基于生态系统的适应在气候变化适应性城市多尺度合作雨洪管理中的实践——以哥本哈根为例

气候变化已成为城市可持续发展的关键挑战。面对该问题,越来越多的学者和从业者关注了基于生态系统的适应（EbA）概念,将其作为管理区域生态系统服务、提高生态系统服务适应能力的高效并且可持续的手段予以推广。然而,目前鲜有研究关注EbA措施在气候变化适应性城市建设中在多尺度上与各利益相关者的合作规划实践。通过定性方法弥补EbA在城市多尺度气候适应计划实践这一领域应用研究的缺失,以欧洲著名的气候变化适应性城市以及欧洲绿色首都哥本哈根市为研究对象,分析了EbA如何纳入当地气候变化适应计划并在多个尺度上予以实施。回顾了EbA发展与其在欧洲的应用现状,分析了哥本哈根市气候变化适应政策以及EbA在市域、社区、单体建筑3个尺度的合作应用,并且通过分析哥本哈根市第一个气候弹性社区的案例,阐释哥本哈根市如何通过政府、企业、公民等多方利益相关者的合作规划将EbA措施应用于当地气候变化适应性城市建设。最后,总结了哥本哈根市多尺度气候变化适应合作规划中的EbA实践经验：1）项目前的深入数据准备和分析;2）EbA措施与城市空间景观设计的紧密结合;3）多个利益相关方协调,促进公众参与。加深了对EbA提升城市生态系统服务建设适应气候变化的城市的理解,并在面对气候变化挑战问题上,为包括中国城市在内的其他城市提供了启示与借鉴。     

基于生态系统的防灾减灾（Eco-DRR）在日本的经验与启示

基于生态系统的防灾减灾（Eco-DRR）策略是当前日本灾害应对实施中被广泛提及和运用的概念。研究系统性地探讨了Eco-DRR的基本概念及其在日本防灾减灾研究实践中的发展历程。同时,阐述了Eco-DRR的三大举措：抑制危险自然现象的发生,避免风险暴露性,减少脆弱性,并分别列举了相关地方案例。归纳并总结了Eco-DRR在日本防灾减灾工作和生态系统保护中的推行体制和研究方向,明确了Eco-DRR在实际案例中的可操作性。最后,针对中国当前对于Eco-DRR概念的运用与实践现状,提出开展对各地传统EcoDRR智慧的调研和整理,在政策体系构建中引入Eco-DRR概念并鼓励多方参与,学术研究中注重跨学科交流等三个方面的建议。     

基于自然解决方案对我国城市适应性转型发展的启示

改革开放以来,我国经历了世界上最大规模和最快速的城市化进程,与此同时也产生了最复杂的城市化遗留问题。在生态文明时代背景下,城市面对这些问题进行适应性转型,走绿色可持续的发展道路是必然选择。西方国家在解决城市化问题的过程中,探索出通过有效管理生态系统来解决复杂的社会、环境、经济问题的新概念和理论。因此,本文首先阐明基于自然的解决方案概念的起源,辨析其与相关概念之间的关系,阐述现有的研究框架、评价体系和实施流程,并介绍了欧美的成功案例。然后,分析城市化、气候变化、工程化思维、行政体制、人才缺失五个方面给我国城市建设带来的机遇和挑战。最后,阐明在我国城市适应性转型的关键时期,基于自然的解决方案在跨尺度和系统性、基础设施带动、可操作性、开放共享等四个方面的启示。     

基于自然的解决方案：利用自然应对可持续发展挑战的综合途径

人类的可持续发展正面临着诸如气候变化、城市化、粮食安全、水资源供应以及灾害风险等诸多挑战。为了应对这些复杂的挑战,既需要依靠技术策略以解决发展中的工程问题,同时还需要通过全面管理社会生态系统,以提高生态系统的服务能力;这些综合的方案被统称为"基于自然的解决方案"。首先对如何定义基于自然的解决方案进行探究,接着从实施途径到效益评估的角度,阐述基于自然的解决方案是如何落地的,并借助荷兰德尔福兰德的沙滩引擎项目,结合ChristopherM.Raymond的七阶段实施指导流程,具体阐释基于自然的解决方案是如何开展实践与评估。最后文章指出,尽管基于自然的解决方案已投入广泛的实践,但其仍处于探索阶段,存在着一定的发展障碍与知识缺口。为了更好地利用自然应对当下的严峻的挑战,亟须确立该术语的定义框架,制定统一的实施与评估流程,以提高基于自然的解决方案的可操作性。     

国际生态系统服务价值评估的研究进展与热点演变

生态系统服务价值评估为科学管理生态系统提供决策依据，近年来已成为可持续发展领域的热点议题。基于Web of Science(WoS)核心合集数据库，运用Bibliometrix文献计量软件总结1997—2021年国际生态系统服务价值评估研究领域的发展概况与主题演变趋势，并对近5年（2017-2021年）的热点主题进行分析。结果表明：（1）国际生态系统服务价值评估研究数量显著增加，可分为萌芽期、兴起期、快速发展期和成熟发展期四个阶段，并且在近5年呈现迅猛发展的研究态势。（2）发达国家是国际生态系统服务价值评估研究的研究主力，而中国是此研究领域中唯一发挥着重要作用的发展中国家。（3）国际研究主题演变发展多元复杂，但近年来趋于稳定，侧重于从理论研究向实践应用转化。（4）国际研究的热点主题包括生态系统文化服务价值评估、多元价值识别与评估、生态系统服务框架在城市生态管理决策中的应用及气候变化背景下可持续发展目标响应。基于此，提出未来国内生态系统服务价值评估研究应重视多学科结合的综合评估方法研究，并推动生态系统服务价值评估研究辅助生态规划管理决策实践。     

新型生态系统理论、发展及对风景园林学的启示

进入人类世之后,人类作用力被认定为一种地质力,人类直接或间接活动所导致的环境变化、物种引入和土地废弃等结果,使生态系统的生物和非生物要素都发生了不可逆转的改变,由此产生了新型生态系统(Novel Ecosystems)。该概念一经提出,在生态保护和生态修复领域引起了广泛关注。本文梳理了Richard Hobbs新型生态系统理论的来龙去脉,包括概念的起源、产生机制及其相关认识等内容。然后介绍了Jack Ahren的新型城市生态系统的理念,即将生态系统服务和危害作为评价工程项目对可持续发展贡献的指标,并引导适应性设计。本研究为风景园林学科在生态修复领域的发展提供指导:1)以恢复到历史状态为目标的传统生态修复方法值得反思;2)我们应承认新型生态系统的存在并调整生态修复的管理方向,将生态系统服务和危害作为生态系统的评价指标,促进跨学科合作,实现可持续发展的共同目标。     

城市形态与低碳城市:研究进展与规划策略

构建低碳城市的意义与路径已有诸多的研究文献,本文聚焦于低碳城市空间形态方面的研究进展与规划策略,以期明晰规划师在构建低碳城市中所扮演的角色,并提供常用的技术手段.本文首先从适应性策略出发,讨论气候变化对城市的影响以及适应气候变化的城市规划策略,之后重点探讨了减缓性策略指引下的低碳城市空间形态及规划.基于现有研究文献,笔者总结了城市空间形态与碳排放总量和碳排放结构之间的关系,并在都市区和社区两个层面上探讨了低碳城市空间形态的概念框架与指标体系,提出了减缓气候变化的空间形态规划策略.文章结尾探讨了现有研究与规划实践给中国规划师带来的启示.     

一种应对气候变化的适应性城市植物 配置方法

全球气候变化威胁着本就脆弱的城市生态系统。探索具有气候适应性的植物配置方法,是应对气候变化、保护城市生物多样性和稳定城市生态系统的有效手段。介绍一种能够在气候变化大背景下持续稳定地提供生态系统服务的适应性城市植物配置方法。以苏南地区为例,首先对植物材料的物种特性与适应性进行研究与编码,再根据植物群落的抵抗力稳定性、结构多样性以及场所审美文化和成本因素的综合考虑进行配置。为城市植物群落应对气候变化,提升城市植物群落的生态系统服务功能提供新思路。     

城市韧性研究回顾与未来展望

长期的气候变化和短期不可预测的极端气候事件对社会-生态系统影响日益加深。城市韧性概念正是为应对未来天气变化等不确定因素以及极端气候灾害而提出。因为城市韧性理念受时间、空间以及地域属性等因素影响,部分概念和相关定义无法进行定量和定性来进行评估和衡量,因此具有很强的外延性和包容性。但由于理论范围过于广泛和解读多义的特点,也由于我国韧性城市研究还处于起步阶段,造成相关概念混淆,有必要对韧性、城市韧性等相关研究,包括定义、理念和相关理论框架进行追溯,总结其规律和特点,期望对我国下一阶段的城市建设提出借鉴和参考意义。     

应对气候变化的城市绿色空间韧性—减碳—增汇协同范式与设计策略

绿色空间有助于城市在应对气候变化中提高韧性与减排增汇能力，目前缺乏增进协同增效的有效设计途径。通过对国内外理论和实践的研究综述，探究基于自然的解决方案的绿色空间韧性—降碳协同范式与设计策略，提出全周期迭代演进的动态适应性范式和七项原则性策略，应用具体案例进行实证分析，并对城市绿地应对气候变化的发展前景提出建议与展望。研究结果发展了城市绿地规划设计理论方法，为发挥绿色空间应对气候变化的积极作用、推进城市高质量绿色发展、提升城市安全韧性水平提供支撑。     

Guiding principles for infrastructure climate change risk and adaptation studies

As global climate mitigation actions increasingly appear to be unable to curb global emissions, there has been a corresponding increase in climate adaptation planning undertaken by governments and communities. Along with an increasing number of adaptation studies, there has been an increasing complexity of adaptation studies as practitioners attempt to plan the adaptation of whole communities, cities and in some cases nations. These studies are commonly underpinned by increasingly complex climate change vulnerability studies that also attempt to encompass concepts such as resilience and adaptive capacity. Owners and operators of infrastructure assets and networks also need to consider climate change. This need has been met by an increasing number of climate change risk and adaptation studies of major infrastructure. The approaches used for these assessments are commonly derived from assessments of whole communities and policy development studies, and apply terminology that is often inconsistent with established engineering asset management methods and approaches. As a result the uptake of these studies has been less than desirable in many cases. To this end, the work presented here proposes a set of principles for undertaking the assessment of climate changes impacts on assets and infrastructure.     

建筑要适应气候，那么人呢？——一项研究给出的关于人、气候、建筑关系的解答#br#

人、建筑与气候的关系,是建筑设计需要考虑的重要方面。本文从一个侧面,介绍近期完成的一项研究所揭示的线索,提示建筑师在思考处理建筑与气候的关系时,应关注到人对气候的主动适应,及其对建筑设计带来的新的视野和思路。     

Adaptation to Climate Change

Problem: Even if significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions are achieved, some amount of climate change appears to be inevitable. Local, regional, state, and federal planning and regulation should begin to address how to adapt to these changes.

Purpose: This article presents a policy synthesis of adaptation planning issues, using California as a case study. We examine the institutional and regulatory challenges and tradeoffs that climate change poses in six particularly vulnerable areas: water resources, electricity, coastal resources, air quality, public health, and ecosystem resources. We discuss obstacles to adaptation planning and successes overcoming these barriers, and suggest how planning can incorporate adaptation.

Methods: This article presents a policy synthesis of adaptation planning issues, drawing on our recent research on California's experience and related literature. We summarize the results of six studies that draw on quantitative and qualitative information gathered through surveys, interviews, and literature review.

Results and conclusions: Planners should use forward-looking climate data that include higher water and air temperatures, sea-level rise, and increased numbers of extreme events like heat waves, floods, and wildfires when making decisions about future development, infrastructure investments, open-space protection, and disaster preparedness. Climate change will exacerbate conflicts between goals for economic development, habitat protection, and public safety, requiring stronger interagency coordination and new laws and regulations.

Takeaway for practice: Local and regional planners can help society adapt to a changing climate by using the best available science, deciding on goals and early actions, locating relevant partners, identifying and eliminating regulatory barriers, and encouraging the introduction of new state mandates and guidelines.

Research support: Partial support for this research was provided by Pacific Gas and Electric, The Nature Conservancy, and Next 10.     

城市规划应对气候变化的适应发展战略——英国等国的经验

通过分析当今国际上以英国等国为例的城市规划应对气候变化的适应发展方法与策略,论述城市规划作为发展战略的重要专业工具,需要在规划的政策管理体系、规划编制的内容与方法、场地规划的基础设施适应设计三个方面进一步深化研究适应发展战略,以提高城市系统的恢复能力。     

湿热气候下高层办公楼气候适应性设计 ——以广东交通设计大厦为例

揭示湿热气候下高层办公楼气候适应性设计策略与应用逻辑,为我国高层办公楼的绿色设计提供借鉴与参考。运用建筑气候适应性思想,聚焦方案设计阶段,通过案例归纳与分析气候特征,总结湿热气候下绿色高层办公楼在隔热、遮阳、通风、节能方面的设计策略。并通过广东交通设计大厦项目实践,在城市、建筑与细部尺度将气候适应性设计策略有效运用,深刻塑造了建筑的形体与空间特色。高层办公楼气候适应性设计,有益于创造出适应气候环境、更加节能健康的绿色建筑。     

阆中古城传统建筑的气候适应性分析研究

通过对阆中古城传统民居在造型风格、布局和建造使用过程等多方面所体现的与自然环境的良好适应性加以分析,指出阆中民居将传统建筑成熟且成功的气候适应性设计手法与现代建筑技术手段相结合,能够创造出具有适应地域气候特点的节能建筑。     

How the structure of the Australian housing development industry influences climate change adaptation

The separation of Australian housing production from its consumption has long-term consequences for sustainability in the built environment, and for anticipatory adaptation to climate change. This article investigates how the institutional structure of the Australian private housing development industry influences its risk profile and its ability to innovate, particularly in the type of housing produced. Consumers on the other hand are reluctant to invest in climate-adapted housing, particularly if adaptive products are costlier. Using the results of a multi-method study, including a questionnaire survey and a series of interviews and focus groups, the broader issue of sustainability in housing development is revealed. The article highlights the complex and diverse structure of the various players in the development industry, and shows how their position within the broader structure of the housing and financial market influences their adaptive capacity.     

Explaining Progress in Climate Adaptation Planning Across 156 U.S. Municipalities

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Cities are increasingly experiencing the effects of climate change and taking steps to adapt to current and future natural hazard risks. Research on these efforts has identified numerous barriers to climate adaptation planning, but has not yet systematically evaluated the relative importance of different constraints for a large number of diverse cities. We draw on responses from 156 U.S. cities that participated in a 2011 global survey on local adaptation planning, 60% of which are planning for climate change. We use logistic regression analysis to assess the significance of 13 indicators measuring political leadership, fiscal and administrative resources, ability to obtain and communicate climate information, and state policies in predicting the status of adaptation planning. In keeping with the literature, we find that greater local elected officials’ commitment, higher municipal expenditures per capita, and an awareness that the climate is already changing are associated with cities engaging in adaptation planning. The presence of state policies on climate adaptation is surprisingly not a statistically significant predictor, suggesting that current policies are not yet strong enough to increase local adaptation planning. However, the model's sampling bias toward larger and more environmentally progressive cities may mask the predictive power of state policies and other indicators.

Takeaway for practice: State governments have an opportunity to increase local political commitment by integrating requirements for climate-risk evaluations into existing funding streams and investment plans. Regional planning entities also can help overcome the lack of local fiscal capacity and political support by facilitating the exchange of information, pooling and channeling resources, and providing technical assistance to local planners.     

Seven Principles of Strong Climate Change Planning

Abstract

As greenhouse gas emissions and climate change impacts increase worldwide, there is an urgent need for communities, and thus urban planners, to simultaneously mitigate and adapt to climate change. We synthesize recent research to examine whether the field of planning is adequately addressing climate change. We conclude that although there has been progress in recent years, it is insufficient given the scope of the climate change challenge and the myriad ways climate impacts negatively affect communities. We argue for seven principles of strong climate change planning: 1) clear goals; 2) strong fact base; 3) diverse strategies; 4) public participation; 5) coordination across actors, sectors, and plans; 6) processes for implementation and monitoring; and 7) techniques to address uncertainty. For each of these principles we discuss the current state of research and practice.