溶剂法浸出棉籽油和脱除棉酚的工艺研究

综述了采用单一溶剂或混合溶剂浸出棉仁生坯（或饼）,提取棉籽油并脱除棉籽粕中棉酚的工艺研究进展情况。     

浅谈棉籽油中棉酚及其测定

介绍了棉籽及棉籽油中游离棉酚的含量情况及危害 ,并对苯胺比色法测定棉酚中的几个问题进行了探讨     

丙酮／己烷／水非均相混合溶剂浸出棉籽油及脱除棉酚工艺条件的研究

用丙酮／己烷／水非均混合溶剂浸出冷榨棉饼提油和脱酚的最佳工艺条件，调节生胚的水分使冷榨棉饼含水１３％左右，丙酮／己烷／水非均相混合液剂配比为：５０／５０／６（ＶＶ／Ｖ）浸出温度４７℃，溶剂／饼＝５：１（ｍｌ／ｇ）浸出时间１５０ｍｉｎ，在此条件下可使棉籽粕中残留的游离棉酚〈０．０４５％，总棉酚〈．６１％，残油率〈１．０％。     

利用棉酚甲醇浸出液提取棉酚的生产总结

利用甲醇提取棉酚,可以使棉籽粕中的游离棉酚含量降低到0.01%以下,达到安全食用标准,为棉籽蛋白的广泛应用提供了条件。同时获得了游离棉酚含量为0.15%的甲醇浸出液,也为提取生产棉酚提供了条件。通过提取棉酚的生产实践,二苯胺棉酚的收率达到57%,棉酚的提取收率达到55%,棉酚含量达到85%以上。     

用紫外分光光度法对棉籽油中棉酚定量测定的研究

棉酚是一种毒性较强的化合物,且分布较广.本文研究了用60%的乙醇萃取棉籽油中的游离棉酚,然后用UV—240分光光度计在233nm波长下进行测定,所得结果相对误差小于6.25%.此法灵敏度高,重现性好,操作简便,理论检测下限为5ppm.     

水酶法提取棉籽油的研究

采用乙醇提取法从棉籽仁中分离出棉酚,得到游离棉酚含量为0.037%的脱酚棉籽。再以其作原料,用水酶法提取棉籽油。采用单因素试验及L9(34)正交试验,以出油率为指标,研究了影响棉籽提油的因素:加酶量、固液比、浸提时间和浸提温度,得到了最佳工艺条件:固液比为1:12、浸提时间为3 h、浸提温度为55℃、加酶量为0.03%,在此条件下,游离油提取率可达到64.53%。     

含水丙酮浸出棉籽油及脱除棉酚的研究

用含水丙酮浸出预榨棉饼提油及去毒的最佳工艺条件是:浸出时间120min、丙酮含水10％、棉饼/溶剂=1∶1.1。在此条件下可使浸出棉籽粕中残留游离棉酚小于0.045％,粕中残油率低于1％。     

用一种新溶剂物质浸出棉籽

用一种含异已烷和５％－２５％乙醇或异丙醇的溶剂从棉籽中浸出棉酚和油。试验结果表明,这种新的溶剂物系不仅有效地除去游离棉酚和总棉酚,而且浸出油与正已烷一样有效。分析由新溶剂物质生产的棉籽粕的氨基酸与正已烷生产的相似。     

棉籽油的特性与常用精炼工艺比较

简要介绍了棉籽油的特性与棉籽油常用精炼工艺,并将传统的精炼工艺与混合油精炼工艺在棉籽油中的应用从工艺流程、毛油品质、精炼率等方面进行了比较,得出棉籽油的混合油精炼工艺具有精炼率高、成品油色泽浅、动力消耗低、维修费用低等优点.为生产厂家根据棉籽油加工规模、成品油的质量选择最佳的棉籽油精炼工艺和方案提供参考,以实现投资少,产品质量高,经济效益好的经营目标.     

八十份棉籽油游离棉酚检验报告

夏津县种植棉花已有五六百年的历史,特别是到了清朝末年,就大面积的种植棉花。由于收棉收种榨油多,人们自然地食用棉籽油就成了习惯。但是,没有发生棉酚中毒的情况。可是,近几年来医学书、杂志、报刊都有报导,因食棉籽油发生棉酚中毒的病例。     

棉籽油物理精炼实践

一般认为棉籽油不宜进行物理精炼的主要原因是其中含有棉酚,但只要工艺方案选择合理,采用合理的工艺条件,是完全可以对棉籽油进行物理精炼的。提出了针对棉籽油进行物理精炼的切实可行的工艺方案和要求,并在实际生产中加以应用,取得了良好的工艺效果和经济效益。棉籽油进行物理精炼时,应使用较低的温度,较高的真空度,将酸值降至2 mgKOH/g左右时改用碱炼脱酸,既可提高精炼率,又可脱除油中的棉酚。     

两种精炼工艺在新疆棉籽油生产加工中的应用对比

阐述了两种精炼工艺(常规精炼工艺和混合油精炼工艺)的工艺流程及控制要点,并将两种工艺生产的成品棉籽油的各项指标进行对比分析。与常规精炼工艺相比,混合油精炼得到的成品棉籽油色泽R值低1.5~2.5,酸值(KOH)低0.08 mg/g,含皂量低0.015个百分点,皂脚含油低10~20个百分点,精炼得率提高2~6个百分点。混合油精炼工艺在新疆棉籽油生产加工中的应用具有精炼得率高、成品油色泽浅、动力消耗低、维护费用低等优势,解决了新疆棉籽高棉酚含量对棉籽油生产加工的不利影响,更适合于新疆棉籽油的加工。     

棉仁中游离棉酚提取工艺的优化

为了获得高质量的棉籽油和棉粕,并实现副产物棉酚的精制,采用有机溶剂浸出技术研究棉仁中游离棉酚的提取工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了70%丙酮提取游离棉酚的最优工艺条件。试验表明,对游离棉酚提取率影响的因素主次顺序为:提取次数,提取时间,料液比,提取温度;确定的最优提取工艺条件为:提取温度40℃,提取时间50 min,料液比1∶15,提取次数3次,搅拌速率850 r/min;在最优工艺条件下,游离棉酚提取率为89.58%,棉粕中游离棉酚含量仅为400 mg/kg。分别对棉酚标准样品和棉仁中提取的棉酚提取液进行40℃加热处理,结果表明加热会导致游离棉酚转化为其他物质,从0 h加热到8 h时,棉酚提取液中的游离棉酚含量从68.19μg/mL降至25.27μg/mL,损耗率达到62.94%。     

棉油皂脚制备醋酸棉酚的研究

对棉油皂脚制备醋酸棉酚的工艺进行了研究。以棉油皂脚为原料,经酸化、水解、分液、结晶、过滤、干燥即可得到醋酸棉酚。通过单因素试验优化醋酸棉酚的制备工艺。结果表明:以棉油皂脚为原料,在浓硫酸添加量10%、加热时间90 min、冰醋酸与油相体积比1∶3条件下,一次结晶可得到纯度88%以上的醋酸棉酚,回收率大于60%;经过一次重结晶可得到纯度98%以上的醋酸棉酚,回收率大于45%。     

HPLC测定棉籽粕中游离棉酚含量

建立了棉籽粕中游离棉酚(FG)的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定。结果表明,HPLC测定FG的最佳色谱条件为:流动相V(甲醇+0.2%磷酸)∶V(V(乙腈)∶V(水)=1∶3)=85∶15(分别使用2个进样器),柱压16.2 MPa,柱温25℃,流速1.0 m L/min,进样量20μL,Waters XTerraMS C18不锈钢色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),UV检测波长235.5 nm。在最佳条件下,能更好地检测棉籽粕中的游离棉酚,棉酚标准溶液的质量浓度与其峰面积呈正相关,相关系数为0.999 9,在0.15~5μg/m L之间呈良好线性关系,平均回收率在95.67%~98.99%之间,相对标准偏差在1.28%~2.03%之间。     

The effects of varying gossypol intake from whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal on lactation and blood parameters in lactating dairy cows

Effects of varying amounts of gossypol from whole Upland cottonseed (WCS) and cottonseed meal (CSM) were evaluated in 40 midlactation Holstein cows. After 14 d of pretreatment, cows were assigned to 1 of the 5 treatments for 84 d: control (no gossypol), 931 mg/kg total gossypol (TG) and 850 mg/kg free gossypol (FG) from WCS (moderate TG and high FG); 924 mg/kg TG and 91 mg/kg FG from CSM (moderate TG and low FG), 945 mg/kg TG and 479 mg/kg FG with equal amounts of TG from WCS and CSM (moderate TG and FG), or 1894 mg/kg TG and 960 mg/kg FG with equal amounts of TG from WCS and CSM (high TG and FG). Concentrations of plasma gossypol (PG) and its isomers were directly proportional to FG intake. Concentrations of PG reached a plateau after 28 d on treatment, and they were highest in cows receiving a diet with high TG and FG. Erythrocyte fragility differed among treatments and increased with increasing FG intake. Plasma gossypol returned to negligible concentrations 28 d after withdrawal of cottonseed products from the high TG and FG diet. Serum vitamin A was similar among treatments, but vitamin E increased with increasing FG intake. Serum enzymes were generally unaffected by treatments, but urea N increased in diets higher in TG and FG. Intake of dry matter was higher for the diet high in TG and FG than for the control diet, but was similar for other treatments. Cows receiving the high TG and FG diet produced more milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk, with no changes in milk composition. Feeding a diet containing 1894 mg/kg TG and 960 mg/kg FG for 84 d increased PG concentrations and erythrocyte fragility and resulted in minor changes in blood metabolites and enzymes, but no detrimental effect on lactation performance was observed. Indicators of liver, kidney, and muscle cell viability suggest that the higher amounts of gossypol consumed in this study had only minor effects on those tissues in lactating dairy cows.     

Type of cottonseed and level of gossypol in diets of lactating dairy cows: plasma gossypol,health, and reproductive performance

Objectives were to determine effects of altering gossypol intake by feeding whole linted Upland (WUP) or a 1:2 blend of WUP and cracked Pima (BUPCP) cottonseed on plasma gossypol (PG) concentrations, reproduction, and health of Holstein cows. Cows, 813, on three dairy farms were assigned to one of two diets starting at 13 +/- 11 d in milk for a 170-d experiment. Diets contained 717 and 951 mg of free gossypol/kg of dry matter from WUP and BUPCP, respectively. Concentrations of PG, as well as the proportion of total gossypol (TG) as the minus isomer were higher for cows fed BUPCP vs cows fed WUP. Conception rate at the first postpartum artificial insemination did not differ between treatments. However, cows consuming the higher gossypol diet had reduced subsequent conception rates and a lower pregnancy rate. Incidence of abortions increased in the higher gossypol diet, and cows that aborted or remained open had higher PG concentrations. Increasing PG concentrations resulted in reduced conception rates and extended days open. The probability of conception after the first artificial insemination declined at a decreasing rate as the plasma TG increased. Incidence of health disorders were unaffected by gossypol intake and PG concentrations. Similarly, gossypol intake and PG concentrations had no effect on culling or mortality. Six cows died in each diet, and none had postmortem signs compatible with gossypol toxicity. Consumption of a high gossypol diet for 170 d had no effect on health of lactating dairy cows, but it increased PG concentrations and impaired reproductive performance.     

棉籽混合油精炼工业化应用实践

介绍了棉籽混合油精炼理论、精炼工艺及精炼的关键控制点,包括棉籽混合油浓度控制、脱胶控制和碱炼控制;并且对棉籽混合油精炼工艺与传统化学精炼工艺在精炼得率、成品油色泽、酸值、过氧化值等指标方面进行了对比分析。得出棉籽混合油精炼工艺效果较好。     

棉籽及棉籽油中苯并芘的来源研究

为了探究棉籽及棉籽油中的苯并芘来源,采用高效液相色谱法对不同来源地的棉籽进行了苯并芘含量测定,并对苯并芘含量较高的棉籽及不同含量苯并芘的棉籽制取的油脂进行了苯并芘含量分析。结果表明:一般棉籽中的苯并芘含量都不高且与种植区域无关,基本都小于1μg/kg;棉籽本身苯并芘含量不会增加,但在运输储存过程中会受到苯并芘污染,比如运输车辆打扫不干净,储存中受空气污染及尘土侵袭都有可能使棉籽中苯并芘含量升高;受污染的棉籽中苯并芘主要分布在棉籽壳上,棉籽中的苯并芘会在棉籽油中聚集。     

挤压膨化温度对棉粕游离棉酚及营养成分的影响

本文研究了不同挤压膨化温度(90、100、110、120和130℃)对棉粕中游离棉酚和营养成分的影响。结果表明棉粕挤压膨化脱酚的最佳温度是120℃,超过这一温度后游离棉酚的降解速率不再随温度的升高而增加。随着挤压膨化温度升高棉粕蛋白氮溶解指数(NSI)迅速降低,棉粕中粗纤维、有效赖氨酸和总赖氨酸的含量也随温度升高而显著降低,但当温度达到120℃时,总氨基酸(AA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)的含量达到最大值。此外,120℃时,棉粕中支链氨基酸(BCAAs)的含量也最高。所以,挤压膨化温度在120℃时,既可以显著降低游离棉酚的含量又可较好的保持棉粕的营养价值。