针对暂态电压稳定问题的自动电压控制系统与切负荷协调控制策略

建立了暂态电压稳定分析的微分代数方程组,并提出了应对暂态电压稳定问题的自动电压控制(automatic voltage control,AVC)体系下二级电压紧急控制与切负荷协调控制策略。该协调控制策略把低压切负荷作为与AVC体系下二级电压紧急控制并行的一种控制手段,在这种协调控制的过程中优先考虑采用二级电压紧急控制,当计算发现仅依靠二级电压紧急控制不能使系统保持暂态电压稳定的时候再采用切负荷控制。在PSAT仿真环境下建立了含AVC体系下二级电压紧急控制和切负荷控制的电力系统暂态电压稳定仿真模型,对广东电网748节点系统进行仿真,验证了所提出的控制策略和模型的正确性和有效性。     

Development of a WAMS based testplatform for power system real timetransient stability detection and control

The real-time transient stability detection and emergency control technology based on wide area response has become a hot research area in power system stability studies. Several different technologies have been proposed, but lots of problems remain to be solved before they can be applied in practice. A wide area measurement system (WAMS) based test platform is developed for transient stability detection and control. The design as well as main function modules of the platform are introduced. In addition, three generator power angle prediction methods and six response based transient instability detection technologies are given. Results of engineering application demonstrate that the developed test platform can provide a real-time operation environment, which can effectively compare and analyze the validity and practicability of these transient stability detection technologies. Based on the measured perturbed trajectories from actual power systems or the Real-Time Digital Simulators (RTDS), the platform can realize the assessment and visual result presentation of various responses from different transient instability detection technologies. The test platform can be applied to different power systems and it is convenient to embed new transient instability detection modules. Meanwhile some deficiencies and shortcomings in engineering application are pointed out and corresponding suggestions are given. In conclusion, the hardware and software structure, function modulus and engineering applications are presented. The application in actual power systems shows that it has a good application perspective.     

异步联网送端系统紧急切机控制方法

在异步联网运行方式下,送、受端系统间相互支援能力弱,因直流紧急降功率所导致的送端系统频率稳定问题不容忽视。在分析系统频率特性的基础上,提出了具有预测性的送端系统紧急切机控制方法。该方法将依据B样条拟合曲面预测得到的系统暂态频率最大偏差作为紧急控制启动判据,实现在系统功率出现不平衡的前期就能准确启动切机控制,避免系统进入紧急状态;根据功率平衡控制原理和预测所得的暂态频率最大偏差求出紧急控制所需切机量,并依据电气距离确定机组切除顺序。以实际暂态频率最大偏差、频率到达稳态时间以及直流频率限制控制器(FLC)恢复至额定状态的时间为指标,与系统采用高频切机控制进行对比。通过算例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于Hamiltonian理论的受控电力系统暂态稳定分析方法

从电力系统暂态能量函数出发，应用哈密顿系统理论首次提出新的李亚普诺夫函数。用该函数分析了具有切机切负荷稳定控制的简单电力系统的暂态稳定性。对单机无穷大系统的测试仿真结果表明：按该稳定性条件的切机控制能有效改善故障后系统的功角稳定性。最后指出了该研究的应用前景。     

改进的DFIG与VSC-HVDC协调控制改善风电场 低电压穿越能力

经VSC-HVDC并网风电系统在风电场侧故障时,风电机组出口母线电压过低,极易引起风力机脱网。而双馈风力发电机(DFIG)传统的Crowbar技术在故障时将转子侧变流器(RSC)短接,使发电机定子侧失去了为电网提供无功的能力,风力机的低电压穿越能力较低。提出一种改进的DFIG模型,加入了主动式DC-Chopper,与传统的Crowbar相配合,降低Crowbar动作的概率,使得DFIG转子侧变流器可以控制定子侧在故障时期继续提供无功功率。并利用此改进的DFIG与VSC-HVDC协调控制,改善风电场侧母线电压水平。通过算例仿真表明,在严重故障时采用改进式DFIG的Crowbar仍未动作。从而大大降低Crowbar动作的概率,双馈风电机组RSC故障期间可以继续投入运行并为电网提供无功支持。完成故障期间DFIG两侧变流器与VSC-HVDC风电场侧变流器(WFVSC)之间的无功协调,使风电场具有更好的低电压穿越能力(Low Voltage Ride Though, LVRT)。     

Emergency generator startup study of a hydro turbine unit for a nuclear generation facility

This paper reports the implementation of synchronous generator, induction machine, hydro turbine, and governor system, and excitation and automatic voltage regulator system models for transient stability study. These models are frequency dependent and are suitable for system transient studies involving drastic frequency changes, including generator startup and emergency load startup. A computer simulation program has been developed using these models for a transient stability study. The developed program is further validated and verified using real system testing data that includes the cases of generator startup and full-load shed in a nuclear power generation plant. Validation results show overall an excellent correlation between the computer simulation and the field-testing data. As a result, the program has been accepted by the plant for system modeling and emergency generator startup simulation studies.     

提高断面输电能力的紧急控制措施风险量化评估方法

跨区电网互联、大规模新能源并网、需求侧互动将给大电网的运行带来更多的复杂性、不确定性与风险性。文中在研究电网风险评估模型的基础上,提出一种提高断面输电能力的紧急控制措施风险量化评估方法。该方法考虑切机、切负荷、直流调制等紧急控制措施的代价以及《电力安全事故应急处置和调查处理条例》出台对安全稳定控制切负荷的影响,以暂态失稳风险指标的形式量化评估系统暂态稳定水平,同时分析了不同控制量对于风险值的影响。通过将系统安全稳定性与经济性相结合,以指标形式表征提升单位断面输电能力的代价,达到对紧急控制措施进行综合评价与筛选的目的。     

基于最优控制原理的电力系统紧急控制及应用

基于时域方法仿真得到系统受扰轨迹,并结合实际电网安全稳定控制系统的配置情况和运行要求,给出了暂态稳定下最优紧急控制模型。采用了启发式故障后轨迹相对功角最大值小于门槛值作为暂态稳定约束条件,通过引入变分原理,推导了暂态稳定约束条件对控制量的灵敏度。通过建立线性规划模型,把微分代数方程所描述的电力系统紧急控制转化为以切机切负荷为控制量的最优控制问题。文中提出的暂态稳定紧急控制模型与时域仿真方法具有同等的适应性。广东电网的计算结果表明,文中方法对紧急控制策略灵敏度的确定高效且实用,对保证电网安全稳定运行有重要意义。     

考虑暂态稳定紧急控制的扩展等面积法

本文提出了考虑暂稳紧急控制的扩展等面积法(EEAC)的改进算法,涉及的紧急控制措施包括:快关汽门、电气制动和切机。本文的方法能够有效地处理在紧急控制作用下的故障电力系统的第一摆和第二摆暂稳分析问题,可以应用于在线或离线的快速暂稳分析和紧急控制快速估算、设计整定和校核。两个实际系统模型的仿真计算验证了本文算法的正确性及良好的精度。     

考虑暂态稳定约束的最优紧急控制策略

随着电力市场的深化,用户的可靠性得到重视,为充分体现用户对可靠性的不同要求,将用户的停电成本作为经济性指标,加入优化目标函数作统一优化的紧急控制策略,得到广泛应用。然而,这些决策模型中没有考虑系统的暂态稳定性,这就使得在执行完发电机再调度和切负荷操作后,系统可能无法再次承受故障而不发生暂态失稳。针对这种不足,提出了一种考虑暂态稳定约束的最优紧急控制决策模型,在该模型中加入了表示系统在新的运行点满足暂态稳定的相关约束,因此,发电机再调度以及切负荷等操作完成后,系统仍然能保持暂态稳定性。最后,以IEEE-RBTS的6节点系统和新英格兰39节点系统为算例,对所提出的策略作出具体阐述,并比较该方法与不考虑暂态稳定约束的算法在结果上的差别。     

柔性直流与常规直流协调的紧急功率支援策略研究

柔性直流(VSC-HVDC)具有响应速度快、有功无功解耦、可向交流系统提供无功支撑等运行特性。将柔性直流纳入电网紧急控制系统,可在提升交直流电网暂态稳定性基础上降低常规切机切负荷控制的代价。基于扩展等面积法则(EEAC),研究直流紧急功率支援提高故障后系统暂态安全稳定性的机理;通过对不同类型直流功率调制的对比研究,指出柔性直流与常规直流(LCC-HVDC)的紧急功率支援在改善故障后系统功角恢复方面存在差异,紧急控制应考虑不同类型直流的控制优先级;提出为保障故障后电网暂态稳定所需直流紧急支援功率计算方法,并结合不同故障情况下直流功率支援的优先级制定相应的紧急协调控制策略。     

Simulation of load shedding as a corrective action against voltage collapse

The evolution of a lot voltage collapse scenarios on large power systems can be alleviated by controlled load shedding associated with rearrangement of generator outputs. Dynamic simulation of power system mid-term voltage response is required to adequately determine the impact of load shedding actions and to design appropriate control systems. The dynamic simulation must take into account load-voltage behaviour, transformer tap changer controls and limits, generator overexcitation limiters, automatic generation control and system protective devices. This paper demonstrates the impact of load shedding as a corrective action through simulation of the system dynamic response to a disturbance. Whilst load shedding can stabilise a system, rigorous techniques are required to identify the magnitude and location of shedding. The application of voltage modal analysis in combination with the determination of reactive power margins in resolving this problem is demonstrated.     

Stability-based minimization of load shedding in weakly interconnected systems for real-time applications

The transient stability of power systems is highly affected by the changes in the power generation and load levels. Due to the variability of the generating resources, the system stability can be provoked and the system stability limits can be reached as a result of certain sudden drop in the power generation. In these cases, the load shedding can act as an effective emergency corrective action for keeping system stability; however, over-shedding of loads results in severe economical as well as social security problems. Therefore, minimization of the load shedding required for the restoration of the system stability is one of the main objectives of this paper. Another critical issue related to successful load shedding is the fast assessment of the system stability, and the amount of the load shedding as well as the implementation of the load shedding corrective action. Therefore, this paper presents a fast method of stability assessment and load shedding requirements in the weakly interconnected power system. The method is an improved form of the extended equal area criterion (EEAC) where the required system equivalence is based on the availability of wide area monitoring (WAM) devices in modern power systems. The paper also investigates the impact of the implementation duration of the required load shedding. The results are verified through time domain simulations which confirm the accuracy of the presented method and its suitability for real-time applications.     

MICROPROCESSOR BASED NONLINEAR EXCITATION CONTROLLER FOR SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

ABSTRACT

The synchronous machines in power systems have the excitation systems of field winding to improve the transient stability of power systems. The synchronous machines are nonlinear systems, however, the excitation systems have been designed based on linearized systems, because the stability analysis of nonlinear systems is difficult and the generalized control method of nonlinear systems has not been developed yet.

This paper proposes a nonlinear excitation controller for synchronous machines in power systems. For the sake of simplification of the nonlinear state feedback control, this paper considers both the transient stability and the suppression of the rotor swings in transient conditions. The effect of the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) for the synchronous generator is not discussed here. This controller is designed based on Lyapunov's direct method that can directly judge the stability of nonlinear systems. The usefulness and validity of the proposed excitation controller are confirmed by numerical simulations and experiments. The microprocessor based generator excitation system that consists of a nonlinear controller, state variable detector, and PWM inverter, is constructed. The nonlinear excitation controller can improve the transient stability of synchronous machines.     

概率暂态稳定研究中紧急控制措施的模拟及效果分析

详细模拟了交直流系统的多种稳定控制措施 ,如快关、切机、低频减载、低压减载和直流系统内部控制 ,重点讨论了这些措施对交直流混合电力系统概率暂态稳定性的影响 ;并以修改后的EPRI 36系统为例进行了详尽的计算分析 ,对各种稳定控制措施的作用进行了统计比较 ;证实了在不同条件下 ,实施紧急控制措施对暂态稳定性可能出现的正面和负面影响 ,指出了采用控制措施时进行优化和协调的必要性。     

交直流电力系统暂态安全稳定在线紧急控制策略并行算法

针对在线策略优化约束和控制措施考虑不足以及计算速度无法满足在线要求等问题,基于参与因子、综合电气距离、无功电压灵敏度及安全稳定裕度,提出了直流系统功率紧急调制、切机、切负荷和局部电网解列的量化控制性能指标和两阶段在线策略优化集群计算方法。在各阶段计算中,依据控制措施性能指标进行措施组合,形成计算任务,按控制代价对计算任务排序形成调度队列,提交集群系统进行并行计算。首先计算暂态功角稳定紧急控制策略,实现直流紧急调制与切机和匹配切负荷的协调;然后,在暂态功角稳定策略的基础上,进行暂态电压和频率安全稳定策略的计算,实现暂态功角稳定控制与暂态电压和频率安全稳定控制的协调。仿真实例验证了算法的有效性。     

基于实用动态安全域的紧急控制策略

研究了考虑紧急控制措施的扩展实用动态安全域临界面的迁移规律,并用紧急控制措施所引起的实用动态安全域临界面沿其外法线方向的迁移距离来表示紧急控制措施的有效性,给出了切机和切负荷以及二者配合操作的控制有效性的定量表示方法.据此提出了一种新的电力系统暂态稳定紧急控制方法,该方法通过选择不同的措施控制安全域临界面的推移,使扩展后的实用动态安全域能涵盖当前系统运行点,保证系统不会发生暂态失稳现象.在此基础上,通过把控制措施量化为一成本指标,建立了暂态稳定紧急控制的数学模型,并基于控制有效性灵敏度指标给出了该问题的优化策略.在10机39节点新英格兰系统上的测试结果表明了这种方法的有效性.     

基于电力系统稳定边界理论的紧急控制决策方法研究

提出了一种电力系统暂态稳定控制中发电机快关/切负荷紧急控制决策的新方法。该方法应用非线性动力系统稳定边界理论,沿稳定边界上主导不稳定平衡点处的法向量在角度空间中的投影向量方向外推主导不稳定平衡点,来扩大电力系统的暂态稳定域,将电力系统经典模型下的发电机快关、切负荷紧急控制决策问题描述为一线性规划模型,大大降低了控制方案搜索过程的计算量。将这一线性规划模型应用于实际电力系统故障算例时,为了得到工程实际中便于操作的紧急控制策略表,进一步采用时域仿真的方法对线性规划模型求解得到的候选控制措施进行甄别。通过很少次数的数值积分,便可以快速准确地遴选出保持系统暂态稳定的控制方案。在New England 10机39节点系统上的仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

电力系统分层紧急负荷控制

首先介绍了目前电力系统故障后紧急控制的常用方法及存在的问题,针对目前紧急负荷控制手段所存在的计算方法复杂及计算周期过长导致控制效果不理想的情况,提出分层紧急负荷控制的方法.在区域电网中合理选取可控负荷/机组节点,依据与故障节点的电气距离生成分层负荷控制对策表并对负荷进行分层控制;同时依据功率平衡保护原理,在区域电网内出现交换功率突变或大规模的功率不平衡时,采用紧急负荷/机组控制手段对系统负荷及机组进行分层快速控制,以防止电网连锁恶性事故的发生.     

Automatic load shedding in multiarea elastic power systems

A procedure for the design of automatic load-shedding in an elastic multiarea power system is proposed. Assuming that the power—frequency transfer functions of the various areas are similar, and that the interconnection network can be approximated by a purely reactive network, separate specifications can be given with regard to the control of the mean frequency transient and that of the interarea electromechanical oscillations. While the first determines the total load to be shed, the second determines its optimal subdivision in order to maximize the stability margin in the large.