《计量学报》2007年度（第28卷）分类目录

几何量计量显微栅线投影相关法及其在三维形貌测试中的应用………1(10)基于α-壳的圆度误差评定无关点删除算法…………………1(14)基于计算机视觉测量技术的图像轮廓提取方法研究………1(18)显微测量系统外参数标定的研究……………………………1(23)平面度误差的快速评定法—     

基于高速图像采集与时间序列图像相关的微陀螺动力学特性测试

研究微结构与微机械电子系统(MEMS)的动力学特性测量与试验方法,对于优化MEMS的结构设计以及提高其可靠性与稳定性具有重要的意义。基于高速图像采集技术和数字图像相关方法,提出了一种用于MEMS动力学特性测试与研究的时间序列数字图像相关方法。由于数字图像相关方法是以图像子区作为单元通过相关搜索计算出相关动力学参量,如同在试件上安装没有任何附加质量和附加力的影响的“微传感器”,因此该方法对试件表面要求低,测试结构简单,测量的数据精度高,可靠。给出了用该方法对稳定谐振和自由阻尼振动情况下微陀螺的动力学特性的测试结果,为进一步研究分析微陀螺的稳定性提供了重要的参数。     

双CCD数字图像相关测量系统精度影响因素的综合分析

提出的双CCD数字图像相关测量系统具有非接触、高精度、实时操作方便的特点,若将其用于应变测量,灵敏度优于1个微应变.它还可用于位移、新型材料线胀系数等的测量.用实验方法对影响双CCD数字图像相关测量系统精度的几种因素进行分析和研究,从理论上分析和评价记录视场角、投影视场角、离焦对测量结果精度的影响,以及这三种因素的综合影响.文中还给出了材料应变的实验测量结果,表明双CCD数字图像相关测量系统具有较高的测量精度,能应用于位移、应变的实际工程测量.     

光纤Bragg光栅用于动态应变测试的研究进展

应变测量是光纤光栅的主要应用之一。概述了光纤Bragg光栅（FBG）在不同时期和领域用于动态应 变测试的研究进展;阐述了传感头、信号的解调方法和工程应用;评述了基于光纤Bragg光栅的动态应变测试方 法和解调技术;比较了各自的优缺点和目前所能达到的测试范围     

常用的应力测试方法及其在船舶系统零部件中的应用

介绍了几种常用的应力测试方法,对其测试原理、应用范围和优缺点进行了比较。机械法、磁性法、超声波法、压痕法、X射线衍射法及数字图像相关法在有效性、准确性和操作简便性等方面都有自己的优缺点。其中数字图像相关法具有非接触、无损、应用范围广、设备便携等特点,已成为船舶系统零部件应力测试与评价的最优选择。但是对数字图像相关法在高温、高湿腐蚀环境下的测试误差大,大曲率零部件测试面积有限等问题,还需要进行深入研究与试验验证。     

利用Linnik显微干涉技术测量微结构动态特性

为了实现微结构的离面运动、幅频特性和谐振频率等动态参数的测量,设计开发了微结构动态测试系统,采用Linnik显微干涉结构,具有放大倍率高和工作距离长的特点.首先,系统利用频闪成像技术、五步相移方法和分割线去包裹算法测量微结构离面运动,然后,再通过扫频技术得到微结构的幅频特性和谐振频率.利用该测试系统对硅微悬臂梁的离面振动和幅频特性进行了测试,实验结果表明:硅微悬臂梁的谐振频率为13.03kHz,离面振动测量重复性误差小于10nm.系统具有较好的测量可重复性和较高的测量精度,能满足微结构动态特性测量对测试系统的性能要求.     

基于数字图像处理技术应变测量系统

本文提出了一种基于数字图像处理技术的应变测量仪,该应变仪采用双CCD(电荷耦合器)显微数字图像相关测量系统,它可用于应变非接触高精度测量。本文还用金属材料的拉伸试验对本系统进行考核,实验与理论值吻合较好。     

参数曲面线投影的求精计算

本文提出了一种新的参数曲面线投影求交计算方法，基于参数域摄动原理，将求交问题转化为一系列简单的参数摄动，映射，判断，比较等运算，能有效地解决参数曲面的线投影求交计算，大量的应用的实例表明这一算法的可靠性好，计算精度高，摄动速度快，已在复杂曲面测量造型和数控加工质量分析中取得了良好的应用效果。     

基于线阵CCD投影法的插针外径测量分选系统

提出了一种基于线阵CCD投影法的插针外径自动测量分选系统。文章详细论述了线阵CCD投影法的工作原理和自动测量分选系统的结构设计。实验结果表明,该系统具有精度高、稳定性好等特点。插针直径测量范围为0·3~1·0mm,测量准确度可达3μm左右,测量分选速度大于70个/min。     

Neophot32光学显微镜数字图像系统方法确认

以0.01 mm显微刻度尺和球墨铸铁金相试样及设计图形为样本,依据ISO/IEC17025:2005,对Neophot32光学显微镜新配置的数字图像系统进行方法确认。确认内容包括:测量溯源性、清晰度、放大倍数、视场大小、长度测量、图谱比较及面积比测量等七方面。结果表明,该数字图像系统采集的显微组织图像清晰,放大倍数准确,视场大小满足相关金相检验标准要求,放大倍数可以溯源到国际单位制SI,对显微组织定量、半定量分析结果,与采用标准方法分析结果相同或更精确。该数字图像系统满足金相分析和检验的要求。     

Three-dimensional shape measurement and calibration for fringe projection by considering unequal height of the projector and the camera

In fringe projection, the CCD camera and the projector are often placed at equal height. In this paper, we will study the calibration of an unequal arrangement of the CCD camera and the projector. The principle of fringe projection with two-dimensional digital image correlation to acquire the profile of object surface is described in detail. By formula derivation and experiment, the linear relationship between the out-of-plane calibration coefficient and the y coordinate is clearly found. To acquire the three-dimensional (3D) information of an object correctly, this paper presents an effective calibration method with linear least-squares fitting, which is very simple in principle and calibration. Experiments are implemented to validate the availability and reliability of the calibration method.     

Uneven fringe projection for efficient calibration in high-resolution 3D shape metrology

A novel uneven fringe projection technique is presented whereby nonuniformly spaced fringes are generated at a digital video projector to give evenly spaced fringes in the measurement volume. The proposed technique simplifies the relation between the measured phase and the object's depth independent of pixel position. This method needs just one coefficient set for calibration and depth calculation. With uneven fringe projection the shape data are referenced to a virtual plane instead of a physical reference plane, so an improved measurement with lower uncertainty is achieved. Further, the method can be combined with a radial lens distortion model. The theoretical foundation of the method is presented and experimentally validated to demonstrate the advantages of the uneven fringe projection approach compared with existing methods. Measurement results on a National Physical Laboratory (UK) "step standard" confirm the measurement uncertainty using the proposed method.     

Improved speckle projection profilometry for out-of-plane shape measurement

An improved speckle projection profilometry that combines the projection of computer generated random speckle patterns using an ordinary LCD projector and the two-dimensional digital image correlation technique for in-plane displacements measurement is proposed for accurate out-of-plane shape and displacement measurements. The improved technique employs a simple yet effective calibration technique to determine the linear relationship between the out-of-plane height and the measured in-plane displacements. In addition, the iterative spatial domain cross-correlation algorithm, i.e., the improved Newton-Raphson algorithm using the zero-normalized sum of squared differences correlation criterion and the second-order shape function was employed in image correlation analysis for in-plane displacement determination of the projected speckle patterns, which provides more reliable and accurate matching with a higher correlation coefficient. Experimental results of both a regular cylinder and a human hand demonstrate that the proposed technique is easy to implement and can be applied to a practical out-of-plane shape and displacement measurement with high accuracy.     

Basic principle of digital image correlation for in-plane displacement and strain measurement

The basic principle and the algorithm of a digital image correlation method, and the procedure for obtaining displacements and strains are described. In order to describe the basic principle precisely, only in-plane displacement and strain measurement of a planar object are explained. Gray levels between integer pixels of a digital image after deformation are interpolated to obtain displacements with subpixel resolution. Displacements are then determined by solving nonlinear simultaneous equations taking the deformation of a subset into consideration. Strains are obtainable by differentiating the measured displacements. In addition to the basic principle of digital image correlation, the example of the measurement and its results are shown.     

基于多普勒效应的激光微位移测量系统

介绍了一种可进行动态微位移测量的激光微位移测量系统。该系统以多普勒效应为理论基础，以He-Ne激光器为光源，配置了判向变频系统、CCD视频信号的高速动态采集系统、微机处理系统及干涉图像处理软件包等，较传统测量方法其精度、误差、灵敏度及稳定度都有较大提高，并实现了微位移的全自动测量。     

Micro 3D measurement method using SEM

Three diamensional (3D) measurement method by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) has already been proposed by using the principle of shadow moiré. In the method, the image of original grid in shadow moiré image must be clearly removed in fringe analysis process in order to perform high resolution analysis. A new method based on the principle of projection moiré is proposed to solve the trouble concerning the grid. In this paper, the mechanism of producing some shadows of grid on the surface of the object by back scattering electron beam in the new method is discussed. Fringe image as shadow of grid is analyzed by Wavelet transform. The precise 3D measurement is realized by using the phenomenon of shadows of grid. Furthermore, a 3D micro structure on the head of a hard disk is measured. From the comparison of results obtained by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), it is confirmed that the proposed method has high-resolution power(about 20nm).     

Development of digital image correlation method to analyse crack variations of masonry wall

The detection of crack development in a masonry wall forms an important study for investigating the earthquake resistance capability of the masonry structures. Traditionally, inspecting the structure and documenting the findings were done manually. The procedures are time-consuming, and the results are sometimes inaccurate. Therefore, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique is developed to identify the strain and crack variations. This technique is non-destructive for inspecting the whole displacement and strain field. Tests on two masonry wall samples were performed to verify the performance of the digital image correlation method. The phenomena of micro cracks, strain concentration situation and nonuniform deformation distribution which could not have been observed preciously by manual inspection are successfully identified using DIC. The crack formation tendencies on masonry wall can be observed at an earlier stage by this proposed method. These results show a great application potential of the DIC technique for various situations such as inspecting shrinkage-induced cracks in fresh concrete, masonry and reinforced concrete structures, and safety of bridges.     

An identification method of mechanical properties of materials based on the full‐field measurement method based on the fringe pattern

With the development of image processing technology, optical methods based on fringe patterns, for example, the grid method, electronic speckle pattern interferometry, moiré techniques (including moiré interferometry and digital moiré), and coherent gradient sensing, have become useful techniques for measuring the full‐field deformation of materials and structures. An important application of these techniques is to offer deformation fields for extracting constitutive parameters in the inverse methods. In this paper, we proposed a novel inversion method based on fringe patterns (IMFP), which can be used to identify constitutive model parameters by comparing simulated fringe patterns obtained using the finite element method with experimentally measured fringe patterns. The feasibility and identification accuracy of IMFP were evaluated through numerical experiments, and an additional series of numerical tests were conducted to analyse the noise immunity of IMFP and its sensitivity to the number of constitutive model parameters. Finally, IMFP was applied in the identification of the mechanical parameters of selective laser melting three‐dimensional printed stainless steel.     

Use of the circular Dammann grating in angle measurement

We describe a novel method of angle measurement by borrowing the concept of the circular Dammann grating (CDG). A three-order CDG is employed in this experiment. The displacement of the tilted angle can be determined accurately by measuring the projection from the distorted CDG image. This method is controlled only by the initial radius of the image and the converging ratio of the lens. Compared with conventional techniques, this technique has the advantages of a simple design with superior resolution to within 1 degree, low cost, and compactness. A theoretical analysis together with experimental results is presented.     

Multiple‐view Shape and Deformation Measurement by Combining Fringe Projection and Digital Image Correlation

Abstract: We present a new method that combines the fringe projection and the digital image correlation (DIC) techniques on a single hardware platform to simultaneously measure both shape and deformation fields of three‐dimensional (3‐D) surfaces with complex geometries. The method in its basic form requires only a single camera and single projector, but this can be easily extended to a multi‐camera multi‐projector system to obtain complete 360° measurements. Multiple views of the surface profile and displacement field are automatically co‐registered in a unified global coordinate system, thereby avoiding the significant errors that can arise through the use of statistical point cloud stitching techniques. Experimental results from a two‐camera two‐projector sensor are presented and compared with results from both a standard stereo‐DIC approach and a finite element model.