具有变磁阻励磁回路的永磁同步电动机电感参数

为解决永磁同步电动机弱磁问题,提出了一种能够跟随转速自动调节励磁磁阻的新型永磁同步电动机.在介绍电机基本结构和原理的基础上,通过不同励磁下电机磁力线分布,指出了影响交直轴电感主要有永磁体、隔磁磁桥和交直轴电流.并分别就永磁体厚度、隔磁桥尺寸、电流饱和、非导磁体的引入和永磁体的运动,运用有限元数值法计算了交直轴电感.计算结果与电感分析结果和测试结果相吻合.     

INTERIOR PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR HAVING SEVERAL IMPROVED FEATURES

ABSTRACT

The no-load airgap flux density distribution of most conventional permanent magnet motors is square in shape. The rotor configurations having interior magnets employed in these machines also lead to vastly different saliencies along the d- and q-axes giving a quadrature axis inductance larger than the direct axis inductance. A modified rotor configuration is presented that produces a near sinusoidal airgap flux density distribution which is achieved by shaping the rotor airgap profile while keeping the interior magnets rectangular in shape. As a result of this shaping the quadrature axis inductance is reduced significantly while there is almost no change in the direct axis inductance. It is also shown that the new rotor configuration leads to significantly reduced cogging torque and less saturation along the q-axis which assists in maintaining a linear torque versus current relationship in field oriented control employing the quadrature axis current. Airgap flux density levels, inductances and static torque characteristics obtained using the finite element simulation work are presented comparing them with those for a uniform airgap machine. There has been good agreement between the experimental and simulation results. The operational advantages gained by the improvements made are also briefly discussed.     

Determination of equivalent circuit constants of synchronous machines from the extended Dalton‐Cameron method

This paper presents a method of determining the equivalent circuit constants which accord with the physical construction of synchronous machines, using the dc decay testing method with the rotor in arbitrary position (proposed by the authors and called the extended Dalton–Cameron method). The conventional Dalton–Cameron method calculates the direct‐ and quadrature‐axis subtransient reactance from a standstill response test in any arbitrary rotor position using a single‐phase power supply. The extended Dalton–Cameron method determines the direct‐ and quadrature‐axis operational impedances for each slip from a standstill response test using a small‐capacity dc power supply. The direct‐ and quadrature‐axis operational impedance loci thus obtained synchronous machine constants (subtransient, transient, and synchronous reactances) are used to estimate the direct‐ and quadrature‐axis equivalent circuit constants which accord with the physical construction of synchronous machines. As an example, equivalent circuit constants are determined for a 10‐kW laminated salient‐pole‐type synchronous machine with damper winding. The validity of the equivalent circuit constants is confirmed by comparing the calculated resistance and leakage reactance of the field winding determined from the operational impedance when the terminals are short‐circuited, to those when the terminals are connected to an external resistance. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 56–67, 2002     

Untersuchung zur magnetischen Kopplung von Längs- und Querachse durch Sättigung am Beispiel der Reluktanzmaschine

Übersicht Die Eisensättigung bewirkt bei Synchronmaschinen eine magnetische Kopplung zwischen den Flußpfaden der Längs- und der Querachse. Anhand einer Reluktanzmaschine wird diese Kopplung mit der Hilfe numerischer Feldberechnung untersucht. Der Vergleich mit Meßergebnissen zeigt, daß nur mit Berücksichtigung der magnetischen Kopplung bei hohen Sättigungen brauchbare Berechnungsergebnisse erhalten werden können.

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An investigation on magnetic cross-coupling of direct and quadrature axis of reluctance machines

Contents Iron-saturation in synchronous machines causes magnetic cross-coupling of the flux pathes of direct and quadrature axis. This coupling effect is investigated by means of numerical field analysis using a reluctance machine for testing. The comparison with experimental results shows, that only by considering the cross-coupling effect useful results of calculation can be obtained.

     

永磁直线同步电机电磁参数在线测量方法

在进行批量表贴式永磁直线同步电机矢量控制系统参数设置时通常采用厂商提供的标称值,但每台电机的实际值与标称值存在差异,导致每套系统的动态性能并非处于最佳。针对存在的问题,提出一种在线测量表贴式永磁直线同步电机反电动势常数和交直轴电感的方法。通过对系统施加线性给定速度,测量电流控制器输出波形并计算相应的沃尔什一阶系数,不断更新系统设置所需参数,直至沃尔什一阶系数收敛接近于零,在线测量出反电动势常数和交直轴电感。基于提出方法构建的矢量控制系统实验结果表明:所测量电磁参数能够准确地反映真实值,提高了系统的动态性能。     

Detection of Winding Faults in Wound Rotor Induction Motor Using Loci of Direct and Quadrature Axes of Rotor Currents

In this paper, loci of direct and quadrature axis of rotor currents are used for online detection of winding fault on stator side as well as rotor side in three-phase wound rotor induction motor. The proposed technique is used for detecting load on induction motor and open circuit fault condition on stator side as well as rotor side. Detection of winding fault is affected by unbalanced supply voltage. In order to overcome this problem, FFT of modulus of direct and quadrature axis is used. The experimental results of rotor current analysis are validated with stator current analysis. Research works reported in the literature are based on stator currents analysis. The proposed technique of detecting winding faults and distinguishing between stator winding faults and unbalanced supply voltage using rotor current is not reported in the literature.     

基于自适应FIR算法的交流伺服系统前馈控制

永磁同步电机(PMSM)交流伺服控制系统中由于电子器件的开关引起相电流非正弦变化,经坐标变换得到的交直轴电流含有谐波成分,引起电流环振荡及电磁转矩脉动。在分析相电流与交直轴电流高次谐波关系,以及交直轴电流高次谐波对电磁转矩影响的基础上,提出了一种基于自适应FIR滤波器的交流伺服系统前馈控制策略,并在该方法的基础上提出了变步长因子算法,根据误差值改变步长因子,在提高滤波器收敛速度的同时减小超调。该算法与传统的一阶低通滤波器相比,相位不滞后,灵敏度更高,且系统稳定。改进后的控制策略有效地降低交直轴电流谐波,抑制电流环振荡及电磁转矩脉动,提高PMSM交流伺服控制系统稳定性及动态响应。通过仿真与试验证明了该方法的可行性。     

自整角机转子交轴阻尼短路环损耗和电流的实验测试

介绍力矩式自整角机转子交轴阻尼短路环损耗和电流的一种测试方法。用该方法对同步控制系统中的自整角机交轴阻尼短路环的损耗和电流进行了间接的实验测试，证实该方法可行。     

新型组合式轴向叠片转子电机结构及参数计算

提出了一种新型组合转子同步电机，目的是解决轴向叠片各向异性转子电机的振荡和异步运行问题。文中对电机的结构和参数计算进行了介绍，并在简化分析基础上推导了新电机的交、直轴电抗和空载电势计算公式。     

Lyapunov stability analysis of a synchronous machine with damping fluxes Part I: Extension of the ‘equal-areas’ stability criterion

A Lyapunov function is presented for a one-machine, infinite-bus system schematized by means of a seventh-order dynamic model. This model takes into account five state variables describing the synchronous machine (namely: the rotor angle, the electric speed, the field flux, and the direct and quadrature axis damping fluxes), and two additional variables referring to a first-order linear speed governor and to an equivalent first-order voltage regulator, respectively. A synthetic and closed-form condition for ‘stability in the small’ is derived which extends the well known condition applicable to a second-order machine model. Also, a closed form condition for ‘stability in the large’ is derived, which may be regarded as representing the generalization of the condition expressed by the classical equal-areas criterion. Because of the direct method of accounting for the effects of the damper winding fluxes, the results represent significant progress on previous work reported in the literature.     

大型同步发电机断股故障情况下电磁场和温度场的计算与分析

以一台150MW空冷汽轮发电机为例,建立电机二维电磁场计算分析模型,利用有限元法,对电机断股情况下的负载电磁场和参数进行了计算,对断股情况下气隙、定子槽部和齿根部的磁通密度分布规律进行了研究,对比分析了断股前后电机交直轴同步电抗变化;通过合理的假设,建立了电机一个齿槽范围内的三维温度场计算模型;以电磁分析为基础,得到不...     

车用永磁同步磁阻电机转子的优化设计

永磁同步磁阻电机充分利用磁阻转矩,有效提高了电机功率密度和降低电机成本。本文首先对永磁电机的磁阻转矩影响因素进行分析,建立了3种不同结构转子模型,利用二维有限元法对电机的重要参数进行了计算和对比分析。综合比较后,对其中一种转子结构进行了优化,通过调整直轴和交轴磁路,提高了电机磁阻转矩的比例及弱磁性能。     

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A HIGH STARTING TORQUE SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

ABSTRACT

The objective of the work described is to make an assessment of the possible use of three-phase induction motor working as a single-phase motor. The analysis is performed on the proposed winding arrangement, introduced previously by same authors. The analysis includes all motor windings, whereas the conventional analysis is performed on the running winding only. The motor windings are analyzed through the stationary direct and quadrature axes. The magnetic field and E.M.F's of the motor are studied at starting, run-up and running operation. Hence, d-q axis equivalent circuits are deduced to represent the motor at different modes of operation, taking into consideration the core losses and sturation effects. Prediction of the run-up and running characteristics of the motor under investigation is achieved by solving the equations of equivalnet circuits in a simple manner. The predicted results are compared with the releavant experimental results. Good agreement has been achieved, and this confirms the validity of proposed analysis.     

Identification of linear synchronous reluctance motor parameters

This paper deals with experimental methods for the identification of linear synchronous reluctance motor (LSRM) parameters. A magnetically nonlinear two-axis dynamic LSRM model is derived. This model accounts for the effects of slotting, saturation, cross-saturation, and the end effects. The parameters of the obtained model are not constant. They are given by the characteristics of the flux linkages, thrust, and friction force depending on the mover position and the direct (d) and quadrature (q) axis currents. These characteristics are determined experimentally by a controlled voltage-source inverter employing closed-loop current control in the d-q reference frame. The proposed model, experimental methods, and determined characteristics are confirmed through a comparison between the measured and calculated results. Two tests are performed: a test at the locked mover, and kinematic control at low speed. The effects of cross saturation under dynamic operating conditions and the effects of slotting can be clearly seen in the measured and calculated results.     

Reluctance motor with strong rotor anisotropy

A new rotor design for the synchronous reluctance motor is presented. It has something in common with the segmented and axially laminated rotors that have been developed in the past. The new rotor achieves strong anisotropy by interleaving magnetic iron lamination with nonmagnetic spacers of approximately equal thickness. It is shown that the magnetizing inductance is very much lower in the quadrature than the direct axis and that this rotor has the potential to develop more torque than earlier machines. Laboratory results are presented, and the machine is compared with an induction motor in the same frame     

Determination of direct and quadrature axis inductances of synchronous reluctance motors with allowance for cross saturation

The d‐axis inductance of reluctance motor is affected by not only the d‐axis current but also the q‐axis current, because of cross magnetic saturation between the direct and quadrature axes. This situation is similar for the q‐axis inductance. The authors propose a method to determine the d‐axis inductance related to the d‐ and q‐axis currents and the q‐axis inductance related to the d‐ and q‐axis currents from a standstill test. This method involves the following four steps. First a rectangular‐wave voltage, alternated between plus and minus, is applied to the two armature winding terminals after breaking the rotor in the d‐axis position. Secondly, the voltage and current between the terminals are measured. Thirdly, the d‐axis inductance related with d‐axis current is calculated from the voltage and current. Finally, the process above is repeated when a DC current flows from the remaining armature terminal to neutral point terminal and the d‐inductance related to the d‐ and q‐axis currents is derived. A similar treatment applies when determining the q‐axis inductance related to the d‐ and q‐axis currents in the q‐axis rotor position. The method is implemented on a 1.1 kW–178 V–6.3 A‐4P–2200 min^?1 flux barrier type reluctance motor. Results of load performance on a vector controlled reluctance motor measured by on‐load tests and calculated from the d‐ and q‐axis inductances obtained by the proposed method clearly demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(4): 52–59, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10377     

凸极同步电动机矢量控制中交直轴电流变换的研究

分析了在气隙合成磁链矢量旋转坐标系上凸极同步电动机的矢量控制的磁链模型。凸极同步电动机短量控制由于其转子凸极效应而不能完全解耦，提出了交直轴电流变换的概念，得到了安全解耦的磁链矢量数学表达式和矢量控制原理框图。     

电动汽车用永磁同步电机直接转矩弱磁控制

通过对电流限定轨迹、转速限定轨迹和负载角限定轨迹的介绍,阐述了电动汽车用埋入式永磁同步电机的弱磁控制过程,有效拓宽了永磁同步电机直接转矩控制系统的调速范围.由于永磁同步电机弱磁是通过电枢反应达到弱磁运行目的的,电枢反应对永磁同步电机的参数有着重要的影响,并且弱磁程度越高,电枢反应越大.因此考虑了永磁同步电机的电枢反应对于电机转子磁链和交直轴电感等参数的影响,对比了不考虑电枢反应时各控制轨迹及弱磁性能.通过MATLAB/SIMULINK实现了考虑电枢反应和不考虑电枢的永磁同步电机直接转矩控制的弱磁控制.仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性.     

基于感应电动机复数简化模型的参数辨识研究

感应电动机数学模型的非线性、强耦合和模型中不可观测量的存在,使得在辨识电机参数时需要求解复杂的非线性微分方程组而导致辨识困难。提出一种由定子电压和电流交直轴分量表示的感应电动机复数简化模型;利用端口电流电压暂态量,采用步长加速法进行模型参数辨识。该模型考虑了电动机的非线性,避免了求解复杂的非线性微分方程组,减化了参数辨识过程,保证了算法的收敛性和结果的准确性,提高了辨识的稳定性和效率。在两种电机控制方式下进行算例仿真及参数辨识,验证表明该模型正确有效,参数可辨识且精度高,易于工程实现。     

Steady-state performance of a line-start synchronous reluctance motor with capacitive assistance

This paper sets forth the steady-state performance analysis of a connection scheme that improves the power factor and torque with a lower magnetizing current for a line-start synchronous reluctance motor. The machine stator winding is split into two equal halves, one connected to the mains and the other connected to a balanced capacitor. Performance of the machine is improved if the capacitor value is such that the winding to which it connected operate at or very close to resonance in the d-axis. Current in both windings contributes positively to torque production and external control circuitry is not required. Steady-state equations arising from the d–q model gives a direct insight on the operating limits and how this capacitance aids the machines torque and power factor by boosting its direct axis reactance while the quadrature axis reactance remains fairly constant. An equivalent circuit is also deduced from the steady-state equations from which an explicit expression for input impedance of the new machine can be derived. Conditions for unity-power factor at varying load conditions are also examined. A comparison with conventional single-winding synchronous reluctance motor is given. Such comparison is fair because both machines have the same amount of copper and iron. Experimental results are provided to validate the analytical results.