纳米材料及其在高分子建筑材料中的应用

本文论述了纳米材料及其纳米材料的特性、纳米材料的制造方法和纳米材料在高分子 建筑材料中的应用。     

纳米材料毒性机制及其影响因素

纳米材料以其独特的物理化学性质被广泛应用到工农业和人们生活的各个领域,随着纳米材料的生产加工和使用,纳米材料可以经过大气循环、水循环、生物循环进入生态环境,进而侵染生物体,影响人类健康.因此,纳米材料的毒性问题日益受到人们的关注,而纳米材料毒性机制和影响因素是纳米材料毒性研究的热点问题之一.目前,氧化应激和炎症反应是解释纳米材料毒性的两种主要机制,此外,越来越多的研究表明自噬也是纳米材料毒性的一种潜在机制,并且自噬可能与氧化应激和炎症反应相互关联.另一方面,纳米材料的物理化学性质如尺寸、形状、表面修饰等对其毒性产生重要影响.本文首先概括了纳米颗粒进入环境及侵染生物体的方式,分析纳米材料引起生物和环境毒性的机制,最后对影响纳米材料毒性的因素进行深入探讨,以期为纳米毒理学研究提供帮助.     

碳纳米材料应用于建筑防水涂料的研究进展

本文介绍了碳纳米材料的微观结构、制备技术和性能特点,总结了碳纳米材料应用于建筑防水涂料的研究成果,分析和探讨了碳纳米材料应用于建筑涂料所存在的问题及发展趋势。     

信息与文摘

新产品新技术纳米材料应用技术转化平台建成北京市建筑材料科学研究院承担的北京纳米材料应用技术转化平台近日初步建成。１９９８年 ,该院承担了北京市科委重点项目———“北京纳米材料应用技术转化平台的建设”。纳米材料是指物质粒径至少有一维在１～１００ｎｍ之间、具有特殊物理化学性能的材料。该院已经进行产业化的新技术有纳米材料改性建筑色浆、纳米材料改性高耐候性建筑涂料、纳米材料改性防水密封胶粘带以及中空玻璃密封胶条等。这些新产品已逐步投放市场 ,出现了供不应求的局面。北京纳米材料应用技术转化平台的建成 ,为发展北…     

复合纳米材料对混凝土及水泥砂浆的性能影响

研究了加入不同比例复合纳米材料和掺30～40％四掺复合掺合料的胶砂和C40级混凝土的性能。对复配的C40级混凝土试块进行了氯离子和硫酸盐侵蚀试验、对复配净浆试块进行了扫描电镜（SEM）和差示扫描量热（DSC）测试。并讨论了复合纳米材料在混凝土中的不同加入方式。结果表明：相对于基准C40级混凝土。掺入复合掺合料和复合纳米材料配制的C40级混凝土的流动性和抗硫酸盐、氯离子侵蚀的能力均有所增强,其抗压强度提高约20％;复合纳米材料掺入减水剂用于混凝土的效果优于掺入复合掺合料用于混凝土。复合纳米材料掺入减水剂中可以很好地解决纳米材料易于团聚的问题,确定了复合纳米材料的掺入方式是将复合纳米材料掺入减水剂中,掺入量为减水剂质量的0．5-1．0％．     

纳米材料在太阳电池中的应用

主要对太阳电池纳米材料研究进展进行了综述。简要介绍了半导体和多元化合物纳米材料．复合纳米材料。导电聚合物-纳米复合材料以及染料敏化纳米复合材料的在太阳电池中的应用以及这些纳米材料的国内外研究现状。     

纳米材料的制备及研究进展

介绍了纳米材料的主要制备方法、工艺特点及研究进展,讨论了纳米材料制备急需解决的问题及发展趋势。     

纳米科技在建筑材料中的应用

介绍了纳米材料的特性 ,着重按纳米材料的功能对纳米科技在建筑材料的应用前景进行了阐述 ,展望了纳米材料和纳米技术的良好应用前景     

纳米材料对混凝土性能影响研究进展

综述了目前国内外学者对纳米二氧化硅、纳米碳酸钙、纳米二氧化钛等纳米材料在混凝土中的应用及对混凝土力学性能、耐久性能等方面影响的研究进展,总结了目前纳米材料在研究及应用中存在的主要问题,并提出了需要进一步深入研究的建议,展望了纳米材料在混凝土中应用的发展前景。     

新型建筑材料中纳米材料的科学应用分析

主要介绍了纳米材料在涂料、混凝土材料以及高分子材料等多个方面的应用情况,并对纳米材料在新型建筑材料中的应用前景进行了展望,通过相关论述得知,纳米技术为纳米材料的应用提供了很好的技术指导,同时也为研究新型的建筑材料提供了全新的思路.     

多尺度纳米材料对再生沥青长期老化性能的影响

研究了由不同掺量有机蛭石（OEVMT）和纳米氧化锌（Nano ZnO）组成的多尺度纳米材料对再生沥青长期热氧和光氧老化性能的影响。利用薄膜烘箱对普通基质沥青进行老化以制得老化沥青,采用熔融共混方法,先将老化沥青、普通基质沥青以及再生剂按照一定的比例混合以制得再生沥青,再将多尺度纳米材料加入到再生沥青中制得多尺度纳米材料改性再生沥青。采用压力老化箱老化（PAV）和加速紫外光老化（UV）分别模拟再生沥青的长期热氧老化和光氧老化条件。通过传统物理性能试验和动态剪切流变试验评价了再生沥青的老化性能。结果表明:添加多尺度纳米材料提高了再生沥青老化前的高温稳定性、剪切变形抵抗力和弹性行为,但一定程度上削弱了其低温塑性变形能力;多尺度纳米材料有效改善了再生沥青长期热氧和光氧老化抵抗力;综合考虑长期老化性能数据,多尺度纳米材料的推荐掺量（质量分数）为1%OEVMT+3%NanoZnO。     

应用纳米材料提高氧化锌电阻片通流能力

氧化锌电阻片的通流能力主要取决于电阻片的微观均匀性。使用纳米材料,有助于提高瓷体均匀性和致密性,使得氧化锌电阻片电气性能尤其是通流能力得到改善。为使纳米材料充分发挥作用,必须解决纳米材料自身的团聚,并提高料浆混合的均匀性。     

Managing the unknown – Addressing the potential health risks of nanomaterials in the built environment

Nanomaterials offer significant potential for high performing new products in the built environment and elsewhere. However, there are uncertainties regarding their potential adverse health effects and the extent to which they are currently used. A desk study and interviews with those working across the construction, demolition and product manufacture sectors (n = 59) identified the current state of knowledge regarding nanomaterial use within the built environment. Some nanomaterials are potentially toxic, particularly those based on fibres; others are much less problematic but the evidence base is incomplete. Very little is known regarding the potential for exposure for those working with nano-enabled construction materials. Identifying which construction products contain nanomaterials, and which nanomaterials these might be, is very difficult due to inadequate labelling by product manufacturers. Consequently, those working with nano-enabled products typically have very limited knowledge or awareness of this. Further research is required regarding the toxicology of nanomaterials and the potential for exposure during construction and demolition. Better sharing of the information which is already available is also required through the construction, demolition and manufacture/supply chains. This is likely to be important for other innovative products and processes in construction, not just those which use nanomaterials.     

多尺度纳米材料对沥青流变和老化性能的影响

采用布氏旋转黏度、动态剪切流变和弯曲梁流变试验,同时结合红外光谱试验对比研究了多尺度纳米材料对不同老化状态下4种沥青——SK-70和Alfa-70基质沥青、SBR和SBS改性沥青(SBRMA, SBSMA)流变性能的影响.结果表明:4种沥青经多尺度纳米材料改性后,布氏旋转黏度、复数模量及车辙因子均得到不同程度的提高;长期热氧和光氧老化后的疲劳因子降低,即抗疲劳性能得到改善,且对SBRMA的改善最明显.相比未改性沥青,多尺度纳米材料改性后4种沥青在各种老化方式下的复数模量老化指数均降低,而且SBSMA和SBRMA这2种聚合物改性沥青老化前后的丁二烯指数差值也降低,即4种沥青的耐热氧和耐光氧老化性能同时得到有效改善,且对SBRMA的改善效果最好.多尺度纳米材料提高了2种基质沥青的低温连续等级温度,但同时在一定程度上降低了2种聚合物改性沥青的低温连续等级温度.     

Review of recent developments in cement composites reinforced with fibers and nanomaterials

The quest for high-performance construction materials is led by the development and application of new reinforcement materials for cement composites. Concrete reinforcement with fibers has a long history. Nowadays, many new fibers associated with high performance and possessing eco-environmental characteristics, such as basalt fibers and plant fibers, have received much attention from researchers. In addition, nanomaterials are considered as a core material in the modification of cement composites, specifically in the enhancement of the strength and durability of composites. This paper provides an overview of the recent research progress on cement composites reinforced with fibers and nanomaterials. The influences of fibers and nanomaterials on the fresh and hardened properties of cement composites are summarized. Moreover, future trends in the application of these fibers or of nanomaterial-reinforced cement composites are proposed.     

Nanotechnology: Advantages and drawbacks in the field of construction and building materials

Nanotechnology seems to hold the key that allows construction and building materials to replicate the features of natural systems improved until perfection during millions of years. This paper reviews current knowledge about nanotechnology and nanomaterials used by the construction industry. It covers the nanoscale analysis of Portland cement hydration products, the use of nanoparticles to increase the strength and durability of cimentitious composites, the photocatalytic capacity of nanomaterials and also nanotoxicity risks.     

纳米材料改性沥青的微观和力学性能研究

为了改善沥青及沥青混合料的路用性能,筛选和添加纳米材料对基质沥青进行改性,制备纳米材料改性沥青.采用沥青针入度、延度、软化点、黏度等沥青基本性质试验和劈裂强度、回弹模量、车辙、水稳定性等沥青混合料性能试验,分析和研究了纳米材料改性沥青及混合料的力学和路用性能,并结合原子力显微镜试验来分析比较3种纳米材料(纳米碳粉、纳米橡胶粉VP362、海泡石)对基质沥青的改性效果.结果表明:相比于纳米橡胶粉VP362和海泡石改性沥青及沥青混合料,纳米碳粉改性沥青及沥青混合料具有更好的高、低温抗裂性能,而原子力显微镜图像也从微观角度印证了纳米碳粉改性沥青的改性效果.     

Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications

The challenge to achieve appropriate disinfection without forming harmful disinfection byproducts by conventional chemical disinfectants, as well as the growing demand for decentralized or point-of-use water treatment and recycling systems calls for new technologies for efficient disinfection and microbial control. Several natural and engineered nanomaterials have demonstrated strong antimicrobial properties through diverse mechanisms including photocatalytic production of reactive oxygen species that damage cell components and viruses (e.g. TiO2, ZnO and fullerol), compromising the bacterial cell envelope (e.g. peptides, chitosan, carboxyfullerene, carbon nanotubes, ZnO and silver nanoparticles (nAg)), interruption of energy transduction (e.g. nAg and aqueous fullerene nanoparticles (nC(60))), and inhibition of enzyme activity and DNA synthesis (e.g. chitosan). Although some nanomaterials have been used as antimicrobial agents in consumer products including home purification systems as antimicrobial agents, their potential for disinfection or microbial control in system level water treatment has not been carefully evaluated. This paper reviews the antimicrobial mechanisms of several nanoparticles, discusses their merits, limitations and applicability for water disinfection and biofouling control, and highlights research needs to utilize novel nanomaterials for water treatment applications.     

Interaction between manufactured gold nanoparticles and naturally occurring organic macromolecules

The increasing exploitation of nanomaterials into many consumer and other products is raising concerns as these nanomaterials are likely to be released into the environment. Due to our lack of knowledge about the environmental chemistry, transport and ecotoxicology of nanomaterials, it is of paramount importance to study how natural aquatic colloids can interact with manufactured gold nanoparticles as these interactions will determine their environmental fate and behaviour. In this context, our work aims to quantify the effect of naturally occurring riverine macromolecules--International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) Suwannee River Humic Acid Standard (SRHA)--on citrate- and acrylate-stabilized gold nanoparticles. The influence of SRHA on the stability of the gold colloids was studied as a function of pH by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At high ionic strengths (0.1 M), extensive and rapid aggregation occurred, while more subtle effects were observed at lower ionic strength values. Evidence was found that SRHA enhances particle stability at extreme pH values (ionic strength<0.01 M) by substituting and/or over-coating the original stabilizer on the gold nanoparticle surface, thus affecting surface charge and chemistry. These findings have important implications for the fate and behaviour of nanoparticles in the environment and their ecotoxicity.     

Evaluation of 1-dimensional nanomaterials release during electrospinning and thermogravimetric analysis

The growing research interests with engineered nanomaterials in academic laboratories and manufacturing facilities pose potential safety risks to students and workers. New nanoparticle substances, compositions, and processing approaches are developed regularly, creating new health risks which may not have been addressed previously. Accordingly, the Institute of Occupational Medicine conducted field studies at Texas A&M University (TAMU) to characterize possible particle emissions during processing and fabrication of carbon nanotubes, copper nanowires, and polymeric fibers. The nature of the monitoring work carried out at TAMU was to investigate the potential release of 1D nanomaterials to air from activities associated with synthesis, handling, thermal gravimetric analysis, and electrospinning processes, and evaluate the effectiveness of the utilized control measures. The potential nanoparticle release to air from each activity was investigated using a combination of particle detection instrumentations, coupled with standard filter-based sampling techniques. The analyses indicated that a measurable quantity of free carbon nanosphere aggregates was detected during these activities; however, no free MWCNTs or nanowires were detected. Scanning electron microscopy identified the presence of carbon nanospheres aggregates on the filters. While the control measures used at TAMU are effective in containing the nanomaterial release during processing, poor handling and occupational hygiene practices can increase the risk of employee exposure to the nanomaterials.