核壳型自交联聚丙烯酸酯乳液的成膜性能

运用粒子结构设计原理,合成了核壳型自交联聚丙烯酸酯乳液,并对其成膜性能进行了考察,探讨了温度、乳化剂及胶乳结构对成膜性能的影响,研究表明,成膜温度、乳化剂、胶乳结构,包括核壳比例,交联单体比例都对成膜的性能有直接的影响。成膜的最佳条件是成膜温度在80℃,乳化剂用量为4%(质量分数),核壳比1∶1,交联单体的用量10%为(质量分数)。     

核壳型氟硅改性丙烯酸酯乳液的合成与膜性能

采用核壳乳液聚合法合成了氟硅改性丙烯酸酯核壳乳液并对其膜性能进行了系统研究。通过交联基团改性、硅改性、氟改性等手段,合成了核直径约100 nm~150 nm、壳厚度约40 nm~60 nm的粒子大小较均匀的核壳乳液。结果表明,使用5%（质量分数）乙二醇丁醚作为乳液的成膜剂可以改善成膜附着力;通过γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三...     

聚合工艺对核壳型丙烯酸酯乳液性能的影响

采用间歇法、半连续滴加法和预乳化半连续滴加法等种子乳液聚合工艺,制备了核壳型丙烯酸酯乳液,研究了聚合工艺对乳液性能以及漆膜力学性能的影响,并用激光纳米粒度仪和透射电镜(TEM)对乳胶粒子进行了表征。结果表明,当丙烯酸质量分数为4%,核、壳层中甲基丙烯酸甲酯与丙烯酸丁酯的质量比分别为3∶7和7∶3,核壳总单体质量比为1∶1,核层和壳层反应温度分别为70℃和80℃时,采用预乳化半连续滴加法可以合成黏度适中、乳胶粒径小且分布均匀、稳定性好和漆膜力学性能优良的核壳型丙烯酸酯乳液。     

核壳结构丙烯酸酯共聚物的制备及对聚碳酸酯的增韧

采用半连续乳液聚合方法制备了聚丙烯酸丁酯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PBA/PMMA)核壳结构乳液,经处理制得丙烯酸酯共聚物(ACR),再用ACR对聚碳酸酯(PC)进行增韧改性。研究了引发剂用量、乳化剂配比和用量、交联单体的用量对聚合物乳液的影响,以及ACR含量、核壳比、乳化剂用量和交联单体等对共混物力学性能的影响,并用扫描电镜对共混物冲击断面形貌进行了研究。实验结果表明,随乳化剂用量的增大,乳胶平均粒径减小。在乳化剂用量一定时,随乳化剂中OP-10的增加,乳胶平均粒径增大。在核壳结构乳液中核壳质量比为75/25,交联单体用量为8%,乳化剂用量为3%的条件下,共混物中ACR质量分数为6%时,共混物缺口冲击强度最大,使用交联单体二甲基丙烯酸丁二醇酯(BDDMA)的共混物缺口冲击强度是使用交联单体二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EGDMA)的共混物缺口冲击强度的2倍。随着ACR含量的增加,PC/ACR的缺口冲击强度增加,拉伸强度和弯曲强度略有下降。扫描电镜表明,ACR在PC/ACR中分散粒径大于乳胶粒径。     

遮盖型空心乳液的合成及性能研究

采用半连续滴加方法合成了P (MMA-BA-MAA)为核、P(St-BA-MA)为壳的核壳乳液,通过碱溶胀法后处理得到空心乳液.详细研究了核壳比、中和度和单体组成对空心乳液遮盖性能的影响.利用透射电镜表征了空心乳液的微观结构,用动态光散射测定了乳液的粒径及其分布.结果表明,随着核壳比和中和度的提高,空心乳液的遮盖能力增强,当核壳比为1:8,中和度为40％时,乳液遮盖性能较佳,超过时遮盖力下降.同时单体组成也对乳液遮盖能力有较大影响,当MAA在种子单体和核单体的质量比为2:2,BA与St质量比为1/10时,白度最高,达94.40.     

季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯改性纯丙乳液的合成和性能研究

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸丁酯为主单体,季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯为功能单体,采用间歇乳液聚合法,合成了具有网状交联的新型核-壳结构丙烯酸酯乳液。 经 FTIR 分析改性后,乳液在 3442 cm-1处出现—OH 吸收振动峰,1735 cm-1处 C O 吸收峰加强。 TEM 图片表明,改性后乳液粒子呈核-壳结构形态;改性后乳液膜的耐水性和力学性能有较大改善,吸水率降低了 21. 7% ,抗张强度由 0. 25 MPa 增加至 0. 46 MPa,断裂伸长率增加了 35. 8% ;耐热性也有较大提高,改性后聚合物 5% ,30% 和 50% 的热失重温度分别提高了 35,53,88 ℃ 。     

具有核壳结构的自交联硅丙乳液的制备与性能

通过种子乳液聚合法制备了以丙烯酸丁酯(BA)-苯乙烯(S t)共聚物为核,甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MM A)-苯乙烯(S t)-乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷(VTES)为壳的水性自交联乳液。用旋转黏度仪研究了乳液的流变性能。对所得乳胶膜进行了交联度和力学性能的研究,结果发现,随着VTES含量的增大,其交联度明显提高;pH值越小,膜的交联越充分,力学强度越高;核-壳组分质量比越小,乳胶膜的拉伸强度越大。     

核壳型PTFE/P(MMA-BA)乳液的合成及性能研究

以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)乳液作为种子乳液进行乳液聚合,成功合成了以PTFE为核和以甲基丙烯酸与丙烯酸丁酯共聚物[P(MMA-BA)]为壳的核壳型PTFE/P(MMA-BA)乳液。通过红外光谱、透射电镜和热重等方法表征了乳液和乳胶膜的性能。结果表明:单体转化率都在95%以上,且乳液稳定性较好;在PTFE含量为10%时,乳液涂层在丁晴橡胶(NBR)表面的附着力达到4B等级,具有较好的粘着性;乳液胶膜的耐热性能随着PTFE含量的增加而增加,其最高分解温度为360℃。通过调节PTFE与单体总量的比例可以控制乳液颗粒的粒径,制备具有较好稳定性的单分散性乳液。乳液胶膜在NBR表面的附着力性能主要由软/硬单体的比例和PTFE含量决定;乳液颗粒增长过程遵循核-壳增长机理。     

具有过渡层的新型核壳型ACR的制备、表征与抗冲击性能

以丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、苯乙烯(St)为主要单体,1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯(BDDA)与二乙烯苯(DVB)为核层复合交联荆,DVB为外壳交联剂,采用种子乳液聚合法制备了核壳型聚丙烯酸酯(ACR)粒子.采用FT-R、TEM、DSC考察了ACR粒子的组成、结构与性能,TEM观察到完整的核壳结构以及核壳间过渡层,DSC分析表明,ACR粒子表现出与内核、过渡层与外壳对应的3个玻璃化转变温度(Tg),分别为-22.73℃、26.37℃、102.16℃.探讨了核层组成、核壳比、交联剂等对核壳型ACR粒子抗冲击性能的影响.缺口冲击强度实验结果表明,当核壳比为65/35、内核/过渡层比为75/25,外壳交联剂DVB、核层复合交联剂(BI)DA DVB)用量分别为外壳单体、核层单体质量的1.2%～1.6%、1.2%时,ACR对PVC具有最佳的抗冲击性能.     

甲基丙烯酸乙酰乙酰氧基乙酯改性丙烯酸酯乳液压敏胶的制备及其性能

采用预乳化半连续工艺合成了乙酰乙酰氧基丙烯酸酯压敏胶乳液,以乙二胺为交联剂对其进行了交联改性。探讨了交联单体甲基丙烯酸乙酰乙酰氧基乙酯(AAEM)用量对乳液及胶膜压敏粘接性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着AAEM含量的增加,乳液的粒径变大,乳胶膜耐水性能显著提高。当AAEM用量为单体总量的3%(wt,质量分数)时,所制备的压敏胶带具有很好的压敏粘接性能平衡和耐高温性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...