机器人系统的操作能力与树型可重构的机器人研究

本文从机器人关节力矩和末端夹力的受限情况出发，提出了一个操作能力的概念，研究了单机器人和多机器人系统的操作能力，以此为依据，进一步讨论了作者提出的树型可重构机器人，这种机器人可以通过变化自身结构来改变其操作能力，以适应任务的变化，通过一个仿真实例说明了这种树型可重构机器人的有效性。     

模块化可重构机器人动力学研究进展

模块化可重构机器人由于其构型多变,运动形式丰富等特点,可以在非结构化环境或未知环境中执行任务,在最近几年迅速成为机器人研究领域的前沿和热点. 模块化可重构机器人在军事、医疗、教育等众多工程领域具有广泛的应用前景,其典型代表包括仿生多足模块化机器人、模块化可重构机械臂、晶格式模块化机器人等. 模块化可重构机器人丰富的构型设计、多样的连接特征、不断拓展的应用范围,给动力学建模与控制带来了很多挑战和机遇. 本文首先阐述了模块化可重构机器人的研究背景和意义,并概述了其构型分类与设计、构型描述与运动学建模方法.随后,本文系统回顾了模块化可重构机器人动力学研究中相关问题的最新进展,包括：(1)系统整体动力学建模;(2)结合面以及对接机构动力学建模;(3)基于动力学模型的控制方法. 本文最后提出了模块化可重构机器人动力学研究中若干值得关注的问题.     

一种可重构机械臂的自组织协调控制

主要研究一种新的具有树型结构的可重构机械臂的自组织协调控制问题，首先给出这种可重构机械臂的运动学、动力学方程及其结构变化的关系；然后通过研究一个较通用的任务模型建立了系统的动力学方程，由此提出一个自组织协调控制策略，最后仿真结果证明了控制规律是有效的。     

双轮机器人车的仿真与控制软件研究

研究双轮机器人动态性能优化设计问题,双轮机器人车要求具有灵活性和趣味性,由于动态精度要求较高,在双轮机器人车的设计中,还缺少一个使用方便、计算准确的计算和控制参数试验的软件工具.另外,在动力学仿真中,还存在对惯性参数变化的计算不够精确等问题.为提高性能,提出在细致推导动力学模型,及惯性参数计算公式的基础上,开发了双轮机器人车的动力学仿真与控制软件,软件可方便地进行不同参数下的动力学仿真计算等功能,包括可尝试不同结构参数、惯性参数、初始状态、阻力、控制参数下的计算功能.通过实例对软件进行了检验和尝试,并研究了车轮大小、爬坡等对电机驱动力矩的需求规律,结果表明,设计的软件可方便地为机器人车的研制提供有力的支持.     

变磁力吸附爬壁机器人的结构设计与爬越焊缝特性

为提高储油罐壁检测作业的可靠性和安全性,研究设计了一种变磁力吸附机器人本体结构并研究其爬越焊缝特性.首先基于ANSYS平台对机器人变磁力吸附单元进行仿真分析,得到了机器人本体的磁感应强度分布及磁吸附力.然后建立了爬越焊缝过程的动力学模型,应用ADAMS对其进行动力学仿真分析,得到了该过程中的磁吸附力变化曲线.通过分析验证了机构的合理性和实用性.     

自重构自修复机器人的研究

比较可重构机器人与自重构自修复机器人的特点,阐述了自重构自修复机器人的研究现状、任务、意义及应用前景.     

独立操作型可重构机器人群体构形表达和重构优化

独立操作型可重构机器人的单个模块具备独立运动、操作和采样能力,顺应从结构环境中定点作业向非结构环境中自主作业的发展要求,能够更好地应用到环境复杂、危险性高的场合.现有的构形研究主要针对依赖运动型、独立运动型可重构机器人,解决独立操作型可重构机器人构形问题时具有局限性.针对可重构机器人重构目的,提出矢量构形,将构形研究内容扩展到拓扑结构、运动趋势方向和各模块的姿态方位及连接关系,提出模块状态向量和构形状态矩阵实现该类可重构机器人群体构形的表达,对应的变换运算和操作可以表达、触发模块行为运动和构形重构,提出以工作负荷为优化目标的构形组合重构优化方法、以姿态方位工作负荷和连接工作负荷的组合为优化目标的构形变换重构优化方法,通过重构优化获得模块在构形重构中状态对应变换关系,作为构形重构规划和控制的基础.     

基于微分几何的蛇形机器人移动与操作统一动力学模型研究

蛇形机器人本体是一种多关节串联机构,可以在各种环境中运动,并且当一端固定时可以实现操作.本文提出一种蛇形机器人移动与操作的统一动力学建模方法,统一蛇形机器人移动状态及操作状态的动力学方程.机器人从移动状态到操作状态的转换意味着机构上的重构,即移动状态无固定基座,而操作状态有固定基座.应用虚设机构法在机构学上统一这两种状态(即构形空间中的嵌入关系),利用指数积公式描述这两种状态的运动学方程.在Riemann流形上建立起蛇形机器人移动和操作的动力学模型,并在对动力学模型中各项计算分析的基础上发现机器人操作动力学方程可直接由移动动力学方程退化得到,同时应用子流形的Gauss公式给出证明.由此在微分几何框架下建立蛇形机器人移动与操作的统一动力学模型.按照几何的观点将蛇形机器人移动与操作动力学模型的统一看作是子流形问题,并赋予几何意义.较单独针对蛇形机器人的一种状态(移动或操作)的动力学模型而言,这种统一的动力学模型能够更深刻地揭示蛇形机器人动力学的特征.     

可重构机器人技术的探讨

本文概述了可重构机器人研究和发展现状 ,对基于多 Agent的可重构机器人的控制方法的研究作了较详细的介绍 ,根据可重构机器人的应用背景 ,指出了可重构机器人研究的必要性     

基于ADAMS的仿壁虎爬壁机器人的运动仿真

为实现在不同环境的壁面上自由爬行,设计了应用仿壁虎微纳米粘附阵列的爬壁机器人,建立了机器人的动力学模型及足部与壁面之间的接触模型,并利用机械系统动力学软件ADAMS的仿真功能,对机器人沿垂直壁面爬行的运动特性进行了仿真.利用ADAMS的后处理模块的分析功能,重点研究了在一个运动周期内,模型整体质心的位移、电机转矩以及足部与壁面之间的接触力随时间的变化情况.仿真结果表明该仿壁虎爬壁机器人能够以约26mm/s的速度沿着垂直的壁面平稳地运动,不存在波动和偏离.这为下一步研制仿壁虎爬壁机器人的物理样机提供了理论指导,也为其他仿生机器人的研究提供了参考.     

可重构模块化机器人现状和发展

由于市场全球化的竞争,机器人的应用范围要求越来越广,而每种机器人的构形仅能 适应一定的有限范围,因此机器人的柔性不能满足市场变化的要求,解决这一问题的方法就 是开发可重构机器人系统．本文介绍了可重构机器人的发展状况,分析了可重构机器人的研 究内容和发展方向．     

Center-configuration selection technique for the reconfigurable modular robot

The reconfigurable modular robot has an enormous amount of configurations to adapt to various environments and tasks. It greatly increases the complexity of configuration research in that the possible configuration number of the reconfigurable modular robot grows exponentially with the increase of module number. Being the initial configuration or the basic configuration of the reconfigurable robot, the center-configuration plays a crucial role in system’s actual applications. In this paper, a novel center-configuration selection technique has been proposed for reconfigurable modular robots. Based on the similarities between configurations’ transformation and graph theory, configuration network has been applied in the modeling and analyzing of these configurations. Configuration adjacency matrix, reconfirmation cost matrix, and center-configuration coefficient have been defined for the configuration network correspondingly. Being similar to the center-location problem, the center configuration has been selected according to the largest center-configuration coefficient. As an example of the reconfigurable robotic system, AMOEBA-I, a three-module reconfigurable robot with nine configurations which was developed in Shenyang Institute of Automation (SIA), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), has been introduced briefly. According to the numerical simulation result, the center-configuration coefficients for these nine configurations have been calculated and compared to validate this technique. Lastly, a center-configuration selection example is provided with consideration of the adjacent configurations. The center-configuration selection technique proposed in this paper is also available to other reconfigurable modular robots. Supported in part by the National High-Technology 863 Program (Grant No. 2001AA422360), the Chinese Academy of Sciences Advanced Manufacturing Technology R&D Base Fund (Grant Nos. A050104 and F050108), and the GUCAS-BHP Billiton Scholarship     

Numerical inverse kinematics for modular reconfigurable robots

The inverse kinematics solutions of a reconfigurable robot system built upon a collection of standardized components is difficult to obtain because of its varying configurations. This article addresses the formulation of a generic numerical inverse kinematics model and automatic generation of the model for arbitrary robot geometry including serial and tree‐typed geometries. Both revolute and prismatic types of joints are considered. The inverse kinematics is obtained through the differential kinematics equations based on the product‐of‐exponential (POE) formulas. The Newton–Raphson iteration method is employed for solution. The automated model generation is accomplished by using the kinematic graph representation of a modular robot assembly configuration and the related accessibility matrix and path matrix. Examples of the inverse kinematics solutions for different types of modular robots are given to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

五指形仿人机械手的设计与实现及示教

设计和实现了一个具有五个手指和手掌的仿人机械手（以下简称仿人机械手）,并利用数据手套对其进行了示教,使其能有效地完成复杂的作业。首先,以现有的仿人机械手研究成果为基础,对仿人机械手进行了优化设计和实现;然后,以数据手套为示教源,对仿人机械手示教模型进行了研究,采用D-H变换矩阵建立了仿人机械手的逆向运动学,解决了示教运动映射问题。最后,利用仿人机械手进行了若干作业实验,实验结果证明了仿人机械手及其示教模型的正确性。     

可重构模块机器人倾翻稳定性研究

介绍了一种可重构模块机器人,它可以通过构形的变化来提高系统的稳定性和抗倾翻能力．该机器人由3个模块组成,采用履带驱动,具有直线、三角、并排3种对称构形．在对移动机器人的倾翻因素和倾翻对策等问题进行分析的基础上,提出稳定锥方法,用倾翻性能指数对移动机器人的静、动态稳定性进行综合判定. 讨论了变形机器人3种对称构形在仰俯、偏转、倾斜等干扰组合作用下的倾翻性能指数和综合稳定性,并进行了仿真实验和非结构环境实验．     

Rapid response manufacturing through a rapidly reconfigurable robotic workcell

This article describes the development of a component-based technology robot workcell that can be rapidly configured to perform a specific manufacturing task. The workcell is conceived with standard and inter-operable components including actuator modules, rigid link connectors and tools that can be assembled into robots with arbitrary geometry and degrees of freedom. The reconfigurable “plug-and-play” robot kinematic and dynamic modeling algorithms are developed. These algorithms are the basis for the control and simulation of reconfigurable robots. The concept of robot configuration optimization is introduced for the effective use of the rapidly reconfigurable robots. Control and communications of the workcell components are facilitated by a workcell-wide TCP/IP network and device-level CAN-bus networks. An object-oriented simulation and visualization software for the reconfigurable robot is developed based on Windows NT. Prototypes of the robot workcells configured to perform the light-machining task and the positioning task are constructed and demonstrated.     

A Reconfigurable Robot With Lockable Cylindrical Joints

This paper presents a new conceptual design for reconfigurable robots. Unlike conventional reconfigurable robots, our design does not achieve reconfigurability by utilizing modular joints. Rather, the robot is equipped with passive joints, i.e., joints without actuator or sensor, which permit changing the Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameters such as the link length and twist angle. The passive joints will become controllable when the robot forms a closed kinematic chain. Also, each passive joint is equipped with a built-in brake mechanism that is normally locked, but the lock can be released whenever the parameters are to be changed. Such a versatile and agile robot is particularly suitable for space application for its simple, compact, and light design. The kinematics and recalibration of this kind of reconfigurable robot are thoroughly analyzed. A stable reconfiguration-control algorithm is devised to take the robot from one configuration to another by directly regulating the passive joints to the associated, desired DH parameters. Conditions for the observability and the controllability of the passive joints are also derived in detail.      

Collision-free motion planning of dual-arm reconfigurable robots

Dual-arm reconfigurable robot is a new type of robot. It can adapt to different tasks by changing its different end-effector modules which have standard connectors. Especially, in fast and flexible assembly, it is very important to research the collision-free planning of dual-arm reconfigurable robots. It is to find a continuous, collision-free path in an environment containing obstacles. A new approach to the real-time collision-free motion planning of dual-arm reconfigurable robots is used in the paper. This method is based on configuration space (C-Space). The method of configuration space and the concepts reachable manifold and contact manifold are successfully applied to the collision-free motion planning of dual-arm robot. The complexity of dual-arm robots’ collision-free planning will reduce to a search in a dispersed C-Space. With this algorithm, a real-time optimum path is found. And when the start point and the end point of the dual-arm robot are specified, the algorithm will successfully get the collision-free path real time. A verification of this algorithm is made in the dual-arm horizontal articulated robot SCARATES, and the simulation and experiment ascertain that the algorithm is feasible and effective.