不同铁营养强化剂对贫血学生体内铁储量的影响

目的观察NaFeEDTA、FeSO4及电解质铁对贫血学生血红蛋白和体内铁储量的影响。方法将418名11～18岁贫血学生分为4组：对照组、NaFeEDTA组、FeSO4组和电解质铁组。通过强化面粉进行6个月铁补充,每公斤面粉铁强化量分别NaFeEDTA20mg、FeSO430mg、电解质铁60mg,对照组为同等级普通面粉。在0、2、4和6个月时,分别取血测定全血血红蛋白和血清铁蛋白、运铁蛋白受体,并通过铁蛋白和运铁蛋白受体计算体内铁储量。结果各观察组通过强化面粉平均每日铁摄入量：NaFeEDTA组6．6mg、FeSO4组11mg、电解质铁组22mg。NaFeEDTA组、FeSn组和电解质铁组在干预6个月后血红蛋白升高17．5、9．3和3．9g／L;铁蛋白水平上升14．0、5．0、1．9ng/ml。转运蛋白受体降低12．9、8．8和2．9mmol／L。NaFeEDTA和FeSO4组铁储量与血红蛋白水平呈正相关。而对照组各项检验指标干预前后差异无统计学意义。结论NaFeEDTA强化面粉升高血红蛋白和增加人体铁储量的作用优于FeSO4强化面粉,FeSO4强化面粉优于电解质铁强化面粉。     

油炸薯片工艺的研究

本文主要研究了油炸薯片的制作工艺，包括干燥方法以及油炸工艺进行了改进。通过实验确定工艺最佳干燥工序为：中档温度下微波干燥90s；最佳油炸工序为140℃下油炸50s；最适配方：马铃薯泥：61％，玉米淀粉：15％，红薯淀粉：6％，面粉：4％，植物油：3％，味精、食盐1s％，砂糖：2％，膨化剂1．3％，抗氧化剂：1％，乳化剂：0．7％，增稠剂：0．5％。     

小麦粉中三价铁检测方法的研究

以NaFeEDTA为例，提出了一种基于计算机色度学的小麦粉中三价铁含量的检测方法。该方法利用硫氰酸钾在酸性环境下与三价铁发生显色反应的原理，通过采集处理后样品的数字图像信息来测定铁的含量。研究结果表明，面粉用量大于6g，显色剂用量为2．5mL，样品静置时间为15rain时，测得的三价铁含量有较好的一致性。以“7＋1”面粉营养素为参考，向未经强化的面粉中分别添加其他营养素。结果表明，营养素的添加对实验结果无显著影响。分析表明，所提出方法标准曲线的相关系数可达0．9687，标准偏差不大于1．73rag／kg，回收率为98．0％-108．3％，比原子吸收法有更好的精密度，适用于铁含量在0—80mg／kg的面粉。     

虾片生产工艺研究

一、前言虾片属油炸膨化食品，最早起源于马来西亚，是许多东南亚国家颇为喜欢的酥脆型食品。虾片是一种色、香、味兼备的风味小食品，很受广大消费者的喜爱。国内生产厂家为数不多，关于虾片生产工艺的文献资料也未曾见有报道，故在此介绍一下其生产配方及工艺要点。二。材料及配方虾片主要是以鲜拉、虾肉和淀粉为主要原料加工而成的，具体排方如下：淀粉75～90／作经、虾肉10～25％白糖2．5～3．5／精盐2．5～3．5％味精1．0～2．0／香料运量食用色索适量原料要求：1．淀粉：主要用木暑淀粉，也可配以适量的玉米淀粉和小麦淀粉。2．鲜鱼、…     

影响油炸膨化食品膨化度的主要因素

一、前言:以淀粉为主要原料的油炸膨化食品,主要分为风味型和营养型两大类。风味型主要通过加入各种调味料制成诸如果味、肉味、虾味、可可味等不同风味的膨化食品。营养型主要是通过强化各种营养素如维生素、无机盐、氨基酸等提高制品的营养价值。目前国内市场上常见的产品有风味型龙虾片。油炸膨化食品的主要特点是:轻爽、酥脆、口感极佳。膨化度是决定产品这一特性的一个重要指标,因此,弄清油炸膨化食品生产工艺中影响膨化度的因素,是提高、保持产品质量的前提。     

大蒜用于酿造调味品的探讨

大蒜有丰富的营养、独特的风味、神奇的药效，若把大蒜应用于酱油、醋等调味品，可以集其营养、风味、药效于一体。为了更好地认识和开发大蒜调味品，本文就有关内容进行综合、探讨。1大蒜成分大蒜含有一定的营养素，特别是碳水化合物与维生素B1的含量较高，每100g新鲜鳞茎中各物质的量为：水分70g，蛋白质小蛇，脂肪0．2g，碳水化合物23g，粗纤维0．7g，钙44mg，磷44mg，铁0.4mg，维生素B10．24mg，维生素B20．03mg，维生素C3mg。其中，含挥发油约0．2％，比较特殊的成分有蒜素（Allicin）、蒜酶（alliinase）等。2大蒜药理作用人们对大…     

借力“非油炸”卡兹脆能否“旺旺”？

今年5月．旺旺集团休闲-饼干事业邦推出新品膨化类休闲食品——卡兹脆．该新品在膨化食品领域创造了两个第一，首次在非饼干类膨化食品领域提出“非油炸”的新概念：该产品分为2个系列．分别为开心水果系列和异国风情系列．首次将水果和韩、日饮食风味融入到膨化类食品中。旺旺用卡兹脆提升市场份额的目标很明确．卡兹脆的优点也很突出．但依靠这一新品能给膨化食品行业带来震动吗？     

方便面生产工艺及基本理论(二)

2．各种原材料的特性2．1小麦面粉有关面粉性质之论述，已在培烤食品原材料部份中作较详的阐明，这里不再重复．但由于生产方便面的面粉质量标准尚有其特殊要求：现根据日本工业界公认标准（GENERALLYRECOGNIZEDSTANDA·RD例表如下表4中记载的各种方便面所使用的面粉标准给予我们比较清楚的启示．几种面条中调味油炸面的面粉使用规格最低，灰分高达052％，等级要求仅为准1等与2等份很用．使用这种面粉的面条色泽当然不够白，但由于各种调味料在油炸前已经喷淋在面条表面，特别是荷油及醋等物料色泽较深，早已掩盖面粉的颜色，用…     

膨化及油炸食品常识

膨化食品是一种以谷物、薯类或豆类为主要原料，经焙烤、油炸、微波或挤压等方式熟化，前后体积有明显增加现象的食品。按照加工工艺的不同，可以将其分为四种类型：焙烤型、油脂型、直接挤压型和花色型，如雪米饼、薯片、虾条、虾片、爆米花、米果等。油炸小食品是以面粉、米粉、豆类、蔬菜、水果、果仁为主要原料，按照一定的工艺配方，经油炸制成的各种小食品，如怪味蚕豆、油炸花生米、蜜麻花等。口感酥脆是膨化食品与油炸小食品的共同特点。     

几种常见食品中甲醛本底值的调查研究

为了解唐山市居民日常饮食中甲醛的本底值，用乙酰丙酮比色法检测了唐山市出售的来自全国10个省市自治区的75份食品的甲醛含量。75份食品包括腐竹12份，粉丝、粉条16份。水发海产品17份，面粉13份，白糖9份，竹笋罐头4份，其他4份。75份样品全部检出甲醛。69份含量小于4．0mg／kg，占样品总数的92％，5份样品含量较高，8～35mg/kg，还有1份食品高达464mg/kg。由于食品原料、包装材料、加工方法、检验方法等因素的影响，食品中可能会存在一定量的甲醛或产生甲醛反应的物质。从本次检验结果看，低于4．0mg/kg的甲醛含量可被看作是本底值。而6份甲醛含量在8～464mg／kg的样品可以认定是在食品中非法使用了甲醛。     

Concentrations of 21 metals in 18 species of mushrooms growing in the East Black Sea region

Eighteen different species of wild mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus silvicola, Amanita muscaria, Amanita rubescens, Amanita vaginata, Boletus sp., Hydnum repandum, Hypholoma fasciculare, Laccaria lacceta, Lactarius piperatus, Lactarius sp., Lactarius volemus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Russula cyanoxantha, Russula sp., Russula delica, Russula foetens andTricholoma terreum) growing in the East Black Sea region were analyzed spectrometrically for their metal element (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Co, As, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ba, Ni, Ti, Cr, Al, Bi, Sb, and Ag) levels. In the mushrooms, the highest metal concentrations were measured as 4.91, 3.48, 0.60, 92.5, 44.4, 176, 169, 0.72, 1.76, 106.4, 136, 51 000, 1320, 1.62, 145, 282, 1.68, 24.1, 1.84, 0.26, and 0.37 mg/kg (dry weight basis) for Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Co, As, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ba, Ni, Ti, Cr, Al, Bi, Sb, and Ag in Russula foetens, Agaricus bisporus, Hypholoma fasciculare, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius sp., Tricholoma terreum, Amanita vaginata, Laccaria lacceta, Pleurotus ostreatus, Hypholoma fasciculare, Pleurotus ostreatus, Hypholoma fasciculare, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lactarius piperatus, Hydnum repandum, Russula sp., Agaricus bisporus, Russula delica, and Lactarius sp., respectively.     

基于无机多元素分析鉴别我国主要进口大米产地

目的利用大米中无机多元素分析数据建立判别模型,实现对4个我国进口大米主要产地的鉴别。方法采用ICP-MS和ICP-OES分析技术,测定了泰国、巴基斯坦、柬埔寨、缅甸4个产地的76份大米样本中磷、钾、镁、钙、锌、钠、锰、铁、铷、铜、硼、铝、钼、镍、钡、锶、砷、钛、硒、铬、钴、铯、铅、镉、锂、钒、银、锑、铍、铊、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、钪、钇等46种无机元素含量。通过对检测数据进行单因素方差分析、Fisher判别分析,建立了产地判别模型。结果4个产地大米的部分元素存在显著性差异,产地判别模型的原始校验准确率100%,交叉验证准确率96.1%。结论所建方法和判别模型对泰国、巴基斯坦、柬埔寨、缅甸所产大米具有很好产地鉴别能力。     

中宁枸杞中矿物元素在生长期的动态变化研究

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱对宁夏中宁枸杞中55种矿物元素在不同成熟阶段的含量进行跟踪测定,分析其变化规律.结果表明,中宁枸杞中55种元素含量差异较大,Cu、Co、B、Mg、Mn、Mo、Ca、Cd、Cr、Ni、Ba、Sr、Rb、Ti、W、Ga元素含量在5个成熟阶段呈降低趋势,Fe、Zn、V、Pb、As、Hg、Sb、Tl、L...     

Measurement of energy cost of selected household and farm activities performed by rural women

A nutritional study was carried out on 30 rural, low-income women, aged 25 to 35 years, in the village of Dhandra, Ludhiana District, Punjab, India, to measure the energy cost of selected household and farm activities. The mean weight, mid-upper-arm circumference, and triceps skinfold thickness were below the reference standards. A negative energy balance among the subjects indicated their poor energy status. The energy costs of selected household and farm activities were assessed by the Caltrac personal activity computer. The energy costs of household activities--making dough, making chapatis, grinding masala, hand pumping, washing utensils, sweeping, mopping, washing the floor, mud pasting, and washing clothes--were 0.0306, 0.0281, 0.0595, 0.0337, 0.0266, 0.0424, 0.0530, 0.0331, 0.0634, and 0.0453 kcal/kg/min, respectively. The energy costs of farm activities--collecting fodder, chaffing fodder, milking, making dung cakes, picking sag, harvesting wheat, bundling wheat, picking paddy, brooming paddy, and separating paddy--were 0.0472, 0.0372, 0.0530, 0.0270, 0.0337, 0.0623, 0.0374, 0.0411, 0.0370, and 0.0744 kcal/kg/min, respectively. All selected activities were categorized as light, except for grinding masala, mopping, mud pasting, harvesting wheat, separating paddy, and milking, which were categorized as moderate on the basis of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) physical activity ratios. The Caltrac gave lower values for the energy costs of most of the activities. Although it is simpler and less costly, the Caltrec must be calibrated against methods of measuring oxygen consumption for similar activities.     

Constituents of the essential oil of Sideritis cretica boiss

The essential oil constituents of Sideritis cretica Boiss have been investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Over 30 compounds were identified or partially identified in the oil which was obtained by steam distillation. The compounds reported in this work are: limonene, β-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, hexanol, nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol, a-copaene, linalool, octanol, 1-terpinen-4-ol, caryophyllene, pulegone, β-farnesene, terpineole, borneol, carvone, naphthalene, zingiberene, trimethyl-dihydro-naphthalene, β-cadinene, ar-curcumene, anethol, damascenone, calamene, colacorene, hexenyl benzoate, γ-decalactone, drimenol, thymol, carvacrol, diterpenes, diethyl phthalate and benzyl benzoate.     

Elemental fingerprint of wines from the protected designation of origin Valencia

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission (ICP-OES), in combination with different chemometric approaches, has been used to verify the origin of different red wine samples from Utiel-Requena, Jumilla, Yecla and Valencia protected designation of origin (PDO). The ability of multivariate analysis methods, such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), classification and regression trees (CARTs) and discriminant analysis (DA), to achieve wine classification from their elemental contents has been investigated. The calculations were performed using 38 variables (contents of Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Gd, Ho, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Tb, Ti, Tm, V, Y, Yb and Zn, at mg l⁻¹ level, determined by ICP-OES).     

Physicochemical Properties,Minerals, Trace Elements,and Heavy Metals in Honey of Different Origins: A Comprehensive Review

Honey is a popular natural food product with a very complex composition mainly consisting of both organic and inorganic constituents. The composition of honey is strongly influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, which vary based on its botanical and geographical origins. Although minerals and heavy metals are minor constituents of honey, they play vital role in determining its quality. There are several different analytical methods used to determine the chemical elements in honey. These methods are typically based on spectroscopy or spectrometry techniques (including atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry). This review compiles available scientific information on minerals and heavy metals in honey reported from all over the world. To date, 54 chemical elements in various types of honey have been identified and can be divided into 3 groups: major or macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Cl), minor or trace elements (Al, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd, Tl, Co, Ni, Rb, Ba, Be, Bi, U, V, Fe, Pt, Pd, Te, Hf, Mo, Sn, Sb, La, I, Sm, Tb, Dy, Sd, Th, Pr, Nd, Tm, Yb, Lu, Gd, Ho, Er, Ce, Cr, As, B, Br, Cd, Hg, Se, Sr), and heavy metals (trace elements that have a specific gravity at least 5 times higher than that of water and inorganic sources). Chemical elements in honey samples throughout the world vary in terms of concentrations and are also influenced by environmental pollution.     

Dietary exposure estimates of 30 elements from the UK Total Diet Study

Dietary exposures of consumers to 30 elements (aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, germanium, gold, iridium, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, strontium, thallium, tin and zinc) estimated from the UK 1994 Total Diet Study are reported, and compared with those from previous UK Total Diet Studies and those from other countries. Dietary exposure estimates were generally low and, where comparisons are possible, similar to those from other countries and below the relevant Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes and Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intakes. For most of those elements included in previous UK Total Diet Studies, dietary exposures have declined.     

ICP/MS and ICP/AES elemental analysis (38 elements) of edible wild mushrooms growing in Poland

Thirty-eight elements, including toxic cadmium, lead, mercury, silver and thallium, were determined in 18 species of wild edible mushrooms collected from several sites in Pomorskie Voivodeship in northern Poland in 1994. Elements were determined by double focused high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), after wet digestion of the dried samples with concentrated nitric acid in closed PTFE vessels using a microwave oven. K, P and Mg were present at levels of mg/g dry matter; Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn, Rb, Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cs, Sr, Al and Si were present at µg/g levels, while Tl, In, Bi, Th, U, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, La, Lu and Ba were present at ng/g levels.     

Toxic and nutrient elements in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis)

Toxic and nutrient elements were investigated in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) from South America. Fifty-four brands of commercialised yerba mate from Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay were analysed for Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and Li, Be, Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Co, As, Se, Rb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, La, Ce, Pb, Bi and U using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Antimony, Se, Ag and Bi were not detected in any sample whereas the limits of detection (LODs) of these elements were 0.19, 0.40, 0.003 and 0.001 μg g^?1, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the concentrations of Cd, Ti, Ni, As, Mo, U, Li and Be in yerba mate were not statistically different with regard to the country of origin, while those of the other investigated elements differed.