “Capacity building in formulating harmonized policy instruments for the promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in the ASEAN member countries”. With the growing concerns about green house gas (GHG) emission and consequent climate change, renewable energy sources have become more attractive option for electricity generation around the world. Studies have been made on the status of renewable energy potential and utilization, major barriers in promoting renewable energy in ASEAN countries, major energy policies to overcome barriers, and existing renewable energy and energy efficiency policies in ASEAN countries. Paper concludes that ASEAN has not utilized its renewable energy resources anywhere near to the potential. Analysis found that the key factor that has to be amended is “policies and regulations in renewable energy and energy efficiency” at both country level and regional level. But, ASEAN is not yet ready for the full harmonization of the policies. However, it recommends that, with the project outputs it is possible to focus on the specific policy instruments common to most of the member countries, such that it could use to augment ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) initiatives.     

Greenhouse education: Just Hot Air?

One approach to increase the interest in science at schools is to show how science and technology relate to human or societal issues. Climate change as a result of the Greenhouse Effect and renewable energy are two issues which have strong links to the physical sciences and interest can be generated by relating the solution of environmental issues to the need of sound science training to comprehend these problems. The Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Renewable Energy (ACRE) was established by the Commonwealth Government to promote renewable energy and Greenhouse Gas abatement technologies. ACRE’s research and development programs aimed at realising the widespread implementation of alternative energies. It plays an important role in the communication of information about these technologies to the public and school students. This paper will look at some of the solar energy and Greenhouse Gas workshops and their outcomes, that have been developed and put to trial by the schools and community education project within ACRE in Western Australia, to help motivate interest in the physical sciences, technology and the environment.     

RE down under: The future looks bright

The Australian renewable energy industry enjoyed the most dramatic year of expansion in its history during 2001. Renewable energy generation grew rapidly, a number of new technologies matured through the research and development stage, the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target legislation came into force in April 2001, and investors and developers flooded into the sector. Martin Walsh, Manager Renewable Energy Development, Australian Greenhouse Office presents an update on developments “down under”.     

引入国际先进经验 助推可再生能源规模化发展——国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所王仲颖副所长专访

中国可再生能源规模化发展项目(CRESP)一期已经圆满结束,本刊记者就项目在推动我国可再生能源发展中的作用和影响,专访了国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所王仲颖副所长。王副所长认为,CRESP项目一期是我国规模最大的可再生能源领域国际合作项目,CRESP项目的成功实施,弥补了我国可再生能源技术和经验的不足,推动了我国可再生能源的规模化快速发展。CRESP项目的成功经验,值得在其他的国际合作项目中借鉴和推广,其已成为世界银行在发展中国家实施可再生能源项目的典范。     

Sustainable energy expos 2003

IIR Exhibitions is holding an Asian version of its successful UK event this year. Sustainable Energy Expo 2003 is being held again at Olympia from 21–23 October. As last year Energy Efficiency Expo 2003 will run alongside this as well as a brand new Environmental Solutions Expo. Conferences will run along side the expos again this year, with the Renewable Power Association holding its annual event and the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) also present holding its Sustainable Futures Committee Conference. Sustainable Energy and Energy Efficiency Asia is taking place on 18–19 November 2003, bringing the international energy industry to Singapore to deliberate the advances in renewable energy and energy efficiency in Asia. The high level conference programme, organized by ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) and IIR Exhibitions Pte Ltd covers all the renewable energy options including solar, wind, bio-energy, hydropower and geothermal. For more information on the UK show visit: www.sustainable-energy.info and for the Asian show visit: www.sustainablenergyasia.comThis is a short news story only. Visit www.re-focus.net for the latest renewable energy industry news.     

城市中未利用能源在建筑空调系统中的应用 （一）分类与应用形式

根据建筑空调用能的特点,结合现代空调热泵技术分析城市中未利用的自然能源、废热排热等低品位能源的应用问题。对尚未被充分开发利用的城市环境中的排放废热、来自江河湖海及城市排水的温差能等(国外文献也有称之为“未利用能源”)等进行分类解说。介绍日本的应用状况并结合国内的发展动态,论述了这些未利用的低品位能源在建筑暖通空调领域的应用范围和前景。     

What lessons have been learned in reforming the Renewables Obligation? An analysis of internal and external failures in UK renewable energy policy

Despite operating a delivery programme for RES-E since 1990, UK targets and policy goals have not been achieved. In response, the Government reformed the RO. This article re-examines UK renewable energy policy by analysing the internal and external failures of the various mechanisms to determine if Government has learnt from previous experience in reforming the RO. Government did not learn from their own actions during the NFFO/RO transition, evidenced by high-levels of similarity in internal/external failures. The reformed-RO is expected to significantly increase deployment, has provided a ‘renewables package’ by comprehensively addressing both internal/external failures but major internal failures (price/financial risk) still remain, resulting in contiguous failures over two decades and two mechanism changes (NFFO, RO, RO/reformed-RO). Success will again be heavily dependent on a select few technologies and new/untested measures to combat external failures. Mechanism-extension to 2037 is probably the single most important factor underlying potential deployment increases. However, introducing a FIT-like system via the sheer number of ‘bolt-on’ reforms to counter policy failures indicates loss of direction and clarity. Overall, although Government appears to have learnt some of its lessons from the past two-decades, significant doubt remains whether renewable energy policy objectives will be met via the latest mechanism change.     

Wind energy status in India: A short review

Renewable energy represents an area of tremendous opportunity for India. Energy is considered a prime agent in the generation of wealth and a significant factor in economic development. Energy is also essential for improving the quality of life. Development of conventional forms of energy for meeting the growing energy needs of society at a reasonable cost is the responsibility of the Government. Limited fossil resources and associated environmental problems have emphasized the need for new sustainable energy supply options. India depends heavily on coal and oil for meeting its energy demand which contributes to smog, acid rain and greenhouse gases’ emission. Last 25 years has been a period of intense activities related to research, development, production and distribution of energy in India.Though major energy sources for electrical power are coal and natural gas, development and promotion of non-conventional sources of energy such as solar, wind and bio-energy, are also getting sustained attention. The use of electricity has grown since it can be used in variety of applications as well as it can be easily transmitted, the uses of renewable energy like wind and solar is rising. Wind energy is a clean, eco-friendly, renewable resource and is nonpolluting. The gross wind power potential is estimated at around 48,561 MW in the country; a capacity of 14,989.89 MW up to 31st August 2011 has so far been added through wind, which places India in the fifth position globally. This paper discusses the ways in which India has already supported the growth of renewable energy technologies i.e. wind energy and its potential to expand their contribution to world growth in a way that is consistent with world's developmental and environmental goals. The paper presents current status, major achievements and future aspects of wind energy in India.