Design and performance analysis of adjustable window functions based cosine modulated filter banks

In this paper, design and comparative analysis of adjustable window functions based cosine modulated filter banks are analyzed. Four adjustable windows, viz., Kaiser window, Saramäki window, ultraspherical windows and Roark?s transitional window are used to design prototype filters. Reconstruction error, which is used as an objective function, is minimized by optimizing the cutoff frequency of designed prototype filters. The gradient based iterative optimization algorithm is used. These optimized filters are later cosine modulated to obtain filter banks. The performances of filter banks are compared on the basis of reconstruction error and aliasing error.     

Efficient design of compact millimeter wave microstrip linear array with bandwidth enhancement and sidelobe reduction

In this article, a novel linear mmWave antenna array with series‐feed network is proposed to enhance the bandwidth and reduce sidelobe level without increasing the patch size. The proposed linear array is consisted of four identical wideband array elements, which are all under operation TM₁₀ and TM₀₂ modes by loading shorting pin and rectangular slots. Additionally, through loading symmetry circle‐shaped slots for the four elements, impedance matching of linear array is achieved. Furthermore, multi‐parameters unified‐optimization (MPUO) based on imperial competition algorithm (ICA) is proposed to uniformly optimize all linear array parameters. To verify this design, the proposed linear array is fabricated with a small patch area of 7.5 × 3.914 × 0.254 mm³. The measured results show that the bandwidth is enhanced to 2.05GHz, which is 0.57GHz wider than that of simulation. The simulated peak gain reaches 13dBi while the sidelobe level is reduced to about ?19 dB at 28.6GHz. Moreover, the computation cost using MPUO is reduced by 98.12% compared with that of independent parameters optimization.     

Stacked rectangular dielectric resonator antenna with different volumes for wideband circular polarization coupled with step‐shaped conformal strip

This paper presents a wideband circularly polarized broadside radiation characteristics by using stacked rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with different volumes. In this designed antenna, the wide input impedance‐ and axial ratio (AR)‐bandwidths come from three factors: stacked rectangular DR with different volumes, stepped‐shaped conformal strip associated with microstrip line as a feed and different type of partial ground plane. Here, the orthogonal TE^x_δ11 and TE^y_1δ1 modes have been responsible for the generation of CP radiation in stacked rectangular DRA. Measured results show that the proposed stacked rectangular DRA with different volumes achieves input impedance bandwidth of 54.84% while AR bandwidth has been found to be 11.53%. The proposed antenna provides broadside right‐handed CP radiation pattern with gain ranges from 2.27–5.80 dBic and offers an average radiation efficiency of 89.48%, across the entire working bandwidth, respectively. Therefore, this antenna is very much useful for the ISM 2400 band applications.     

合成孔径雷达图像的自适应旁瓣抑制算法分析和实验研究

合成孔径雷达是有源相干高分辨率成像系统,常规成像算法对接收数据进行二维匹配滤波,实现成像。由于成像系统的二维频域支持域有限,使成像系统的方位向和距离向脉冲响应为sinc函数,又SAR图像具有动态范围大的特点,使SAR图像中的强目标旁瓣使弱目标主瓣发生畸变,所以要对SAR图像进行旁瓣抑制。讨论并比较了两种自适应旁瓣抑制算法,并利用模拟数据和中科院电子所的L-SAR系统的雷达图像对这两种算法进行了实验研究。     

The influence of window sidelobes on DFT-based multifrequency signal measurement

One of the causes influencing the uncertainty of the measured parameter is the mutual influence of the window spectra contained in the multifrequency signal spectrum. This paper analyses the effect of window spectrum sidelobes on the evaluation of multifrequency signal RMS value estimated by two DFT-based techniques (the “mainlobe method” and RMS value estimation using interpolated DFT). The RMS bias caused by window sidelobes when applying twelve different generalized cosine windows is compared. Both simulation results and theoretical relations are included. The presented principle is applicable for all DFT based algorithms, not only for those used for RMS value estimation.     

An efficient iterative method for nearly perfect reconstruction non-uniform filter bank

In this paper, a computationally efficient iterative algorithm is presented for the design of multi-channel nearly perfect reconstruction nonuniform filter bank using the modified window functions such as Kaiser, Cosh and Exponential windows with exploiting a new perfect reconstruction condition of nonuniform filter banks instead of using complex objective functions. The cutoff frequency is optimized using linear optimization technique such that the magnitude response of a prototype filter at quadrature frequency is approximately equal to 0.707. The simulation results illustrate significant reduction in amplitude distortion, number of iteration and computation time as compared to earlier existing techniques. The proposed algorithm is simple, easy to implement, and linear in nature. When exploited for subband coding of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, the proposed method yields good fidelity performance measuring parameters.     

The optimized wavelet filters for speech compression

In this paper, optimized wavelet filters for speech compression are proposed whose wavelet filter coefficients are derived with different window techniques such as Kaiser and Blackman windows via simple linear optimization. When the developed wavelet filters are exploited for speech compression, they not only give better compression ratio but also yield good fidelity parameters as compared to other wavelet filters. A comparative study of performance of different existing wavelet filters and the proposed wavelet filters is made in terms of compression ratio (CR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and normalized root-mean square error (NRMSE) at different thresholding levels. The simulation result included in this paper shows increased efficacy and improved performance of the proposed filters in the field of speech signal processing.     

Extraction and analysis of multiple time window features associated with muscle fatigue conditions using sEMG signals

In this work, an attempt has been made to differentiate surface electromyography (sEMG) signals under muscle fatigue and non-fatigue conditions with multiple time window (MTW) features. sEMG signals are recorded from biceps brachii muscles of 50 volunteers. Eleven MTW features are extracted from the acquired signals using four window functions, namely rectangular windows, Hamming windows, trapezoidal windows, and Slepian windows. Prominent features are selected using genetic algorithm and information gain based ranking. Four different classification algorithms, namely naïve Bayes, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbour, and linear discriminant analysis, are used for the study. Classifier performances with the MTW features are compared with the currently used time- and frequency-domain features. The results show a reduction in mean and median frequencies of the signals under fatigue. Mean and variance of the features differ by an order of magnitude between the two cases considered. The number of features is reduced by 45% with the genetic algorithm and 36% with information gain based ranking. The k-nearest neighbour algorithm is found to be the most accurate in classifying the features, with a maximum accuracy of 93% with the features selected using information gain ranking.     

A new dual C‐shaped rectangular dielectric resonator based antenna for wideband circularly polarized radiation

This article presents a new dual C‐shaped rectangular dielectric resonator (DR) based antenna for generation of wideband circularly polarized (CP) radiation. The proposed antenna comprises of a pair of C‐shaped rectangular dielectric DR and a metal strip with a coaxial probe. By utilization of a metal strip at the side surface of C‐shaped rectangular DR, the wideband CP radiation is achieved from the proposed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). Fundamental orthogonal modes (TE^x_δ11 and TE^y_1δ1) are excited using the rectangular DRA with a metal strip for the generation of CP fields. The proposed antenna with dual C‐shaped rectangular CP DRA provides the measured ?10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth of 30.07% (3.22 GHz‐4.36 GHz) with measured 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth of 14.81% (3.25 GHz‐3.77 GHz) at the boresight. The proposed antenna covers the useful Wi‐MAX band.     

遗传算法在阵列天线方向图综合中的应用

应用实数编码的遗传算法进行阵列天线方向图综合的优化设计.针对阵列天线方向图综合的特点,运用算法,通过优化单元电流幅度、阵元间距,对阵列天线方向图进行了综合优化,其中包括方向图的波瓣控制和零点生成,并同时压低旁瓣电平使其达到期望值.仿真结果表明,通过优化,天线阵的辐射特性获得很大的改善,在主瓣宽度满足要求的情况下,副瓣电平也可达到-33.6100dB.良好的仿真结果表明遗传算法在阵列天线方向图综合中的应用是有效的,有良好的应用前景.     

A pipelined computer architecture for unified elementary function evaluation

A pipelined computer architecture for rapid consecutive evaluation of several elementary functions (x/y, √x, sin x, cos, x, e^x, ln x, …) using basic CORDIC algorithms is proposed. Continued products iterations of the form (1 + σ_im 2^?k) allow linking n-identical ALU structures to permit n different function evaluations. New algorithms for sin^?1, cos^?1, cot^?1, sinh^?1, cosh^?1 and x^v are developed. Lastly, a new functional efficiency is defined for pipeline architectures which compares favorably to iterative arrays.Index terms—Digital Arithmetic, Pipeline, Unified Elementary Functions, Iterative Algorithms, CORDIC     

Some new thoughts on Gauss–Laguerre quadrature

Gauss–Laguerre quadrature is notoriously poor for integrating non-exponentially decreasing infinite-range integrals. A method is proposed based on the non-standard basis set 1/x ⁱ and this is implemented for the weight functions 1.0, log x and sin x. A series of tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, and an algorithm is presented to achieve convergence to a specified accuracy.     

A Spurious Equilibria-free Learning Algorithm for the Blind Separation of Non-zoer Skewness Signals

We present a new learning algorithm for the blind separation of independent source signals having non-zero skewness (the 3rd-order cumulant) (the source signals have non-symmetric probability distribution.), from their linear mixtures. It is shown that for a class of source signals whose probability distribution functions is not symmetric, a simple adaptive learning algorithm using quadratic function (f(x)=x²) is very efficient for blind source separation task. It is proved that all stable equilibria of the proposed learning algorithm are desirable solutions. Extensive computer simulation experiments confirmed the validity of the proposed algorithm.     

Diagonal polynomials and diagonal orders on multidimensional lattices

HereR andN denote the real numbers and the nonnegative integers, respectively. Alsos(x)=x ₁+···+x _n whenx=(x ₁, …,x _n) inR ⁿ. A mapf:R ⁿ →R is call adiagonal function of dimensionn iff|N ⁿ is a bijection ontoN and, for allx, y inN ⁿ, f(x)<f(y) whens(x)<s(y). Morales and Lew [6] constructed 2 ⁿ⁻² inequivalent diagonal polynomial functions of dimensionn for eachn>1. Here we use new combinatorial ideas to show that numberd _n of such functions is much greater than 2 ⁿ⁻² forn>3. These combinatorial ideas also give an inductive procedure to constructd _n+1 diagonal orderings of {1, …,n}.     

The dimensional effects of windowing on crosstalk for high speed hard disk drive interconnects

As the areal density rapidly changes, the signal reflection increases. In order to avoid the reflection between a magnetic recording head and a read/write driver on hard disk drive interconnects (HDDIs), the windowing technique is used to keep low insertion loss and it causes the higher crosstalk between lines. In this work, the crosstalk on idealized HDDI with windowing is investigated. The crosstalk represented by the scattering parameters calculated by using the full wave simulation software based on finite integral technique. From the results, the improvement of insertion loss and transmission bandwidth (?3 dB bandwidth) can be found when the window percentage is increased. For the 90% windowed structure, these are improved as 4.27 dB at 1 GHz and 4.53 GHz comparing with the conventional structure, respectively. Besides, the crosstalk increases with the increasing of window percentage. However, it can be suppressed up to 5.68 dB in a range of 0.24–1 GHz when the window percentage is 90%. Furthermore, the 90% of windowed structure with 8 mm window pitch possess the lowest crosstalk about 30.22 dB in a range of 0.32–6.4 GHz. In addition, the placing position of windows in a reference plane with a half of the rest length at both ends should be avoided because it increases both crosstalk and insertion loss. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:217–222, 2014.     

MIMO-OFDM系统中接收窗函数的性能比较

窗函数已被广泛地应用于多输入多输出-正交频分复用系统的接收端,以降低系统对频率偏移的灵敏性,减小载波间干扰,改进接收机,提高系统性能。该文将矩形窗、升余弦窗、优于升余弦窗和二阶连续窗以时域加窗的方式应用于MIMO-OFDM系统接收机,并通过理论分析和计算机仿真就各窗函数对系统性能的影响进行了比较分析。     

半正弦窗的衍生形式及其特征分析

为得到更加精确的幅值或频率，本文提出了一种新的窗函数--衍生半正弦窗。它的构造方法是对半正弦窗函数施加一个指数，指数的大小阅览室它扁平程度。指数趋于0则窗函数趋于矩形窗，指数变大则趋于尖锐。通过数字方式研究了衍生半正弦窗的特性，发现它具有更大的灵活性，根据对频率分辨率和幅值精度、旁瓣衰减的侧重，可以构造一个需要的窗函数。为方便使用和对比，给出了衍生半正弦窗及其他常用窗函数的参数表。文中给出一个例子，对一个复信号用衍生半正弦窗进行加窗处理，用FFT计算它的幅值谱，结果证明衍生半正弦窗具有比较理想的特性。     

A broadband quasi‐Yagi array of rectangular loops on LTCC

In this article, a broadband quasi‐Yagi array of rectangular loops using low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic technology is proposed. The antenna is fed by a simple and compact microstrip‐to‐coplanar strip transition, which serves as balun and impedance transformer simultaneously. Four rectangular loops are used to direct the antenna propagation toward the end‐fire direction. Compared with the planar directors in traditional quasi‐Yagi antenna, they can provide better director effect to improve the radiation performance. Furthermore, they act as good impedance matching elements to broaden the bandwidth. The measured results show that the proposed antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of 42% for S₁₁ < ?10 dB (from 26.1 to 40 GHz), better than 12 dB front‐to‐back ratio, smaller than 14 dB cross polarization and an average gain over 6.5 dBi across the operating bandwidth. The antenna occupies a compact size of 8 × 8 × 1 mm³. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:196–203, 2014.     

Generalizing the TT-transform

The TT-transform is a method of dividing a primary time series into a set of secondary, time-localized time series, through use of a translatable, scalable Gaussian window. These secondary time series resemble ordinary windowed time series, except that higher frequencies are more strongly concentrated around the midpoint of the Gaussian, as compared with lower frequencies. In this paper the TT-transform is generalized to accommodate arbitrary scalable windows. The generalized TT-transform can be useful in resolving the times of event initiations when used jointly with a related time–frequency distribution, the generalized S-transform.     

A compact asymmetric slot dual band antenna fed by CPW for PCS and UWB applications

A compact slot antenna with an overall dimension of 30 × 30 × 1.6 mm³ is proposed for dual band applications. The radiating element is a hexagonal shape patch which protrudes from a Co‐Planar Waveguide (CPW) feed into a step shape slot. The slot is basically rectangular in shape and is extended by inserting rectangular cuts of different sizes on the ground plane around it. The ultrawide impedance bandwidth is achieved using asymmetric feed line along with extended rectangular cuts around the slot. For realizing the second band for personal communication system applications (near 1.9 GHz), a metallic stub of quarter wave length is attached at the top of the slot. The measured impedance bandwidth (for S₁₁ < ?10 dB) is 110 MHz (1.86–1.97 GHz) for the first band and 9 GHz (3.0–12.0 GHz) for the second band. The antenna is further characterized by omnidirectional radiation patterns in the H‐plane, dumb‐bell shape radiation patterns in the E‐plane and a peak gain of 3–5 dBi over the ultrawideband. All the measured results are found to be in good agreement with the simulated results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 25:243–254, 2015.