新型天冬氨酸激酶突变株构建及酶学性质表征

通过定点随机突变技术,提高天冬氨酸代谢途径中首个关键限速酶天冬氨酸激酶(aspartate kinase,AK)的催化活力,减弱或解除代谢产物对其协同反馈抑制,并通过Discovery Studio等软件对其空间结构进行分析,借助分子动力学模拟对其机制进行分析.首先选择ATP附近关键残基位点,在前期T379N/A380...     

Site-directed mutagenesis study of the antibody 2D7 which catalyzes a reaction for insertion of Cu2+ into mesoporphyrin

Monoclonal antibody 2D7 generated against a transition-state analog N-methyl mesoporphyrin catalyzes a reaction for insertion of a cupric ion into mesoporphyrin. To investigate amino acid residues responsible for the catalytic activity, site-directed mutagenesis of the amino acid residues in the third complementarity determining region of the heavy chain (CDRH3) was performed on the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of the antibody. Recombinant Fab mutants, in which Arg95 is replaced with Ala (R95A), Asp96 with Asn (D96N) and Met97 with Gly (M97G), were examined in terms of the catalytic efficiency of the reaction (k/K(S)) and the dissociation constant for N-methyl mesoporphyrin binding (K(d)) and these values were compared with those of the wild type. The k/K(S) values of the R95A and D96N mutants were 0.96% and 1.0% of that of the wild type, respectively, whereas the M97G mutant had no detectable catalytic activity. The K(d) values of the R95A and D96N mutants were 165 and 69 times that of the wild type, respectively, while that of the M97G mutant was similar to that of the wild type. The relationship between the k/K(S) and 1/K(d) values in the wild type and the R95A and D96N mutants suggests that Arg95 and Asp96 are responsible for stabilizing the transition-state in the catalytic reaction. The results of the M97G mutant allow us to propose that Met97 plays an important role in the catalytic activity probably due to a subtle and specific conformation of the antibody.     

Asp238→Asn Creates a Novel Consensus N‐Glycosylation Site in Aspergillus awamori Glucoamylase

A single mutation, Asp238→Asn (D238N), of Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (GA) was identified that increases extracellular production of the enzyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 37 °C. The mutant was isolated as a suppressor of Gly396→Ser (G396S), a previously isolated temperature‐sensitive mutation that decreases the thermostability and extracellular production of GA expressed in S. cerevisiae. Culture supernatants of the double mutant G396S/D238N contained much more GA than supernatants of G396S at 33.5 and 37 °C but not at 30 °C. Additionally, culture supernatants of the D238N contained 1.5 to 2‐fold more GA than supernatants of wild‐type when grown at 37 °C but not at 30 or 33.5 °C. The D238N mutation creates a consensus N‐glycosylation site in GA. Mass spectrometry showed that the molecular weight of D238N was 2319 Da greater than that of the wild‐type GA and that of D238N/G396S was 3094 Da greater than that of G396S, suggesting the presence of an additional N‐linked glycan at residue 238. No difference in thermostability or activity was observed between the G396S and G396S/D238N mutants or between wild‐type and D238N GAs, and D238N did not affect intracellular GA levels at 30 or 37 °C.     

Improvement of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] production in Corynebacterium glutamicum by codon optimization, point mutation and gene dosage of P(3HB) biosynthetic genes

In our previous study, a system for producing poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] was established by introducing a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthetic gene operon (phaCAB Re) derived from Ralstonia eutropha into Corynebacterium glutamicum. In this study, two experimental strategies have been applied to improve P(3HB) production in recombinant C. glutamicum. One is a codon optimization of the N-terminal-coding region of the PHA synthase (PhaC Re) gene focusing on the codon usage preference for the translation system of C. glutamicum. The other is the replacement of wild-type phaC Re with a modified gene encoding a mutation of Gly4Asp (G4D), which enhanced the production of PhaC Re and P(3HB) in Escherichia coli. The introduction of these engineered PHA synthase genes into C. glutamicum enhanced the production of PhaC(Re) and P(3HB). Interestingly, we found that these gene modifications also caused increases in the concentration of the translation products of the genes encoding monomer-supplying enzymes, beta-ketothiolase (PhaA Re) and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PhaB Re). This finding prompted us to carry out a gene dosage of phaAB Re for a double plasmid system, and the highest production (52.5 wt%) of P(3HB) was finally achieved by combining the gene dosage of phaAB Re with codon optimization. The molecular weight of P(3HB) was also increased by approximately 2-fold, as was P(3HB) content. Microscopic observation revealed that the volume of the cells accumulating P(3HB) was increased by more than 4-fold compared with the non-P(3HB)-accumulating cells without filamentous morphologenesis observed in E. coli.     

普鲁兰酶N467G突变体的酶学性质分析

在淀粉制糖工业中,普鲁兰酶通常与糖化酶配合使用,其在酸性pH和较高温度下的催化活力是影响淀粉脱支效率的主要因素。该研究通过对长野芽胞杆菌(Bacillus naganoensis)普鲁兰酶蛋白质解折叠自由能的差值(ΔΔG)的计算预测和突变位点稳定性分析,选择突变位点并进行定点突变,获得突变体N467G。与野生型普鲁兰酶分子相比,突变体N467G的最适作用温度提高至60℃,最适作用pH降低至4.5;其在60℃条件下孵育2.5 h或在pH 3.5~5.5孵育1 h残留酶活力均保持在80%以上,稳定性明显提高。此突变体的获得为其后续高效表达与工业化应用奠定了重要基础。     

常压室温等离子体快速诱变筛选高脯氨酸产率突变株

为提高脯氨酸得率,采用新型常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变L-脯氨酸生产菌株———嗜醋酸棒杆菌(出发菌株为谷氨酸生产菌,菌拉丁名ATCC-13870),结合48孔板的高通量筛选手段,在致死率为99%的条件下,获得了16株生长速率和脯氨酸产率变化的菌株。发酵实验结果表明,筛选得到的高产脯氨酸突变体D3在发酵48 h,其脯氨酸浓度从原始菌对照组的54.7 g/L提高到65.8 g/L。     

应用HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂筛选虾青素高产突变株

研究了HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂辛伐他汀对法夫酵母生长及其虾青素合成的影响,实验结果表明,当辛伐他汀浓度在4·78×10-6mol/L时对酵母细胞的生长的抑制表现不明显,但对虾青素合成具有显著的抑制作用。以此浓度作为筛选浓度,经亚硝基胍(NTG)诱变后,通过辛伐他汀平板初筛与摇瓶复筛,获得较高虾青素产率的突变株。实验结果表明,菌体生物量、类胡萝卜总量和虾青素产量都有明显的提高,其中NPX-3_05突变株类胡萝卜总量与虾青素产量分别达到3·823、2·755mg/L,比出发菌株依次提高了163%、143%(1·453mg/L、1·134mg/L)。菌株NPX-3_05经连续发酵5次的稳定性实验表明其性状稳定。目标产物经HPLC定性分析,确定为反式虾青素。因此,以辛伐他汀等HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂作为选择压力,对虾青素高产突变株的筛选上具有较好的“筛分”能力。     

G1793A polymorphisms in the methylene-tetrahydrofolate gene: effect of folic acid on homocysteine levels

Mutations or polymorphisms in the gene of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHFR) are associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and possibly with an elevated risk for vascular diseases. A study was conducted on 83 individuals with type 2 diabetes in order to determine the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the G1793A mutation and to assess the effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine concentrations. The patients were attended by the Diabetes and Hypertension Program--Balneario Camboriu/SC and received daily supplements containing 1 mg of folic acid for 3 months. DNA was previously extracted from leukocytes and the G1793A mutation was detected by PCR-RFLP. Blood samples were collected during the basal period and after supplementation for the determination of homocysteine by HPLC, and of folic acid and vitamin B(12) by RIA. The allele frequency for the G1793A mutation was 3.01% and no homozygous individuals with mutant alleles were detected. Hyperhomocysteinemia was diagnosed in 27.71% of the patients, folic acid deficiency in 15.66%, and vitamin B(12) deficiency in 7.23%. Plasma homocysteine concentrations were inversely correlated with folic acid (r = -0.27, p = 0.01) and vitamin B(12) (r = -0.21; p = 0.05) concentrations. The individuals with a heterozygous genotype for the G1793A mutation showed borderlines or deficient values in folic acid and vitamin B(12) concentrations compared to individuals with a normal genotype. Hyperhomocysteinemia and the vitamin deficiencies presented by type 2 diabetic individuals, included with a heterozygous genotype for the G1793A mutation in the MTHFR gene, reached normal values by daily folic acid supplementation.     

Engineering of a β-galactosidase from Bacillus coagulans to relieve product inhibition and improve hydrolysis performance

Most β-galactosidases reported are sensitive to the end product (galactose), making it the rate-limiting component for the efficient degradation of lactose through the enzymatic route. Therefore, there is ongoing interest in searching for galactose-tolerant β-galactosidases. In the present study, the predicted galactose-binding residues of β-galactosidase from Bacillus coagulans, which were determined by molecular docking, were selected for alanine substitution. The asparagine residue at position 148 (N148) is correlated with the reduction of galactose inhibition. Saturation mutations revealed that the N148C, N148D, N148S, and N148G mutants exhibited weaker galactose inhibition effects. The N148D mutant was used for lactose hydrolysis and exhibited a higher hydrolytic rate. Molecular dynamics revealed that the root mean square deviation and gyration radius of the N148D-galactose complex were higher than those of wild-type enzyme-galactose complex. In addition, the N148D mutant had a higher absolute binding free-energy value. All these factors may lead to a lower affinity between galactose and the mutant enzyme. The use of mutant enzyme may have potential value in lactose hydrolysis.     

基于定向进化技术提高巨大芽孢杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶活性

为提高巨大芽孢杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶活性,通过定向进化技术对其进行酶工程改造。经过二轮易错聚合酶链式反应,从13 000 多个突变株中筛选到突变株A5-3、E2-4、E3-11,相对于野生型,其酶比活力提高了157%、115%、97%,且Kcat/Km都有所增大。其中A5-3氨基酸序列发生了2 个突变（A55D和D451E）。三维模拟结果表明,第55位丙氨酸突变为天冬氨酸很可能为酶促反应提供H＋,从而加快酶促反应效率;突变株E2-4第34位由亮氨酸突变成谷氨酰胺,一定程度上改善了酶的热稳定性;突变株E3-11的第325位由丙氨酸突变成丝氨酸有利于蛋白内部形成更多氢键,增大了该部位的柔性,更有利于氨基酸残基之间发生相互作用。圆二色谱分析表明,突变株与野生型具有相似的三维结构,相比于野生酶,突变酶的α-螺旋减少,无规则卷曲增加,说明突变酶刚性有所下降而柔性增加。利用定向进化技术可以明显改善谷氨酸脱羧酶的酶活性,为其工业化的应用提供实验参考。     

近平滑假丝酵母ATCC7330羰基还原酶CpCR突变体酶的稳定性研究

通过蛋白质理性设计和定点突变技术,在近平滑假丝酵母ATCC 7330羰基还原酶wtCpCR的基础上,构建5个突变体酶A98N、S307N、G262N、S216N和S258N,考察了有机溶剂、温度、剪切力、氧气、辅酶NADPH浓度对突变体酶的稳定性影响.研究表明,A98 N在磷酸盐(potassium phosphate...     

北京棒杆菌天冬氨酸激酶五突变体的构建及酶学性质表征

目的:天冬氨酸激酶（aspartate kinase,AK）是催化天冬氨酸族氨基酸合成的第一个关键别构酶,为了提高其活力,并削弱或解除末端产物赖氨酸（Lys）与苏氨酸（Thr）对AK的协同反馈抑制。方法:在获得的北京棒杆菌四突变体T379N/A380C/G171I/Y198N AK（NCIN AK）的基础上,发现G295位点与抑制剂Thr通过氢键相连且高度保守, 对G295位点进行定点饱和突变,提取质粒,转入大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞中诱导表达,采用高通量筛选获得酶活力显著提高的突变株,对野生型（Wild type,WT）、五突变体T379N/A380C/G171I/Y198N/G295L AK（NCINL AK）进行酶动力学研究和酶学性质表征。结果:成功构建五突变体NCINL AK,最大反应速率V_max为259 U/（mg·min）。与野生型相比,米氏常数K_m值由3.44 mmol/L减小到0.93 mmol/L,酶与底物结合更加紧密;希尔系数n值由2.73降为1.21,正协同性降低;最适反应温度由25 ℃提高到28 ℃,最适pH由8.0升至8.5,半衰期由4.7 h延长至5.2 h;五突变体NCINL AK较野生型WT AK,不同底物抑制剂浓度在0.2、1.0、5.0、10.0 mmol/L时,抑制作用被不同程度的减弱,甚至Lys抑制作用被完全解除,且在10 mmol/L Thr条件下有激活作用。结论:本实验获得酶活力提高87.20倍的五突变体NCINL AK,酶学性质得到明显改善,在一定抑制剂浓度范围内,基本解除Lys对AK的反馈抑制作用,Thr的反馈抑制得到一定缓解,提高了积累大量天冬氨酸族氨基酸的可能性,为构建高产天冬氨酸族氨基酸菌株提供参考,使甲硫氨酸（Met）等氨基酸的无污染、高效生产成为可能。     

New phenotypes generated by the G57R mutation of BUD23 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

BUD23 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes for a class I methyltransferase, and deletion of the gene results in slow growth and random budding phenotypes. Herein, two BUD23 mutants defective in methyltransferase activity were generated to investigate whether the phenotypes of the null mutant might be correlated with a loss in enzymatic activity. Expression at the physiological level of both D77A and G57R mutants was able to rescue the phenotypes of the bud23‐null mutant. The result implied that the methyltransferase activity of the protein was not necessary for supporting normal growth and bud site selection of the cells. High‐level expression of Bud23 (G57R), but not Bud23 or Bud23 (D77A), in BUD23 deletion cells failed to complement these phenotypes. However, just like Bud23, Bud23 (G57R) was localized in a DAPI‐poor region in the nucleus. Distinct behaviour in Bud23 (G57R) could not be originated from a mislocalization of the protein. Over‐expression of Bud23 (G57R) in null cells also produced changes in actin organization and additional septin mutant‐like phenotypes. Therefore, the absence of Bud23, Bud23 (G57R) at a high level might affect the cell division of yeast cells through an as yet unidentified mechanism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蛋白质工程改造磷脂酶D提高磷脂酰丝氨酸产量

为了进一步提高磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)产量,将来源于Streptomyces katrae的野生型磷脂酶D(SkPLD)于E.coli BL21(DE3)中进行异源表达,获得菌株E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET28a-SkPLD,以磷脂酰胆碱(PC)和L-serine为底物,发现限制PS产量进一步提高的限制因素是转磷脂酰反应转化率低(<35%)而水解反应转化率过高(>30%)。在对SKPLD结构进行详尽分析的基础上,通过蛋白质工程改造策略扩大底物催化通道,降低位阻效应;同时提高His462与L-serine的亲和力,降低水解反应。结果表明,获得4个有益单突变体(Y405A、Q407G、D370P、K478P),对其进行组合突变,获得四突变体SkPLDY405A/Q407G/D370P/K478P,转化率、PS产量、k_cat/K_m分别为55.6%、42.3 g·L-1、1.53(mmol/L)-1s-1,比野生型分别提高了59.8%、59.6%、93.7%。PS产量进一步提高的原因在于四突变体催化腔体积扩大到718.6 ?3,且His462 N原子与L-serine O原子的催化距离(d1)缩短0.6 ?,与H₂O O原子的距离(d2)增加0.8 ?。在3 L规模转化体系中,PS产量为50.4 g·L-1、转化率达到66.3%,时空产率为12.6 g/L/h。本研究利用蛋白质工程改造获得了转磷脂酰活性提高的突变体,为提高磷脂酶D的工业生产奠定了坚实的基础。     

A novel enzymatic approach to the massproduction of L-galactose from L-sorbose

Wild-type strain of Pseudomonas cichorii ST-24 was unable to grow on D -psicose and inductively produced D -tagatose 3-epimerase (D -TE) with D -tagatose as an inducer. We have isolated a constitutive mutant, designated strain Ka75, which had acquired a new ability to grow on a mineral salts medium containing D -psicose as a sole carbon source. The D -psicose-metabolizing mutant synthesized a high level of D -TE. When grown on the culture medium supplemented with Mn(2+), the mutant strain produced around 250-fold higher activity than did the parent strain. Enzymatic properties of the constitutive enzyme were similar to those of the wild-type. Using the immobilized D -TE and recombinant L-rhamnose isomerase (L-RhI) from Escherichia coli strain JM109, a two-step enzymatic reaction was performed for massproduction of a rare aldo-hexose monosaccharide, L-galactose, from a common one, L-sorbose. In the first step, L-sorbose was epimerized to L-tagatose in a yield of 28%. The L-tagatose obtained was utilized as a starting material for L-galactose preparation by the immobilized L-RhI. At equilibrium, approximately 30% L-tagatose was isomerized to L-galactose. Finally, 7.5 g of L-galactose was obtained from 100 g of L-sorbose, viz an overall yield of 7.5%. The product obtained was purified and identified to be L-galactose by specific optical rotation and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, and was ultimately confirmed by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C NMR) and IR spectra.     

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶高产菌株的诱变选育

以本实验室筛选的Streptomyces sp.WZFF.W—12(谷氨酞胺转胺酶活0．24U／ml)为出发菌株，孢子经预培养处理处于萌发状态后制备成单孢子悬浮液，用1—甲基—3—硝基—1—亚硝基服(NTG)单独和结合羟胺进行多次复合诱变处理。实验发现，诱变处理后菌落的形态变异等特征与产酶能力呈相关关系，并被用于最初的突变菌落挑选。接着先后采用蛋白质交联凝絮—沉淀性能分析的初筛试验和摇瓶测定酶活的复筛试验分离选育高产酶突变菌株，最后获得一产酶活力达2．18U／ml的高产菌株W—12var HZ3，酶活相对提高了8倍。对该菌株进行分类鉴定方面的理化性能测试和传代实验结果表明，该菌遗传性较为稳定，而且其理化性能与已报道的产酶菌种明显不同。     

Mutations to the active site of 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (FabH) increase polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis in transgenic Escherichia coli

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production has been enhanced with engineered 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (FabH) enzymes that accept diverse fatty acyl-ACP substrates and convert them to fatty acyl-CoA substrates for polymerization by PHA synthase enzymes resulting in the production of diverse polymers. Two mutations in the monomer supplying enzyme FabH, His244Ala and the Asn274Ala, were investigated to assess the impact of these mutations on PHA monomer production. PHA production increased more than six-fold with the mutation His244Ala in the FabH enzyme. Engineering of the FabH enzyme for improved PHA monomer supply led to a more productive system for PHA copolymer production.     

Augmented postmortem glycolysis does not occur early postmortem in AMPKγ3-mutated porcine muscle of halothane positive pigs

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the halothane (HAL) and Rendement Napole (RN) genes on the rate-limiting reactions of glycolysis and their relationship to pork quality development. Samples were collected from the longissimus muscle at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min and 24 h postmortem from homozygous HAL and RN pigs (NN/rn⁺rn⁺, NN/RN⁻RN⁻, nn/rn⁺rn⁺, nn/RN⁻RN⁻). Muscle pH was recorded at 0, 15, and 45 min, and 24 h postmortem. HAL mutants, compared with HAL normal, had lower (P < 0.05) ATP concentrations at 0 and 30 min, lower (P < 0.05) pH at 45 min, and hastened glycogen degradation and lactate accumulation in the first 120 min postmortem (HAL × time, P < 0.0001). RN mutants had greater (P < 0.0001) glycolytic potentials than RN normal, and lower (P < 0.05) 24 h pH compared with the normal genotype, but not the HAL mutant genotype. The HAL mutation negatively affected (P < 0.05) L*, b* and color scores whereas both HAL and RN mutations independently decreased (P < 0.05) firmness, marbling and water holding capacity. RN mutant genotypes had higher (P < 0.0001) phosphocreatine concentrations than other genotypes at 0 min. Compared with HAL normal, HAL mutants had elevated (P < 0.05) muscle glucose concentrations at 30, 60, and 120 min, and 24 h. RN mutants had higher (P < 0.05) glucose levels than RN normal after 60 min. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) during the first hour postmortem except in HAL/RN mutants, which had higher (P < 0.01) G6P concentrations than all other genotypes at 30 min. From 60 min to 24 h postmortem, G6P increased (P < 0.05) in HAL normal genotypes. Altogether, these data show that elevated muscle glycogen content does not further aggravate rapid early postmortem metabolism.     

嗜热杜邦菌α-淀粉酶的定向进化及高效表达

目的:对嗜热杜邦菌来源α-淀粉酶进行分子改造,以提高其耐热性和产酶水平。方法:基于易错PCR技术构建嗜热杜邦菌来源α-淀粉酶（Td-amy）的随机突变文库,高通量筛选耐热性和比酶活提高的突变体,通过定点突变及同源结构模拟对突变体进行分析,并将其在毕赤酵母中表达。结果:筛选得到一个正向突变体（mTd-amy）。该突变体最适温度（60 ℃）较野生型（55 ℃）提高了5 ℃,比酶活（466.3 U/mg）较野生型（227.9 U/mg）提高至2.0倍。经序列对比,mTd-amy有四个氨基酸发生了变化,分别为Ala4Val、Ala122Val、Lys194Arg和Ala468Asp,定点突变结果表明Ala122Val和Ala468Asp位点为影响其比酶活和最适反应温度的关键。进一步将突变体mTd-amy在毕赤酵母中高效表达,经高密度发酵其酶活达64696 U/mL。结论:定向进化获得了嗜热杜邦菌来源α-淀粉酶的正向突变体,该突变体的最适温度和比酶活力均明显提高,为α-淀粉酶的分子改造以及工业化应用等提供了理论参考。