东海盆地西湖凹陷烃源岩成熟度厘定——FAMM分析的证据

镜质体反射率是评价烃源岩有机质成熟度的主要指标之一,已有研究表明,镜质体反射率（R_o）除受控于有机质热演化程度外,还受烃源岩有机质类型等因素的影响,镜质体富氢程度制约镜质体反射率的抑制程度,影响了R_o测值的准确性。多组分荧光变化（FAMM）技术可有效解决镜质体反射率的抑制问题。利用FAMM技术和镜质体反射率分析方法,对取自东海盆地西湖凹陷9口钻井的10件平湖组烃源岩样品进行了成熟度分析,结果显示样品的镜质体反射率存在不同程度的抑制,抑制校正值介于0.01%~0.25%,个别样品稍有增强现象。根据FAMM分析结果,以TWT1井为例,厘定了该井区平湖组烃源岩的成熟度,认为TWT1井区平湖组烃源岩的现今成熟度应处于0.90%~1.41%,而不是实测镜质体反射率分析结果显示的0.77%~1.21%。研究结果有助于合理评价平湖组烃源岩生烃潜力及油气资源潜力。      

镜质体反射率抑制与烃源岩质量关系——以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷烃源岩为例

FAMM(fluorescence alteration of multiple macerals)技术是目前解决烃源岩镜质体反射率抑制问题的唯一有效方法。该文对渤海湾盆地东营凹陷不同类型烃源岩进行FAMM分析的同时,也进行了镜质体反射率测定。在此基础上,综合前人研究成果分析了镜质体反射率抑制与烃源岩质量的关系。研究结果揭示,东营凹陷烃源岩镜质体反射率抑制程度与烃源岩质量关系密切,烃源岩质量越好,其镜质体反射率抑制程度越大。Ⅰ型烃源岩镜质体反射率一般抑制0.20%～0.35%,平均为0.30%;Ⅱ₁型烃源岩镜质体反射率一般抑制0.15%～0.30%,平均为0.22%;Ⅱ₂型烃源岩镜质体反射率一般抑制0.10%～0.18%,平均为0.15%;而Ⅲ型烃源岩的镜质体反射率一般不抑制或抑制程度很低,为0.0%～0.05%。镜质体反射率受抑制的影响因素复杂,东营凹陷烃源岩镜质体反射率抑制程度与氢指数间具有显著的正相关性,表明东营凹陷烃源岩镜质体反射率受抑制主要与烃源岩富氢密切相关,这与烃源岩质量越好,镜质体反射率抑制程度越高相吻合。      

苏北盆地盐城凹陷朱家墩气藏凝析油中的金刚烷类及其意义

盐城凹陷朱家墩气藏盐参1井阜一段储层所产凝析油与该井上白垩统泰州组成熟烃源岩在各类生物标志化合物的分布与组成特征上具有较好的相似性,表明它们在成因上存在相关性,但生物标志化合物成熟度参数显示凝析油的成熟度明显高于所研究的烃源岩。烷基单金刚烷类是原油和烃源岩中一类具有高热稳定性的烃类化合物,其中双金刚烷系列的热稳定性高于单金刚烷系列。分析结果表明:凝析油中不但存在烷基单金刚烷系列,同时也存在烷基双金刚烷系列,但在上白垩统泰州组烃源岩中仅检测到烷基单金刚烷系列,烷基双金刚烷系列不但不完整且丰度很低,这一现象表明原油的成熟度明显高于所研究烃源岩,这与生物标志化合物成熟度参数的结果相吻合。依据甲基单金刚烷指数MAI和甲基双金刚烷指数MDI与镜质体反射率间的对应关系,发现该凝析油对应的镜质体反射率RO值介于1.3%~1.6%之间,由此说明它源于盐城凹陷内处于凝析油气阶段的泰州组烃源岩。由此可见,金刚烷类化合物在确定原油和烃源岩中有机质成熟度上具有特殊意义。     

二连盆地乌里雅斯太凹陷南洼烃源岩有机相与生烃特征

乌里雅斯太凹陷与二连盆地中其他富油凹陷相比在构造特征、烃源岩类型和原油物性方面独具特色,主要体现在凹陷地层厚度大(大于4 500m)、烃源岩类型较差(主体为D/E相)、原油密度轻的特点。烃源岩体精细分析表明凹陷主体发育D/E相烃源岩,初始氢指数(I_(Ho))为200~400mg/g_(TOC),烃源岩有机显微组分主要为腐泥组、壳质组和镜质组混合型。D/E相烃源岩形成于高沉积速率和高陆源有机质输入的超补偿沉积环境,这种偏氧化环境也可解释凹陷中不发育二连盆地其他凹陷普遍可见的以云质泥岩为主的特殊岩性段现象。凹陷D/E相烃源岩主要发育在K_1bt_1和K_1ba,层序上主要位于最大湖泛面上下,烃源岩生烃门限深度为1 900~2 000m;镜质体反射率R_O值主体介于0.5%~1.0%之间,并且K_1ba烃源岩成熟度较K_1bt_1高。D/E相烃源岩与典型C相烃源岩(以层状藻类和结构藻类为主,I_(Ho)值在400~800mg/g_(TOC)之间)在生烃特征方面具有明显不同,D/E相烃源岩生烃门限温度较高,且排出的烃类主要以轻质油为主。目前乌里雅斯太凹陷已发现的原油API主体介于35°~45°之间,为轻质油,并且与二连盆地其他凹陷相比具有高蜡低硫的特点,乌里雅斯太凹陷已发现油气物理性质与D/E相烃源岩在现阶段生成油气特征相符。     

海相烃源岩镜状体反射率测定方法在塔东地区的应用

有机质成熟度是评价烃源岩和油气演化的地球化学参数之一,沉积岩中镜质体反射率的分析测定对于油气发现具有重要意义。中国下古生界海相烃源岩地层有机质丰度低,演化程度高,缺乏典型的镜质体,因而常规的海相有机地球化学演化指标不适用。应用海相烃源岩镜状体反射率分析测定方法实验,然后将测定结果换算为等效的镜质体反射率,从而标定出海相烃源岩的有机质成熟度。应用此方法对塔里木盆地满加尔地区中下奥陶统—寒武系烃源岩进行了评价,并且恢复了古城地区和塔东隆起区的烃源岩成熟史。     

泌阳凹陷核桃园组湖相烃源岩微观形态特征与形成机制

利用背散射电子成像技术研究了泌阳凹陷核桃园组湖相烃源岩的微观特征,结果表明泌阳凹陷核桃园组核三段-核二段湖相烃源岩的有机质形态以条形和卵形生物碎屑为主。 根据有机质在湖相烃源岩中不同的分布形式,可将泌阳凹陷核桃园组湖相烃源岩划分为含纹层状有机质烃源岩、含分散状有机质烃源岩和过渡类型烃源岩 3 种类型。 根据烃源岩地球化学分析可知,含纹层状有机质烃源岩有机碳含量高,形成于水体盐度较高的咸水环境中,在外来径流补给较少的情况下,沉积有机质的主要来源为水生生物,干酪根主要为Ⅰ型;含分散状有机质烃源岩有机碳含量较低,沉积于水体盐度较低的淡水环境中,在外来径流补给较多的情况下,陆源生物和水生生物为沉积有机质的主要来源,干酪根类型主要是Ⅱ型;过渡类型的烃源岩其沉积环境则介于上述两者之间。     

松辽盆地长岭断陷层烃源岩地球化学特征研究

下白垩统沙河子组沉积的暗色泥岩和煤层是松辽盆地长岭断陷层主要的烃源岩,火石岭组和营城组为次要烃源岩。钻井和露头样品表明,火石岭组烃源岩有机碳含量0.50%~8.55%、生烃潜量2~17mg/g、氯仿沥青"A"含量0.04%~0.33%,干酪根类型以Ⅱ型为主,成熟度演化处于生气的过成熟阶段;沙河子组烃源岩有机碳含量1.00%~6.54%、生烃潜量2~8mg/g、氯仿沥青"A"含量0.2%~0.5%,干酪根类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型为主,成熟度演化处于高成熟—过成熟阶段;营城组烃源岩有机碳含量0.5%~2.5%、生烃潜量0.5~4.0mg/g、氯仿沥青"A"含量0.05%~0.20%,干酪根类型以Ⅱ型为主,处于成熟—高成熟阶段。综合评价沙河子组为中等—好烃源岩,而营城组和火石岭组烃源岩属中等烃源岩。      

酒西盆地油气形成与勘探方向新认识(二)──烃源岩成烃演化与主力油源确认

酒西盆地各生油凹陷生油门限差异较大,下白垩统烃源岩的成熟度与上第三系和第四系沉积密切相关。可溶有机质转化率、镜质体反射率、热解、生物标志物特征等参数表明：青南凹陷中部的下白垩统烃源岩生油门限深度为４０００ｍ（相应的镜质体反射率为 ０ ６５％）,埋深 ４０００— ４４００ｍ为低成熟阶段,埋深 ４４００一５２００ｍ为成熟生油高峰阶段,因此中沟组烃源岩未成熟,下沟组上部烃源岩低成熟,下沟组下部和赤金堡组上部烃源岩处于成熟生油高峰阶段,赤金堡组下部烃源岩处于高成熟的凝析油－湿气阶段,目前尚无烃源岩达过成熟干气阶段。石北凹陷生油门限深度为３０００ｍ,只有凹陷内埋藏较深的赤金堡组烃源岩达到成熟生油阶段。烃源岩埋藏和演化历史分析揭示,下白垩统烃源岩在白垩纪末期埋藏均较浅,主要的生油期是晚第三纪以来,目前赤金堡组上部和下沟组下部烃源岩正处于生油高峰期,地质历史上只有一次生、排烃高峰。酒西盆地各油田原油十分相似,原油碳同位素和生物标志物特征等表明,下白垩统的水生有机质是形成石油的主要有机先质,赤金堡组是主要烃源岩,而下沟组是相对次要的烃源岩。图５（陈建平搞）     

珠江口盆地番禺低隆起-白云凹陷恩平组烃源岩特征

恩平组烃源岩是珠江口盆地的一套主力烃源岩。从烃源岩有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度和生物标志化合物特征等方面揭示了番禺低隆起-白云凹陷构造恩平组烃源岩的地球化学特征。该区烃源岩有机碳含量较高，而氯仿沥青“A”含量相对较低；干酪根类型以Ⅲ型为主，少部分为腐殖一腐泥过渡的Ⅱ2型。成熟度分布差异性较大，番禺低隆起-白云凹陷北坡镜质体反射率为0．6％-1．6％；白云凹陷深凹处镜质体反射率大于3．0％，大约在距今27Ma开始生烃，在距今大约22Ma达到生油高峰，生烃时间明显早干凹陷边缘斜坡带。生物标志化合物参数表明恩平组烃源岩沉积时期为氧化环境，母质以陆生植物为主而且具有较高的成熟度。     

泌阳凹陷核桃园组优质烃源岩发育古环境特征及地质意义

针对泌阳凹陷优质烃源岩生烃条件及其发育环境不明确的问题,运用多种地质、地球化学分析方法,精细刻画了主力烃源岩的发育规模,明确了研究区优质烃源岩的发育环境,为下步油气勘探提供重要依据.根据生烃条件评价结果和资源贡献,分析厘定核桃园组H34-H32亚段为优质烃源岩发育段;古环境研究揭示核桃园组烃源岩沉积环境自下而上水体逐渐...     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界烃源岩有机质成熟度

对库车坳陷主要探井和１３个露头剖面近１６０个中生界源岩样品镜质体反射率进行了实测分析,并利用地震测线人工井模拟计算镜质体反射率,初步明确了库车坳陷三叠—侏罗系源岩有机质成熟度的分布规律。依南２井三叠系—侏罗系源岩实测镜质体反射率为１０３％～１４３％,阳１井中、下侏罗统实测镜质体反射率为０９５％～１１０％各个露头剖面镜质体反射率存在很大差异,露头剖面成熟度区域上总体呈现西部高（Ｒｏ高达１８１％～１８３％）东部低（Ｒｏ在０５６％～０７９％）,中部介于东西部之间,北部低（Ｒｏ在０５７％～０６８％）南部高的特点。在逆冲带,由于近晚期逆冲断层将深部烃源层推到浅部或地表,即使埋深很浅,实测镜质体反射率仍较高     

十万山盆地烃源岩有机成熟度评价

十万山盆地勘探程度较低，盆地内只有3口探井，有利用价值的仅有万参1井。此前对该盆地烃源岩演化评价有两种截然相反的观点：一种观点认为该盆地主要烃源岩（P2、T1）分别处于凝析油－湿气演化阶段、生烃高峰－凝析油－湿气演化阶段；而法国ELF公司却认为盆地内所有烃源岩均处于过成熟演化阶段。为正确评价该盆地烃源岩热演化，避免露头样品因遭受氧化对准确测试烃源岩氧化程度的影响，共采集十万山盆地8套烃源岩20个地表样品及27个浅井样品进行镜质组（沥青）反射率测试，结果认为泥盆系、石炭系及绝大部分二叠系烃源岩镜质组反射率高达2.0％以上，已处于过成熟演化阶段，仅有局部二叠系样品处于凝析油－湿气演化阶段晚期，而三叠系烃源岩正处于生烃高峰至凝析油－湿气演化阶段。表4图1参4（刘长伟摘）     

Hydrocarbon potentiality and thermal maturity of the Cretaceous rocks in Al Baraka oil field,KomOmbo basin,south Egypt

This paper aims to evaluate the hydrocarbon potentiality and thermal maturity of the Cretaceous source rocks in Al Baraka oil field in KomOmbo basin, south Egypt. To achieve this aim, geochemical analyses (TOC), Rock eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance measurements (R0) were carried out on the studied rocks. The analytical results of the samples that were collected from five exploratory oil wells revealed that almost Lower Cretaceous formations (Sabaya, Abu Ballas, Six Hills and KomOmbo C, B, A) and Upper Cretaceous formations (Dakhla, Duwi, Quseir, Taref and Maghrabi) are ranged from fair to excellent source rocks for hydrocarbon generation. Oil and gas are mainly the future products of the thermally transformed organic matters within almost samples of the Cretaceous formations, where the Lower and Upper Cretaceous formations contain mixed type II/III and III kerogen besides type II kerogen in KomOmbo (B) and Dakhla formations. The thermal maturity parameters clarified that the Lower Cretaceous formations are belonged to marginally mature (in Sabaya and Abu Ballas formations), whereas the rocks of KomOmbo (B) Formation are mature source rocks and fall in the stage of oil generation and reach to the late stage of oil generation (R0?=?1.25). On the contrary the Upper Cretaceous formations are ranged from immature to marginally mature source rocks and reach only the early stage of oil generation in Maghrabi Formation. This study indicated that there is still a good chance to find oil generated from the Dakhla, Duwi, Maghrabi, Sabaya and Abu Ballas formations if buried in greater depths as well as, KomOmbo B and A intervals which are source rock potentials.     

THE CRETACEOUS SERIES IN THE CHAD BASIN, NE NIGERIA: SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL AND THERMAL MATURITY

The Chad Basin is the largest intracratonic basin in Africa, and one-tenth of its surface area lies in NE Nigeria. Thermal maturation (mean vitrinite reflectance) and organic-geochemical (Rock-Eval pyrolysis) studies have been carried out on Cretaceous shales from the Bima Formation, Gongila Formation and Fika Shale Formation. Samples were derived from the Kanadi and Albarka exploration wells, which are located about 76 km apart in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin.
The organic matter is predominantly gas prone (Type III kerogen). Its thermal maturity, assessed from vitrinite reflectance and Tmax, indicates that the Gongila Formation and the Bima Formation are within the "oil window", while the Fika Shale Formation is only partly within it. The "oil window", deduced from the mean vitrinite reflectance profile, occurs between 1,270m - 2,600m in the Kanadi well, and between 1,985m -3,690m in the Albarka well, with respective maturation gradients of 0.52 log%Rm/km (0.41%Rm/km) and 0.41 log%Rm/km (0.34%Rm/km). Eroded thicknesses amount to about 1 km.
The upper part of the Fika Shale Formation has the best source-rock potential in terms of its organic carbon content, but has low thermal maturity. The Gongila Formation is poor in organic carbon and its hydrocarbon potential may already have been exhausted. The Bima Formation is well within the "oil window", but has only limited potential as a source rock, because of the presence of clastic and inert materials. The potential for gas accumulations, however, exists.     

松辽盆地齐家古龙地区烃源岩有机岩石学研究

采用有机岩石学全岩分析技术，系统研究了松辽盆地齐家古龙地区白垩系嫩江组烃源岩的显微组分组成、生烃组分及有机质热演化。该区烃源岩形态显微组分含量占全岩体积的4.1%，嫩二段-嫩五段烃源岩显微组分以高等植物陆源输入占绝对优势，盆情性组、富含镜质组、相对发育壳质组；嫩一段烃源岩腐泥组分含量较高，具有混合生源的特点，为该区主力烃源岩。藻类体是该区低熟油的重要生烃组分。利用镜质组反射率、孢子体荧光参数，将有机质热演化阶段划分为未成熟、低成熟两个阶段。二者界线所对应的镜质组反射率为0.5%，孢子体相对荧光强度为2.2，埋深为1050m。     

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, ORGANIC MATURITY AND PETROLEUM POTENTIAL OF THE CRETACEOUS COAL-BEARING ATANE FORMATION AT QULLISSAT, NUUSSUAQ BASIN, WEST GREENLAND

Coals and coaly mudstones of the Cretaceous Atane Formation are exposed along the north coast of the island of Disko and the south coast of Nuussuaq peninsula, West Greenland. Numerous oil seepages have been found in the region, but the so‐called Kuugannguaq oil type only occurs at the north coast of Disko. The oil is presumed to have been generated from coaly (Type III) source rocks in the Vaigat strait where the Atane Formation is thermally mature due to deep burial. The exposed coals and coaly mudstones may thus be thermally immature equivalents of the active source rocks. The exposed section at Qullissat on the island of Disko is composed of four sedimentary facies associations: delta plain, distributary channel, delta front, and transgressive sand sheet. Samples of coals and coaly mudstones from the delta plain association were analysed for their total organic carbon (wt % TOC) and total sulphur (wt % TS) contents, and their source rock potential was determined by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis. The organic matter composition was analysed by reflected light microscopy and the thermal maturity was established by vitrinite reflectance measurements. The Qullissat samples were supplemented with source rock screening data from coals and coaly mudstones from the Atane Formation at Paatuut on the south coast of Nuussuaq. The coals and coaly mudstones from Qullissat are dominated by huminite, but several samples have a considerable content of inertinite. The mineral content is high in some samples. Inundations of the peat‐mires may have been quite frequent resulting in the formation of the coaly mudstones. TS contents (0.13–8.97 wt %) and the presence of framboidal pyrite suggest that the precursor peats were influenced by seawater, and that peat formation probably occurred during rises in relative sea‐level. The organic matter is thermally immature, and a constructed vitrinite reflectance gradient for the region suggests that the Qullissat section prior to exhumation was buried to 1,500–1,600 m depth. Hydrogen Index (HI) values from both Qullissat and Paatuut are generally low; estimated maximum HI values for three Qullissat coals yield values of 140–190 mg HC/g TOC. The coals are gas‐prone and only marginally oil‐prone, and may in addition possess a limited oil expulsion efficiency. The effective oil window extends from approximately 1.0–1.6%Ro and the start of the effective oil window is located at about 3,000 m depth. Very thick sedimentary successions in the Vaigat strait indicate that such burial depths have been reached for the Atane Formation offshore, and up‐dip migration of hydrocarbons from these source rocks may have generated the Kuugannguaq oil seepage.     

鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区上古生界烃源岩地球化学特征及生烃潜力

对鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区上古生界本溪组和山西组的煤系泥岩、炭质泥岩及煤岩样品进行了有机碳含量测定、岩石热解分析、干酪根显微组分鉴定及镜质体反射率等多项有机地球化学测试,并评价了其生烃潜力。研究结果表明：①甘泉地区上古生界发育多套烃源岩,岩性主要为煤和暗色泥岩。②山西组有机质丰度高,是较好的烃源岩,本溪组有机质丰度则相对较低,品质相对较差;本溪组烃源岩以腐殖型Ⅲ类为主,山西组烃源岩则多为腐殖型Ⅲ类,其次为腐泥-腐殖型Ⅱ2类。③本溪组和山西组烃源岩成熟度整体处于高成熟—过成熟阶段。④上古生界烃源岩在甘泉地区广泛分布,本溪组烃源岩累计厚度为10～20 m,山西组烃源岩累计厚度为50～80 m,整体均为较优质烃源岩,具有较高的生烃潜力。     

羌塘盆地上侏罗统索瓦组烃源岩分布特征及远景分析

羌塘盆地迄今为止共发现200多处油气显示点,其中5处液态油苗,多处油页岩,表明盆地具备生烃的物质基础。上侏罗统索瓦组烃源岩以碳酸盐岩为主,厚度从几十米到几百米不等,有机碳平均含量为0.1%~1.90%,以中等至好烃源岩为主;其次为泥质岩,仅在北羌塘坳陷中、西部有所分布,有机碳含量介于3.71%~28.14%之间,为好烃源岩。根据干酪根显微组分的分析结果认为索瓦组烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₁型,镜质体反射率介于0.94%~2.7%之间,烃源岩处于成熟—过成熟阶段。构造运动造成索瓦组烃源岩抬升剥蚀,综合分析认为该烃源岩总体上对整个盆地的油气远景贡献较差,但在北羌塘坳陷西部和东北部仍可作为重要的烃源岩。