光电型总日射表性能的初步研究

对光电型总日射表与ＰＳＰ型总日射表进行了对比测试。在带有圆柱形余弦修正器时光电型总日射表的灵敏度尚佳。在太阳高度角小型３５°、没有温度补偿或将传感器与二次仪表做成一体时其误差较大     

总辐射表性能的测试研究

根据WMO和ISO关于总辐射表的性能指标，对我国气象观测台站使用的总辐射表（型号为DFY4和TBQ－2）进行了全面的性能测试，主要研究了灵敏度和长期稳定性，以及非线性，温度特性，余弦响应，方位响应，倾斜响应，时间响应，零位漂移等对灵敏度的影响，通过大量的实验数据和分析研究，得出了总辐射表测量误差的主要来源，这对于控制仪器质量，提高太阳总辐射测量的准确度以及对太阳辐射的研究是非常有益的。     

国产紫外总日射表性能测试(Ⅱ):室外测试及与国外同类产品比较

介绍了几种国产紫外总日射表与美国YankeeUVB-1型紫外总日射表和EppleyTUVR型紫外总日射表在室外进行半年对比试验的结果。发现:在几种国产紫外总日射表中,从性能上讲,无论是与TUVR型的相关性,还是余弦响应,均以UVB-2型总日射表为佳,另外,该总日射表还具有自动恒温装置,从而可免受环境温度的干扰;原计划在对比中以YankeeUVB-1型紫外总日射表作为UVB波段总日射表的相对标准,通过试验发现,它与任何一种紫外总日射表之间的关系均呈非线性。通过对其余弦响应实际测量发现,由于该紫外总日射表并无余弦修正装置,余弦响应不良也就不足为奇了。YankeeUVB-1型总日射表虽与EppleyTUVR型总日射表在测量波段上并不一致,但通过理论计算发现,在太阳高度较高时(>40°),二者之间还是存在着较好的线性关系。可以借此判断仪器性能之优劣。     

叶片型面误差分析改进

首先介绍了叶片型面误差的检测的现状，接下来介绍了改进的检测方案，通过扫描仪得到点云，把得到的点云与CAD模型对齐，计算叶片型面误差，然后送给机床，按照误差的大小来选择加工参数。因此，对提高叶片型面检测效率和叶片型面加工精度都有较强的指导意义。     

基于光敏二极管传感器三维阵列的光伏跟踪误差检测研究

光伏跟踪系统可提高光伏发电系统的发电效率,但由于光伏跟踪系统的运行机构及运动控制算法等存在不稳定性,常会导致其运行效果不理想,跟踪精度难以保障。为实现光伏跟踪系统跟踪误差的现场检测,设计了一种基于光敏二极管传感器三维阵列的光伏跟踪误差检测装置,该装置主要包括1个由多个光敏二极管传感器以三维阵列规则镶嵌构造的圆球体和主控制系统等;并设计了基于激光水平仪的传感器标定方案,实现传感器初始值偏差校正,提升检测装置一致性,实现对单轴或双轴光伏跟踪系统跟踪误差的自动检测。经设备试制及测试验证,结果表明：该检测装置可满足光伏跟踪系统跟踪误差检测精度需求,能够准确在线检测单轴、双轴光伏跟踪系统在不同情况下的跟踪误差。     

槽式太阳能聚光器能流密度测试系统研制技术

设计一种用于槽式太阳聚光器焦线能流密度测试系统,系统主要由余弦反射体、CCD光学测量系统、导轨及调整系统等组成。首先在实验室内采用辐射标定装置对余弦反射体和CCD光学测量系统进行精密标定,得到CCD光学测量系统灰度与能流密度定量关系;然后再用该系统对槽式太阳聚光器焦线能流密度进行测试。介绍该测试系统的标定方法和各部分设计关键技术,通过外场定量测试的方式对该测试系统进行检定后,能流密度测试误差优于5%。     

高硫原油对炼化设备的腐蚀及预防措施

介绍了高硫原油的特点，分析了原油中的硫和其它杂质对炼化设备的腐蚀状况，以及它们对设备安全运行的影响。通过对腐蚀严重的高风险部位采用无损检测和电阻探针对设备进行监测，进行基于风险的检测和灰色系统理论进行寿命预测，达到保证设备的长期安全稳定运行的目的。     

关于节能监测中测量误差的探讨

一、监测测试中存在的误差节能监测是以国家或地方标准为依据对社会用能设备的运行状况进行在线测试和分析，并作出评价，其中主要环节是测试分析，根据误差理论，任何测量都会产生误差，节能监测也不例外。而且由于是在线测量，受仪器和现场等因素影响，对测量误差的影响...     

计算昆明水平地面上月总太阳辐射量的经验公式

采用昆明部分年代的气象观测资料和太阳辐射实测数据，选取可能与月总太阳辐射量有关的参数，进行逐步线性回归，得到了计算昆明水平地面上月总太阳辐射量的几个经验公式，计算值与实测值的误差一般在１０％左右。     

中国大陆散射日射与总日射和地外日射的关系

利用１９９２年我国大陆１０个日射站点的逐时和逐日的散射日射、总日射辐照量记录，在小时散射成分与小时晴朗因子ＫＴ以及日散射成分与日晴朗因子ＫＴ之间建立了相关相系，对其误差进行分析，并与国外同类工作的结果作比较，表明这类关系是有地区差异的，还与大气浑浊情况有关。所得关系可供利用逐时或逐日的总日射辐照量推算相应时段的散射辐照量。     

A method for correction of cosine errors in measurements of spectral UV irradiance

One of the sources contributing to the overall uncertainty of spectral UV radiation measurements is the cosine error of the spectroradiometer. It leads to measurement errors that depend on atmospheric conditions and on solar zenith angle, and thus time of the day and season. Though the foreoptics of modern instruments are designed such as to minimize cosine errors, there remain deviations from the ideal cosine response. We have worked out a method to further reduce that remaining cosine error in global spectral irradiance. This method was applied to spectra of global UV radiation taken with a Brewer spectroradiometer. The only additional input data needed to apply the method of cosine correction to spectral irradiance data are concurrent broad-band UV-B radiation measurements of diffuse and global radiation recorded with filter UV instruments, which are used to estimate the optical thickness referred to global UV radiation for the time when the spectral scan is taken. The method takes account of the variable conditions of cloudiness and turbidity. In the case of measurements taken with Brewer instrument No. 30, the cosine corrected global UV-B radiation was higher than the measured irradiance by 9–20%, and even its daily totals turned out to be higher than the uncorrected radiation by 13–18%. An estimate of the uncertainty of ±4 to ±8% was derived from a theoretical approach as well as from model calculations using a radiative transfer model.     

基于太阳电池板的皮卫星太阳矢量测量算法研究

以低轨道皮卫星为应用对象,设计了一种基于太阳电池板的太阳矢量测量敏感器。敏感器完全复用卫星体装供电的太阳电池板进行矢量测量。通过对太阳电池板Ⅰ-Ⅴ输出模型的分析,提出了一种计算电池片工作点变化、补偿温度影响的太阳矢量测量算法。算法以卫星各个表面太阳电池片的电流、电压、温度为输入,测量范围为整个空间。经过实验和仿真以及对非理想余弦特性、测量噪声和地球反照光影响的分析,敏感器单独工作时,一般情况下测量精度优于9.2°,任意情况下优于12.7°。     

Accuracies achievable with indirect measurements of the direct solar irradiance component

Calculated direct solar irradiances from recording of global and diffuse irradiance are possible. However, to achieve the desired accuracy of 2 per cent of direct solar irradiance, corrections for the cosine error of the pyranometer to measure global irradiance and of the error induced by the shadowband in the diffuse irradiance have to be applied. Results then are satisfactory to zenith angles of approx. 80°.     

Estimation of monthly mean daily diffuse radiation in China

In this study, several equations are employed to estimate monthly mean daily diffuse solar radiation for eight typical meteorological stations in China. Estimated values are compared with measured values in terms of statistical error tests such as mean percentage error (MPE), mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE). All the models fit the data adequately and can be used to estimate monthly mean daily diffuse solar radiation from global solar radiation and sunshine hours. This study finds that the quadratic model performed better than the other models:     

基于GA-BP神经网络的逐时总辐射分组模型研究

通过分析影响太阳辐射的主要因素,提出以太阳高度角、季节和天气（晴空指数）作为数据划分依据的分组模型建立方法。以拉萨和西安地区的逐时气象数据和辐射数据为例,基于遗传算法（genetic algorithm,GA）优化的BP神经网络,建立太阳高度角、季节和天气类型的逐时总辐射分组模型。该研究揭示分组模型误差变化的规律,并将其估算误差与AllData模型比较。结果显示,相较于AllData模型,分组模型的估算误差均有降低。其中,天气分组模型误差最小,且西安的天气分组模型结果优于拉萨。西安天气分组模型平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）和相对均方根误差（rRMSE）相较AllData模型结果分别下降3.96%和4.18%。研究结果表明分组模型能够降低逐时总辐射估算误差,可为估算逐时总辐射提供方法借鉴。     

A revised empirical model to estimate solar radiation using automated surface weather observations

The transition from manual to automated weather observations at US National Weather Service Offices has compromised the ability to use these data as a means for estimating global horizontal and direct solar radiation. The creation of long term model-derived solar radiation climatologies continues to rely on the in situ cloud data that these observations provide, since homogeneous and readily available satellite data does not span the transition. An existing semi-physical solar radiation model is revised to allow for the estimation of hourly solar radiation based on these observations. Model evaluation reveals that errors in solar radiation estimates are comparable to other contemporary solar radiation models that estimate global horizontal solar radiation on both daily (10–15% mean absolute error) and hourly (15–19% mean absolute error) timescales. Hourly mean absolute errors are similar for different sky conditions, while daily percent errors are similar between seasons. Model updates also allow for accurate estimates of solar radiation in various climate regimes; regional patterns in model bias are not evident.     

碟式聚光器的月光聚光比分布计算模型

碟式聚光器和塔式聚光器均是点聚光系统,为了用月光法间接测量塔式聚光系统的聚光比分布,适宜用聚光稳定的碟式聚光器研究不同月相的光源亮度分布对聚光比分布的影响。主要建立月光下碟式聚光器的聚光比分布计算模型,首先依据拍摄的月相灰度图像建立分块均匀的光源亮度分布模型,再基于三维激光扫描点云数据生成准确的反射镜面形;在光线追迹过程中均匀采样镜面上的反射点,且考虑聚光器的跟踪误差;镜面的光学误差与光源的亮度分布合并为等效的光源亮度分布。模拟聚光比分布与实验聚光比分布的余弦相似度α>95%,光学模型准确性高。     

北京地区太阳紫外辐射的基本特征

1990年1月至1991年3月在中国科学院大气物理研究所香河观测站(北京东南70公里处)利用国产TBQ-4型分光辐射表及配套的智能辐射记录仪，对近地面太阳紫外辐射进行了观测，得到此间北京地区近地面太阳紫外辐射及其占太阳总辐射比例的变化特征，并分析了差异的原因。给出了1990年1月至1091年3月太阳紫外辐射的极值及对应的紫外辐射占总辐射的比例，后者同太阳总辐射存在反相关。     

Prediction and optimization of the performance of parabolic solar dish concentrator with sphere receiver using analytical function

Parabolic solar dish concentrator with sphere receiver is less studied. We present an analytic function to calculate the intercept factor of the system with real sun brightness distribution and Gaussian distribution, the results indicate that the intercept factor is related to the rim angle of reflector and the ratio of receiver angle to the optical error when the optical error is larger than or equal to 5 mrad, but is related to the rim angle, receiver angle and optical error in less than 5 mrad optical error. Furthermore we propose a quick process to optimize the system to provide the maximum solar energy to net heat efficiency for different optical error under typical condition. The results indicate that the parabolic solar dish concentrator with sphere receiver has rather high solar energy to net heat efficiency which is 20% more than solar trough and tower system including higher cosine factor and lower heat loss of the receiver.