风力机不同排列方式下尾迹数值模拟

为了避免风电场中尾流效应对风力机之间的相互影响,而找出不同排列方式下风力机之间的最佳距离,文章采用CFD商用软件对两台风力机分别在串列、并列以及三台风力机在错列的排列方式下,采取不同的安装间距进行模拟,根据其功率输出结合尾流理论和实际情况,找到了不同排列方式下风力机之间的最佳距离。通过对单台风力机、两台风力机并列和串列以及3台风力机错列进行了模拟计算,其结果表明:两风力机串列布置时,上游风力机对下游风力机影响甚大;并列布置时,两风力机之间影响甚微;错列布置时,下游风力机处在两个上游风力机的中间,避免了上游风力机尾流直接的影响。     

垂直轴风力机概述及发展优势剖析

本文简要介绍了垂直轴风力机的各种类型及其原理特点,然后对垂直轴风力机与水平轴风力机在结构设计、空气动力学性能、环境的影响等多方面进行了比较,体现了垂直轴风力机的独有优势,并得出垂直轴风力机发展前景广阔的结论。     

大型水平轴风力机噪声的测量

阐述了风力机噪声的传播、衰减和针对噪声的评估准则,以及风力机噪声的测量原理。针对风力机噪声测量测点布置进行了优化,给出了风力机噪声的测量实验方案和装置,并且采用自由声场法对风力机噪声进行了测量,得出了风力机噪声和周围环境噪声之间的合成声压级。     

垂直轴风力机的现在和未来

本文主要介绍小型垂直轴风力机的类型,各类小型垂直轴风力机的优缺点、小型垂直轴风力机的设计思想,以及小型垂直轴风力机主要设计参数的关联性和未来垂直轴风力机的发展方向,也简要介绍了磁悬浮在垂直轴风力机中的应用状态。     

风力机垂直交错对下游风力机性能的影响研究

为降低上游风力机尾流的影响、优化风场布置,在两台串联的NERL 5 MW水平轴风力机中间安装1台小型的垂直轴风力机,形成垂直交错风场。采用FLUENT软件对串联风场和垂直交错风场进行数值模拟,对比两种风场的输出功率与流动特性。同时,改变垂直轴风力机的安装位置,分析其与下游风力机的距离对垂直交错风场的影响。结果表明：当风力机串联布置且为标准间距7D(D为风轮直径)时,下游风力机受上游风力机尾流影响仍然很大,输出功率下降57.1%;串联风场中加入垂直轴风力机加快了相应垂直交错风场尾流的恢复,提高了下游风力机的输出功率;垂直交错风场中垂直轴风力机安装距离为1D～6D时,可以在上游风力机功率变化不明显的情况下提高下游风力机的输出功率;当安装距离为6D时,下游风力机提高功率最高,比串联风场增加了40.1%。     

舰船风能应用安全性影响因素研究

舰船风能应用要解决安装较大风力机后舰船的安全性问题,包括舰船的稳性影响和风力机塔架的强度问题。分析研究舰船风力机的选型、风力机对舰船稳性的影响、舰船对风力机塔架强度的影响等共性基础技术,并提出了初步的技术方案。     

风力发电实验用模拟风力机

在风力发电机控制、风力机最大功率点追踪控制(MPPT，Maximum Power Point Tracking)等相关的研究中，风力机是必备的实验设备，但是，在没有风的情况下，或在实验室，就无法进行这些实验和研究。作者开发了一种模拟风力机，有了它，就可以在实验室随心所欲地进行风力发电的初期实验研究工作，从而缩短研发的周期和减小实验研究的费用。首先用6次多项式来拟合风力机的转矩特性曲线。然后根据当前的风速和风力机转速来计算风力机的转矩，将此转矩作为转矩指令控制感应电机来模拟风力机，感应电机通过控制逆变器来驱动。最后，给出了用此模拟风力机所做的MPPT实验研究结果，验证了该模拟风力机的良好特性。     

基于烟线法的直线翼垂直轴风力机静态流场可视化试验

为探明直线翼垂直轴风力机自起动性能与风力机叶片迎风角度的关系,设计制作了一台具有3枚NACA0018翼型叶片的直线翼垂直轴风力机模型.通过风洞试验测试了直线翼垂直轴风力机在不同风速下自起动性与叶片迎风角度的关系;利用烟线法对风力机的静态流场进行了可视化试验,获得了不同叶片迎风角度下风力机周围流场的流迹线图像;分析了风力机自起动性与叶片翼型、叶片个数、叶片受力情况和周围流场的关系.     

小型风力发电机应用分析及评价

简要介绍了小型风力机的应用现状,从政策、技术优势、风资源利用以及投资经济性等多方面分析了小型风力机的发展优势,并对小型风力机的发展趋势进行了展望。     

叶片附着物对直线翼垂直轴风力机性能影响的风洞试验

直线翼垂直轴风力机是一种升力型风力机,多被作为离网型风能利用装置。在寒冷地区的冬季,风力机叶片表面结冰、积雪以及附着其他物质会影响风力机的性能。文章介绍了采用粘土作为附着物模拟叶片表面前缘结冰的风洞试验,研究了叶表附着物对风力机的转速和输出功率性能的影响。     

Wind power distributions: A review of their applications

This paper presents the features of wind power distributions that have been analytically obtained from wind distribution functions. Simple equations establishing a relationship between mean power density and wind speed have been obtained for a given location and wind turbine (WT). Four different concepts relating wind power distribution functions are shown: the power transported by the wind; the theoretical maximum convertible power from it according to the Betz’ law; the maximum convertible power from the wind considering more realistic limits that will be explained; finally an even more approximate limit to the maximum power obtained from a wind turbine, considering its parameters. Similarly, four different equations are obtained establishing relationships between the mean power density and the mean wind speed. These equations are very simple and very useful when discarding locations for wind turbine installation.     

兆瓦级风力发电机叶片动力学响应分析

应用现代柔性多体动力学和有限元数值分析相结合的理论建立风力机旋转叶片结构的系统动力学方程,并对微分方程数值求解的方法进行了研究;运用Bladed软件对1.5 MW风力发电机进行建模,分析叶片的结构动力学响应,得到系统的固有频率以及正常工况、启动工况和停车工况下3叶片挥舞方向和摆振方向的振动位移情况,判断风力发电机组运行的稳定性。     

大型风力发电机组自振频率的分析

应用集中质量法的基本原理和方法对复杂的大型风力发电机组结构进行合理的简化，建立相应的动力学模型和运动方程分析机组的自振特性，通过求解线性齐次方程组导出机组最主要的n阶自振频率。经验证，此法简便实用且能获得较为满意的精度，可为大型风力发电机组结构动态设计提供参考。     

Stability analysis of pitch‐regulated,variable‐speed wind turbines in closed loop operation using a linear eigenvalue approach

A multi‐body aeroelastic design code based on the implementation of the combined aeroelastic beam element is extended to cover closed loop operation conditions of wind turbines. The equations of a controller for variable generator speed and pitch‐controlled operation in high wind speeds are combined with the aeroelastic equations of motion for the complete wind turbine, in order to provide a compound aeroservoelastic system of equations. The control equations comprise linear differential equations for the pitch and generator torque actuators, the control feedback elements (proportional–integral control) and the various filters acting on the feedback signals. In its non‐linear form, the dynamic equations are integrated in time to provide the reference state, while upon linearization of the system and transformation in the non‐rotating frame, the linear stability equations are derived. Stability results for a multi‐MW wind turbine show that the coupling of the controller dynamics with the aeroelastic dynamics of the machine is important and must be taken into account in view of defining the controller parameters. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performances of ideal wind turbine

If there is an ideal wind turbine, its performances will be the pursuit goals for designing the actual wind turbine. In this paper, the wind turbine that has the maximum efficiency is defined as ideal wind turbine, which has three main features: lift-drag ratio is infinite, it has enough number blades so that the blade tip and root losses can be ignored, and its blades are limited in width. Using blade element theory, the differential equations of power, torque, lift and thrust of blade element were derived, and the expressions of power, torque, lift and thrust coefficients of the ideal wind turbine were gained by integrating along the blade span. Research shows that the power, torque and lift coefficients of the ideal wind turbine are functions of tip-speed ratio. When the lift-drag ratio and the tip-speed ratio is approaching infinity, power coefficient of the ideal wind turbine is close to the Betz limit; The torque limit is 0.401 when the tip-speed ratio equals about 0.635; The Lift limit is 0.578 when the tip-speed ratio equals about 0.714; The thrust coefficient is 8/9, which is unrelated with tip-speed ratio. For any wind turbine which tip-speed ratio is less than 10, the power coefficient is unlikely to exceed 0.585, for any high-speed wind turbine which tip-speed ratio is greater than 6, the torque coefficient in steady state is unlikely to exceed 0.1, and the lift coefficient is unlikely to exceed 0.2.     

Markovian power curves for wind turbines

This paper shows a novel method to characterize wind turbine power performance directly from high‐frequency fluctuating measurements. In particular, we show how to evaluate the dynamic response of the wind turbine system on fluctuating wind speed in the range of seconds. The method is based on the stochastic differential equations known as the Langevin equations of diffusive Markov processes. Thus, the fluctuating wind turbine power output is decomposed into two functions: (i) the relaxation, which describes the deterministic dynamic response of the wind turbine to its desired operation state, and (ii) the stochastic force (noise), which is an intrinsic feature of the system of wind power conversion. As a main result, we show that independently of the turbulence intensity of the wind, the characteristic of the wind turbine power performance is properly reconstructed. This characteristic is given by their fixed points (steady states) from the deterministic dynamic relaxation conditioned for given wind speed values. The method to estimate these coefficients directly from the data is presented and applied to numerical model data, as well as to real‐world measured power output data. The method is universal and is not only more accurate than the current standard procedure of ensemble averaging (IEC‐61400‐12) but it also allows a faster and robust estimation of wind turbines' power curves. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anticipatory Control of Wind Turbines With Data-Driven Predictive Models

The concept of anticipatory control applied to wind turbines is presented. Anticipatory control is based on the model predictive control (MPC) approach. Unlike the MPC method, noncontrollable variables (such as wind speed) are directly considered in the dynamic equations presented in the paper to predict response variables, e.g., rotor speed and turbine power output. To determine future states of the power drive with the dynamic equations, a time series model was built for wind speed. The time series model was fused with the dynamic equations to predict the response variables over a certain prediction horizon. Based on these predictions, an optimization model was solved to find the optimal control settings to improve the power output without incurring large rotor speed changes. As both the dynamic equations and time series model were built by data mining algorithms, no gradient information is available. A modified evolutionary strategy algorithm was used to solve a nonlinear constrained optimization problem. The proposed approach has been tested on the data collected from a 1.5 MW wind turbine.      

Thermodynamic performance assessment of wind energy systems: An application

In this paper, the performance of wind energy system is assessed thermodynamically, from resource and technology perspectives. The thermodynamic characteristics of wind through energy and exergy analyses are considered and both energetic and exergetic efficiencies are studied. Wind speed is affected by air temperature and pressure and has a subsequent effect on wind turbine performance based on wind reference temperature and Bernoulli’s equation. VESTAS V52 wind turbine is selected for (Sharjah/UAE). Energy and exergy efficiency equations for wind energy systems are further developed for practical applications. The results show that there are noticeable differences between energy and exergy efficiencies and that exergetic efficiency reflects the right/actual performance. Finally, exergy analysis has been proven to be the right tool used in design, simulation, and performance evaluation of all renewable energy systems.     

A new multibody modelling methodology for wind turbine structures using a cardanic joint beam element

This paper presents a new multibody modelling methodology for wind turbine structures. The methodology is based on the hybrid multibody system being composed of rigid, flexible bodies, force elements and joints. With a cardanic joint beam element based on the Timoshenko beam theory, the flexible bodies, e.g. rotor blades and tower, shafts, are modelled by a set of rigid bodies connected by cardanic joints geometrically and constrained by spring forces elastically, thus a whole wind turbine structure can be represented by a discrete system of rigid bodies, springs, and dampers. Using some concepts of the differential geometry, the Lagrange's motion equations of the multibody system are represented in explicit form. With this model, the global natural vibrations of a wind turbine structure of 600 kW are analysed.     

Winglet optimization for a model‐scale wind turbine

A winglet optimization method is developed and tested for a model‐scale wind turbine. The best‐performing winglet shape is obtained by constructing a Kriging surrogate model, which is refined using an infill criterion based on expected improvement. The turbine performance is simulated by solving the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations, and the turbulent flow is predicted using the Spalart‐Allmaras turbulence model. To validate the simulated performance, experiments are performed in the Norwegian University of Science and Technology wind tunnel. According to the simulations, the optimized winglet increases the turbine power and thrust by 7.8% and 6.3%, respectively. The wind tunnel experiments show that the turbine power increases by 8.9%, while the thrust increases by 7.4%. When introducing more turbulence in the wind tunnel to reduce laminar separation, the turbine power and thrust due to the winglet increases by 10.3% and 14.9%, respectively.