基于三层卫星网络的星间链路性能分析

星间链路性能分析是建立星间通信的基础。以包含GEO卫星、IGSO卫星和MEO卫星的三层卫星网络为例,仿真了三层卫星网络层间卫星星间距离的变化范围。在设定星间传输体制、链路参数、传输损耗等条件下,分别分析了该三层卫星网络的GEO-IGSO、GEO-MEO和IGSO-MEO三种链路在Ka频段和激光频段的性能。结果表明,在Ka频段,0.5m天线仅需5W的发射功率,可以满足2Mb/s以上的星间数据传输率;激光频段仅需0.5W的发射功率,直径0.25m的天线,可以达到2Gb/s以上的星间数据传输率,激光链路更有利于星间链路性能的提高。研究结果在未来三层卫星网络建立星间链路时,为卫星的发射功率、天线直径和星间链路数据传输速率等方面的选择提供了参考。     

融合双层卫星网络的星地和星间AKA协议

天地一体化网络以其大时空、天网地网和星地融合的特性备受关注,卫星不仅可以作为应急通信补充,还可以充当空中中继站,扩大地面网络覆盖范围,在军用和民用场景都占据着重要地位。实体身份认证和密钥协商机制可以防止假冒实体加入天地一体化网络,窃取用户隐私行为的发生,保障网络信息安全。针对天地一体化网络星地传输时延较大、链路高度暴露、星上处理能力有限以及星间拓扑结构动态时变等特点,提出一种轻量级的双层卫星网络的星间和星地组网实体身份认证（AKA,authenticated key agreement）协议,以实现安全的卫星组网架构,后续基于协商的会话密钥保护数据传输。所提协议基于对称密码体制,采用轻量级密码算法,引入群密钥和分层管理机制,针对双层卫星网络的不同场景特点,将认证协议分为高轨卫星星地和星间认证、层间和同轨道低轨卫星间认证以及相邻轨道低轨卫星间认证3部分。群密钥和分层管理机制提高了群组间信息的传递效率,减轻了地面控制中心的认证压力,且在三方认证协议中实现了双重验证,提高了认证安全强度。不同于以往的单场景认证,部分认证协议采取复用认证参数的形式,在一次认证转发过程中可实现双场景的认证需求。通...     

基于循环神经网络的通信卫星故障检测

随着现代航天事业的飞速发展,通信卫星的结构日益复杂,其故障也逐渐增多,通信卫星的故障检测已成为当前航天领域关注的重点问题。目前,各大航天机构对故障的检测仍以简单的上下限阈值检测为主,只能检测出少部分特定的故障。早期利用传统机器学习算法进行检测的研究也仅能检测出数量特征上的故障。针对传统的机器学习算法难以有效学习遥测数据趋势变化的问题,文中提出了基于长短时记忆(Long Short-term Memory,LSTM)网络的阈值化方法。通过LSTM预测模型来学习卫星遥测数据的趋势变化,同时以最大化相关系数与F1分数的方式为多维遥测数据的故障判定确定合适的阈值,此方式能够有效地通过卫星遥测数据的趋势变化来判断故障。实验数据采用某航天机构提供的时长为2年的24维通信卫星遥测数据,其核心模型LSTM网络在NVIDIA Corporation GP102[TITAN Xp]上训练,最终整体模型的准确率为99.34%,查准率为81.93%,查全率为94.62%。同时,与传统机器学习算法以及基于LSTM的非阈值方法进行对比,该模型的精度明显更高。实验结果表明,LSTM网络能够高效地学习到卫星遥测数据的...     

5G低轨卫星移动通信系统多普勒频偏估计算法

随着卫星移动通信系统近些年来的快速发展,高传输速率、广泛覆盖范围、较低的传输时延以及较强灵活性是新一代的5G低轨(LEO)卫星移动通信系统发展的要求,但是由于低轨卫星移动速度很快,产生的较大的多普勒频移。通过建立使用5G候选波形滤波的正交频分复用技术(F-OFDM)的新型低轨卫星移动通信系统,针对该新型系统设计一种新的多普勒频偏估计方法,首先借助卫星轨道的多普勒特性来计算整数多普勒频偏,第二步借助F-OFDM资源块中的导频信息来估计精确的多普勒频移。主要完成了5G低轨卫星移动通信系统模型的建立与算法在系统中的仿真来验证其实际性能,经过仿真可以得到,本算法与同类算法相比计算复杂度低且精度较高。     

VoIP over DVB-RCS satellite systems: Trial results and the impact of adaptive speech coding using cross-layer design

VoIP is one of the most popular applications on the Internet. The DVB-S2 (digital video broadcasting-satellite version 2) and DVB-RCS (digital video broadcasting-return channel satellite) standards provide the potential for reliable and efficient voice and data transfer over satellite networks. This is important, as satellites can play a role in broadband service provision by addressing the cases of limited terrestrial access such as in rural or underserved areas. The first part of this paper presents the results of our VoIP trials with different commercial DVB-S/RCS satellite offers and popular internet telephony and videoconferencing applications (Skype, MSN, etc.). These results reveal that packet delay and jitter are strongly affected by the satellite network component as well as the type of speech codec used. Accordingly, research presented in the second part of this paper is focused on dynamic speech coding rate control adapted to the conditions of the underlying network, in which the satellite domain presents the most challenging portion of the end-to-end path. For this purpose, a novel cross-layer mechanism is proposed to facilitate and increase the accuracy of the speech coding rate adaptation mechanism. Cross-layer design is a relatively new idea aiming to exploit information exchange among layers of the protocol stack. Our simulation analyses show that the proposed cross-layer mechanism can help us in optimally adjusting the speech coding rate to maintain the user-perceived quality in terms of MOS (mean opinion score) in the face of time-varying available satellite channel capacity.     

卫星网络建模与分布式仿真

卫星网络仿真是对卫星网络进行优化设计、性能分析、效能评估的有效途径.针对卫星网络的组成结构和运行特点,建立了卫星网络的节点模型、结构模型、链路模型和通信模型.在此基础上,基于HLA/RTI体系设计并实现了分布式卫星网络仿真系统,详细给出了各联邦成员的设计.该仿真系统通过编辑想定方案可灵活部署网络结构并能仿真星间、星地链路的通信过程,为仿真验证面向应用的卫星网络理论研究成果提供了一个通用的支撑平台.最后给出了一个3GEO 15MEO想定场景下的仿真结果,验证了模型的正确性和有效性.     

低轨四星时差定位技术研究

文章重点分析影响低轨四星时差定位系统精度的主要因素;首先,从四星时差定位的基本原理出发,对四星时差定位的模型和几何精度因子进行了详细的推导,并通过仿真分析了四星构型、时差测量精度、卫星位置误差、基线长度、星座投影面积等对四星时差定位系统精度的影响;通过比较可知,在相同参数条件下,采用Y形构形,减小时差测量误差、提高卫星定位精度、增加基线长度,增大星座投影面积均等均能够提高该系统的定位精度;在低轨四星定位系统应用场景中,四星构型、卫星绝对位置测量精度、基线长度以及星座投影面积对四星时差定位系统精度影响较大,时差测量精度和卫星相对位置测量精度对四星时差定位系统精度影响较小;而在实际任务中应权衡各因素的效费比,来保证定位精度。     

考虑个体警觉行为的双层网络流行病传播模型

流行病传播过程中常伴随个体意识信息的扩散,然而目前关于流行病与意识信息关系的研究大部分未考虑意识信息在传播过程中对个体接触行为的影响.提出一种基于个体警觉状态的双层网络流行病传播模型.建立下层物理接触网络描述流行病的传播,构建上层信息扩散网络描述流行病传播中信息扩散,根据个体的行为偏好和警觉性设计警觉个体避免与非警觉个...     

Real-Time Attitude Estimation by Using Parallax Observation System

With the development of the satellite spatial resolution, high-resolution and high-quality remote sensing images require high stability of the observation satellite platform. Therefore, real-time attitude information is essential to enhance the accuracy and the robustness of the attitude control system in observation satellites. Through the use of the parallax observation system, this paper designs a novel framework to estimate the on-orbit attitude, which includes a complete deconvolution process, a detailed camera motion model, and a support vector regression algorithm to detect the attitude and deal with the latency. The proposed framework is testified by realistically simulated data and remote sensing images from the JL-1 satellite. Simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the proposed framework can detect and predict the attitude in real-time while the error is lower than \(1.125\,\upmu \mathrm{rad}\).     

一种基于量子密码的卫星网络窃听攻击检测方法

鉴于窃听攻击是对卫星网络实施各类高级攻击行为的基础,结合量子密码在未来卫星网络的应用趋势,提出了一种基于量子密码的卫星网络窃听攻击检测方法。首先,基于卫星网络节点在空间分布上的分层特点,构建了层簇式的卫星网络窃听攻击检测模型。实际检测过程中,相邻卫星节点检测到窃听攻击威胁时,将相关预警信息经簇首节点融合后通过安全信道传送到地面控制中心,随后再根据地面控制中心反馈的安全链路构建方案构建节点间的安全通信链路。最后,对方案的安全性及有效性进行了分析。相关成果可为进一步深入开展卫星网络安全防护技术研究打下一定的基础。     

基于改进Mask R-CNN的卫星目标部位检测方法

针对卫星部件维修更换、燃料加注、废弃卫星回收等空间在轨服务中需解决的目标卫星部位检测问题,在Mask R-CNN的基础上,改进其主干网络结构并缩减分类回归、Mask分支通道数,提出了一种改进的实例分割网络模型Ring-Engine-Mask R-CNN,使用实物模型图像和3dsMax生成的仿真图像建立了专用数据集,给出了一种基于深度学习的卫星目标部位检测方法;实验结果表明,该方法能较好的完成卫星星箭对接环和远地点发动机喷管两种目标部位的检测分割,相较于传统的网络模型,在缩小了模型规模的同时,具有更高精度和更快的检测速度.     

一种解决卫星网络通信冲突的调度算法

在卫星网络中多颗卫星同时对一颗卫星进行通信申请会产生任务冲突问题。为此,提出一种基于动态优先级的调度算法。建立卫星通信任务模型,利用任务执行紧迫性表达任务截止期与空余时间这2个时间约束,并根据卫星网络的特点,通过调整参数p控制紧迫性对任务优先级的影响程度。利用STK场景建立冲突模型进行仿真实验,结果证明该算法的任务完成率相比FCFS算法提高了3.9%。     

预警卫星半实物仿真系统设计与实现

国防支援计划(DSP)是美国现役的预警卫星系统,主要对导弹进行早期探测和预警;为评估DSP卫星对目标的探测能力,文中分析了预警卫星的部署情况和工作模式,提出了预警卫星仿真系统的总体设计方案,确定该系统的功能模块以及实现方式;根据预警卫星双波段探测的工作模式构建了红外双色扫描探测模型,提出了基于双霍夫变换的多帧关联目标检测算法,利用目标的运行特性有效去除背景噪声,并结合双波段探测信息融合策略降低卫星虚警率;最后利用双星定位方法预估目标轨迹并对不同发射角目标的预测轨迹与真实轨迹之间的误差进行对比分析;通过试验运行,该系统达到了预期结果,具备对目标导弹的探测和跟踪能力,为导弹性能评估提供一种仿真手段和依据。     

An onboard automatic change detection system for disaster monitoring

This paper presents a new approach to disaster monitoring using an automatic change detection system onboard small satellites that features image tiling and fuzzy inference. Unlike other onboard change detection systems for satellites, the proposed system performs change detection on an image tile level rather than on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This image tiling approach allows for more robust change detection performance in the presence of misregistration errors. An important block in the automatic change detection system is the fuzzy inference engine, which generates control signals that trigger different onboard tasks such as image compression, issuing of warning alerts, transmission and rescheduling. The proposed scheme uses not only spectral information as the input data but also cloud cover information to improve the change detection results. Experimental results on accuracy of change detection and flood detection using satellite images are presented.     

基于密集连接空洞卷积神经网络的青藏地区云雪图像分类

为了提高高纬度地区云雪卫星图像的识别准确率,提出了密集连接空洞卷积神经网络与空洞卷积相结合的方法进行云雪卫星图像识别研究。该方法首先采用常规卷积层对图像进行处理得到特征图,然后采用多个密集块和过渡层对特征图进行处理。其中,密集块中采用跨层连接的方式实现了网络中所用层的特征传递,使得大量云雪特征得到重用,同时减轻了训练过程中的梯度消失问题。密集块中的卷积核采用空洞卷积,在减少参数量的同时扩大局部感受野,对云雪的光谱信息进行特征提取。最后,该方法采用平均全局池化层与全连接层得到云雪图像的预测结果。实验结果表明,与其他机器学习方法相比,该方法能够提高卫星云雪图像的识别准确率,具有良好的泛化能力。     

Virtual topology dynamics and handover mechanisms in Earth-fixed LEO satellite systems

Handling network mobility in a highly dynamic LEO satellite network is a critical issue to achieve seamless and efficient integration of satellite and terrestrial networks. In Earth-fixed satellite systems, this task could be simplified by representing the network with a more static virtual topology. Virtual node (VN) approach is widely explored in satellite networks research; however, it has some deficiencies due to necessity of one-to-one correspondence between virtual nodes and physical satellites. In this work, a generic virtual topology model, namely multi-state virtual network (MSVN) architecture that alleviates these deficiencies, is proposed. A new mathematical model for MSVN is introduced along with its potential contribution to the overall system availability. Furthermore, possible handover mechanisms in Earth-fixed satellite systems are investigated, and new efficient handover mechanisms for both VN-based systems and MSVN-based systems are proposed. Comparing the handover mechanisms, we conclude with the benefits of using an MSVN-based Earth-fixed satellite system.     

Navigation Satellite Clock Error Prediction Based on Functional Network

The high precision prediction of atomic clocks on board is a key technology for the long-term autonomous operation of a navigation satellite system. Some researches show that the performance of traditional prediction models of atomic clocks can not meet the requirements of practical applications. In order to improve the atomic clock error prediction accuracy, we propose a model based on functional network in this paper. According to the data characteristics of atomic clocks, the clock error series is firstly fit by polynomial and then the residuals is modeled by functional network. Finally, by using the data of GPS satellites, five independent prediction tests have been done to verify the model. The simulation results show that, compared with the traditional models, the proposed model can fit and predict clock error more effectively.     

Image-based spacecraft pointing model using single-bank dual-band registration

The growing interest in the development of small satellites and the demand for high-resolution imaging has made the pointing and drift rate requirements of a satellite more stringent. To achieve high pointing accuracy, star sensors can be used, but their size and weight are too large for small satellites. The need for keeping the overall cost of the spacecraft down and still achieve adequate pointing accuracies has provoked the development of relatively inexpensive and high-performance attitude systems that can provide competitive pointing accuracies during imaging operations. In order to realize such a system, this research describes a novel approach for finding the attitude of a satellite at any arbitrary rotation by using inter-band offsets from a single multi-spectral imager (MSI). For Earth observational imagery, UK Disaster Monitoring Constellation Earth-pointing MSI is used. This research focuses on the potential use of a narrow angle between the bands of a pushbroom sensor for determining the attitude of a spacecraft. The technique investigated does not require ground control points or knowledge of any ground features, but rather estimates the orientation of the platform through analysis of perspective and timing-based distortions between images. These distortions are assumed translational and affine in nature, with two-dimensional shifts being extracted from imagery using a Singular Value Decomposition-based registration scheme. In order to better understand the effect of attitude on imagery, a model was developed for predicting inter-band shifts given an attitude. This was then used to estimate the shifts between imagery at nominal attitude and given a series of simulated manoeuvres. Several simulations have shown that the row and column offsets represented a straight line. Hence, we expressed the row and column shifts in terms of straight line parameters. These geometric attributes are then represented in terms of Euler axis/angle to find the mapping for the elements of the general rotation matrix. Once the mapping is computed for the elements of the rotation matrix, we used the standard equations to determine the angle of rotation and Euler axis. The accuracy of attitude estimates depends on the magnitude of angular separation between the cameras, orientation of spacecraft, sensor resolution, image texture, and image registration method. The technique proposed in this study may however be applied to any satellite with pushbroom sensors that have a discernable along track separation and sufficient overlap.     

一种空间信息网络缓存决策策略

针对空间信息网络（space information network,SIN）中卫星节点缓存容量有限,且卫星高速移动使得星间链路时变,导致地面用户内容访问延迟增大的问题,提出一种基于人工蜂群算法的空间信息网络缓存决策策略（satellite improved artificial bee colony,SIABC）。首先根据低轨卫星节点链路切换的周期性和可预知性,建立网络分区模型,对空间信息网络的卫星节点进行分区,在此基础上,建立区域节点协作缓存模型,使得整个网络区域内的卫星节点有选择性地缓存不同流行度的内容,同时兼顾区域内节点的协作缓存,从而流行度高的内容缓存在网络边缘。仿真结果表明,与现有缓存机制相比,该缓存策略能够明显提高内容的平均缓存命中率,并显著降低用户的内容访问时延。     

面向异构通信卫星的地球站组网规划方法

经过多年的建设发展,卫星通信已经形成了多系列卫星并存、相互支撑、相互补充的通信系统.然而,由于各卫星系统建设时间跨度大,通信技术手段存在差异,如何高效利用异构的卫星通信资源成为了一个实际难题.为此,文中首次根据卫星与地球站的可互通条件构建了系统模型,并将其归结为线性约束下离散变量的非线性优化问题,优化目标是异构卫星波束...