AlxGa1—xAs／GaAs太阳电池减反射膜的研究

以太阳电池的短路电流积分表达式为依据，应用减反射膜的光学原理，对具有阳极氧化、ＳｉＯ和ＳｉＯ２三种减反射膜的ＡｌｘＧａ１－２Ａｓ／ＧａＡｓ太阳电池分别进行了反射光谱、短路电流、开路电压的实验测试。研究表明，阳极氧化膜、ＳｉＯ膜具有良好的减反射性能，而ＳｉＯ２膜的减反射性能较差。     

Cdln2O4和Cd2SnO4薄膜X—光电子能谱研究

研究了在Ａｒ－Ｏ２混合气氛中从Ｃｄ－Ｉｎ和Ｃｄ－Ｓｎ合金靶射频反应溅射而的ＣｄＩｎ２Ｏ４和Ｃｄ２ＳｎＯ４膜的Ｘ－光电子能谱。实验结果表明了粉末Ｃｄ，Ｉｎ，Ｓｎ，ＳｎＯ２，Ｉｎ２Ｏ３和ＣｄＩｎ２Ｏ４，Ｃｄ２ＳｎＯ４膜的Ｃｄ，Ｉｎ，Ｓｎ３Ｄ３／２和３ｄ５／２ＸＰＳ峰值位置的形状的区别，并讨论了Ｏ１ｓ。ＸＰＳ峰随氧浓度的变化。当氧浓度增加时，Ｏ１ｓ分为两个峰。     

CdIn_2O_4和Cd_2SnO_4薄膜X－光电子能谱研究

研究了在Ａｒ＋Ｏ２混合气氛中从Ｃｄ－Ｉｎ和Ｏｄ－Ｓｎ合金靶射频反应溅射而成的ＣｄＩｎ２Ｏ４和Ｃｄ２ＳｎＯ４膜的Ｘ－光电子能谱。实验结果表明了粉末Ｃｄ、Ｉｎ、Ｓｎ、ＳｎＯ２、Ｉｎ２Ｏ３和ＣｄＩｎ２Ｏ４、Ｃｄ２ＳｎＯ４膜的Ｃｄ、Ｉｎ、Ｓｎ３ｄ３／２和３ｄ５／２ＸＰＳ峰值位置和形状的区别，并讨论了Ｏ１ｓＸＰＳ峰随氧浓度的变化。当氧浓度增加时，Ｏ１ｓ分为两个峰。     

FeS2/TiO2复合膜的制备及光伏特性的研究

用溶胶－凝胶法先在ＩＴＯ膜上制备纯锐钛矿结构的ＴｉＯ２膜（８０ｎｍ），然后在ＴｉＯ２膜上射频溅射黄铁矿结构的ＦｅＳ２膜（２０ｎｍ），得到ＦｅＳ２／ＴｉＯ２复合膜经在硫气氛中退火处理，在电解液（Ｉ＾０／Ｉ）接触的情况下，该复合膜获得１７８ｍＶ的开路光电压（ｐＨ＝１２）和４７μＡ的短路光电流（ｐＨ＝１）。电解液的ｐＨ值越高，输出光电压越高，输出光电流越低。     

CdIn2O4薄膜的AES分析

利用ＡＥＳ方法研究了ＣｄＩｎ２Ｏ４膜的成分分布。膜中的Ｃｄ、Ｉｎ和Ｏ成份随Ｏ浓度的变化而变化，并对膜的电学性质有重要影响。     

快速汽相沉积法制备硅薄膜太阳电池

对在重掺杂抛光单晶硅衬底上用ＲＴＣＶＤ法形成硅薄膜太阳电池进行了研究。衬底为〈１００〉晶向ｐ＋ ＋ 型重掺硅片,电阻率为５×１０－ ３Ωｃｍ 。主要工艺过程为：在衬底上生长一层硅薄膜同时掺硼,膜厚３８μｍ ,扩磷制备ｐ－ｎ 结,背面蒸Ａｌ及Ｔｉ／Ｐｄ／Ａｇ 制背电极,正表面在扩散后生长一层ＳｉＯ２ ,前面用光刻剥离法制备Ｔｉ／Ｐｄ／Ａｇ 电极,制成的１ｃｍ ２ 太阳电池,开路电压ＶＯＣ＝ ６１２．８ｍ Ｖ,短路电流ＩＳＣ＝ ２９．３ｍ Ａ,填充因子ＦＦ＝ ０．７５７９,效率η＝ １３．６１。对一些影响电池特性的因素进行了研究,发现硅薄膜的掺杂浓度、发射层的掺杂浓度以及减反射层都对太阳电池的特性有较大影响。     

Al2o3／SiCp纳米复相陶瓷的无压烧结性能研究

叙述了通过制备高分散、高稳定的Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＣ单相悬浮液来制备均匀混合的Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＳｉＣｐ复合粉体，经干压成形后。     

中温 AIN_xO_y-Ag／S.S 选择性吸收膜研究

报道了适用于真空集热管的中温选择性吸收薄膜的制备和性能。采用磁控反应溅射技术在不锈钢基体上沉积制备的ＡＩＮｘＯｙ－Ａｇ／Ｓ．Ｓ薄膜，ａ～０．９３，ε～０．０６。     

中温AlNxOy—Ag／S.S选择性吸收膜研究

报道了适用于真空集热管的中温选择性吸收薄膜的制备和性能。采用磁控反应溅射技术在不锈钢基体上沉积制备的ＡｌＮｘＯｙ－Ａｇ／Ｓ．Ｓ薄膜，ａ－０．９３，ε－０．０６。     

Ag／AuGeNi／n－GaSb欧姆接触的研究

研究了Ａｇ／ＡｕＧｅＮｉ／ｎ－ＧａＳｂ在１５０℃一４５０℃下合金处理对欧姆接触的影响，最佳合金温度为２２０℃，此时接触电阻率为６．７×１Ｏ－‘Ωｃｍ‘。用ＡＥＳ和ＸＲＤ研究了金属半导体界面处的扩散及物相变化，并讨论了接触电阻率与微结构的关系。     

Ag-doped PbS thin films by nebulizer spray pyrolysis for solar cells

Silver (Ag)-doped PbS (PbS:Ag) thin films of 616 to 745 nm in thickness were prepared on glass substrates via cost-effective nebulizer spray method by adding different Ag levels from 2% to 8% at 200°C. For solar cell applications, the effect of Ag doping concentration on structural, morphological, optical, photoluminescence, and electrical chattels of PbS thin film has been studied. X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the polycrystalline behavior of the prepared PbS:Ag films with cubic crystalline nature. The crystalline size and texture coefficient were increased by increasing Ag doping concentration. From the morphological studies by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM), the grain size of the films and surface roughness values were increased for the increase in Ag doping concentration. EDS spectra confirmed the existence of Ag, Pb, and S elements in the select 6% Ag-doped PbS film. Peaks related to silver oxide started to emerge at 6% of Ag doping level. The optical direct band gap value was reduced from 1.51 to 1.17 eV for Ag doping from 2% to 6% and thereby slightly increased as 1.79 eV for 8% Ag doping level. For all PbS:Ag films, the photoluminescence spectrum emitted a strong near band edge (NBE) emission at approximately 580 nm, meaning better optical quality. Hall effect measurements evidenced that Ag doping provides enhancement on the characteristics of mobility, carrier concentration, and resistivity with p-type conducting nature. The observed high carrier concentration and low resistivity values were 4.32 × 10¹⁴ cm⁻³ and 80 Ωcm, for 6% Ag-doped PbS film. The FTO/CdS/PbS:Ag heterostructure solar cell was formed from 6% Ag-doped film.     

Investigations on copper zinc tin sulfide thin films grown through nebulizer assisted spray pyrolysis technique

An attempt is made in this work to synthesize the nontoxic Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) thin film on FTO coated glass substrates through aerosol assisted nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique at different annealing temperatures for photovoltaic energy conversion. The deposited thin film is further used to form a heterojunction interface with a cadmium sulfide layer to fabricate a solar cell with Glass/FTO/CdS/CZTS/Ag superstrate structure to reveal its photovoltaic application. Various characterization techniques are utilized to study its inherent properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is employed to investigate the structural parameters such as crystallite size, microstrain and dislocation density which shows a preferential peak for (112) plane around 28.5° confirming the formation of kesterite CZTS. Raman measurements establish the peak for CZTS at 336 cm⁻¹ and confirm the absence of parasitic secondary phases for an excitation wavelength of 488 nm. Scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope used to examine the surface morphology and roughness of the films reveal a good surface morphology with a grain size of 555.9 nm and roughness of 123.7 nm for an annealing temperature of 350°C. The bandgap of the deposited CZTS films is found to be around 1.5 eV. The I-V characteristics of CZTS seem to be better for the 350°C annealed film. The performance of the optimized CZTS absorber layer is tested by forming a solar cell structure. The devised solar cell exhibited an open circuit voltage of 213 mV and a short circuit current density of 490 μA cm⁻² with a conversion efficiency of 0.68% substantiating the usage of the prepared film as an absorber for photovoltaic conversion.     

PROCESSING HIGH EFFICIENCY CdTe SOLAR CELLS

High efficiency solar cells can be fabricated on CdTe films prepared by a wide variety of deposition techniques. Most of these methods yield CdTe layers that need to be subjected to post-deposition treatments before they can be utilized in high efficiency device fabrication. In some cases these treatments can be made an integral part of the film growth process so that a post-deposition step is not needed. This paper discusses the procedures that are commonly used in high efficiency CdTe solar cell fabrication and reports on a newly emerging technique that holds the promise of becoming a high-throughput industrial process for thin film photovoltaic module production.     

高空飞艇薄膜太阳电池内辐射量计算研究

修正了任一方向的平面内太阳辐射计算模型,使之适用于编程计算各种倾角和方位角平面上的太阳辐射。在曲面上进行网格划分,生成若干个小平面,推导出平面法向量与倾角和方位角之间的关系式,逐个计算每个小平面上太阳辐射量,叠加后近似代替整个曲面上的太阳辐射量。运用此方法计算了高空飞艇的薄膜太阳电池上辐射量,并与此薄膜太阳电池在水平投影面内辐射量计算结果进行比较。结果表明,用水平投影面内辐射量代替薄膜太阳电池内辐射量有很大的偏差。因此,在高空飞艇能源系统性能详细分析阶段需要使用曲面内太阳辐射量计算模型,为随后的光电转换与能源系统计算提供准确的太阳辐射数据。     

Investigating different diffuse solar radiation models to analyse solar radiation on inclined surfaces in Oman

In this paper, a detailed analysis of the solar radiation on horizontal and tilted surfaces for six locations in Oman is presented. The locations are (from North to South): Majis/Sohar, Sur, Fahud, Masira, Marmul, and Salalah. These locations spread over Oman and cover different types of landscape. The method is validated through the use of measured data. The effect of tilt angle and orientation on the incident solar radiation is presented along with optimum surface tilt angles and directions for maximum solar radiation collection in these six locations. The solar radiation models used in this paper show good agreement with measured data. The results presented in this paper are extremely useful for quick estimation of solar radiation for calculations of buildings’ cooling load and solar collector system performance. This can be easily extended for other locations with similar landscapes and geographical conditions.     

蒙特卡洛法模拟集热器入射面太阳辐射的算法研究

复杂几何形式的太阳集热器辐射分析一般采用射线跟踪法,模拟的太阳辐射仅考虑直射辐射的入射方向,不适用于精确的辐射分析。通过把集热器入射面作为太阳辐射的入射起始面,以蒙特卡洛法为基础模拟太阳辐射。通过考虑直射辐射、散射辐射、太阳辐射的光谱分布以及太阳辐射32/张角等影响因素,研究了模拟射线的辐射位置、辐射方向、波长分布及辐射能量的相关算法,并进行了数值计算验证。以上研究综合考虑了影响太阳辐射的因素,准确模拟了进入集热器入射面的太阳辐射,为太阳集热器精确的辐射分析提供了基础。     

A detailed nonuniform thermal model of a parabolic trough solar receiver with two halves and two inactive ends

In this paper a detailed one dimensional nonuniform thermal model of a parabolic trough solar collector/receiver is presented. The entire receiver is divided into two linear halves and two inactive ends for the nonuniform solar radiation, heat transfers and fluid dynamics. Different solar radiation and heat transfer modes can be taken into consideration for these four different regions respectively. This enables the study of different design parameters, material properties, operating conditions, fluid flow and heat transfer performance for the corresponding regions or the whole receiver. Then the nonuniform model and the corresponding uniform thermal model are validated with known performance of an existing parabolic trough solar collector/receiver. For applications, the uniform thermal model can be used to quickly compute the integral heat transfer performance of the whole PTC system while the nonuniform thermal model can be used to analyze the local nonuniform solar radiation and heat transfer performance characteristics and nonuniform heat transfer enhancements or optimizations. Later, it could also be effectively used with an intelligent optimization, such as the genetic algorithm or the particle swarm optimization, to quickly evaluate and optimize the characteristics and performance of PTCs under series of nonuniform conditions in detail.     

太阳能等照度带聚焦菲涅耳透镜研究

为了提高聚光发电时太阳电池的光电转换效率,从提高太阳电池表面会聚光强分布的均匀性入手,对传统平板型线聚焦透镜进行改进,提出一种用于聚光光伏发电的等照度带聚焦菲涅耳透镜设计方法。带聚焦菲涅耳透镜分为奇数个单元,每个单元宽度与太阳电池宽度相等,单元内所有尖劈角φ相等并将太阳辐射等宽度折射至太阳电池表面,从而实现各单元透过的太阳能等照度叠加。最大聚光比由光伏电池宽度、透镜与太阳电池间距以及透镜材料折射率决定。对带聚焦和线聚焦两种透镜聚光条件下电池表面温度分布情况进行比较分析,验证了等照度带聚焦透镜设计的可行性。     

PECVD工艺制备的背面氮化硅薄膜对双面单晶硅太阳电池EL发黑的影响

以采用PECVD工艺制备的背面氮化硅薄膜对双面单晶硅太阳电池电致发光(EL)发黑的影响为研究对象进行了实验验证.结果表明,当背面氮化硅薄膜中底层膜的折射率较低时,会导致双面单晶硅太阳电池背电极位置的EL发黑;底层膜和中层膜的折射率过高时,会导致双面单晶硅太阳电池的EL大面积发黑;上层膜边缘的折射率较高时,会导致双面单晶...     

Environmental aspects of electricity generation from a nanocrystalline dye sensitized solar cell system

A Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, of a nanocrystalline dye sensitized solar cell (ncDSC) system has been performed, according to the ISO14040 standard. In brief, LCA is a tool to analyse the total environmental impact of a product or system from cradle to grave. Six different weighing methods were used to rank and select the significant environmental aspects to study further. The most significant environmental aspects according to the weighing methods are emission of sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide emission was selected as the environmental indicator depending on the growing attention on the global warming effect. In an environmental comparison of electricity generation from a ncDSC system and a natural gas/combined cycle power plant, the gas power plant would result in 450 g CO₂/kWh and the ncDSC system in between 19–47 g CO₂/kWh. The latter can be compared with 42 g CO₂/kWh, according to van Brummelen et al. “Life Cycle Assessment of Roof Integrated Solar Cell Systems, (Report: Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 1994)” for another thin film solar cell system made of amorphous silicon. The most significant activity/component contributing to environmental impact over the life cycle of the ncDSC system is the process energy for producing the solar cell module. Secondly comes the components; glass substrate, frame and junction box. The main improvement from an environmental point of view of the current technology would be an increase in the conversion efficiency from solar radiation to electricity generation and still use low energy demanding production technologies. Also the amount of material in the solar cell system should be minimised and designed to maximise recycling.