Effect of granulated sugar as pore former on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the vitrified bond cubic boron nitride grinding wheels

For vitrified bond cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel, introduced pores play a very important role for its mechanical properties and performance. In this paper, granulated sugar was used as pore former of the vitrified bond in CBN grinding wheel. The effects of content and particle size of the granulated sugar on the porosity and the flexural strength of the sintered vitrified bond CBN wheel samples have been investigated. It was found that the porosity of the vitrified bond CBN wheel is positively correlated with the content of the granulated sugar. The smaller and more irregular shaped pores are uniformly distributed in the bond when the content of granulated sugar is between 1 and 3 wt.%. Larger and more non-uniform pores and pore channels appear as the content of granulated sugar is increased from 5 to 7 wt.%. The flexural strength of the vitrified bond CBN wheel specimens decreases with an increase in pore former’s content and the porosity. With the increase of pore former’s particle size at the content of 3 wt.%, the flexural strength reaches to a peak value of 49 MPa with average particle size of granulated sugar is 250 μm. When the average size of granulated sugar is from 100 to 125 μm, the pores’ size is similar with the size of pore former and distributed homogeneously. The larger granulated sugar with the size from 160 to 500 μm can introduce different size of pores which could be smaller or larger than the size of pore former.     

Comparative analysis of performance of cubic boron nitride and microcrystalline alumina tools in profile grinding of form cutters

A comparative analysis of performance of cubic boron nitride, microcrystalline alumina, and white fused alumina wheels has been carried out in profile grinding of long-length HSS profile broach under production conditions. In a particular case, where grinding is accompanied by impact loading and the wheel has to be frequently dressed to provide precise profiling, the vitrified cubic boron nitride wheel has demonstrated an essentially better performance in terms of removal rate, minimum time for dressing cycles, and overall labor input in shaping a working profile of the broach.     

The measurement and analysis of micro bonding force for electroplated CBN grinding wheels based on response surface methodology

The superabrasive (e.g. CBN or diamond) grain dislodgement occurrence on the wheel surface due to insufficient bonding force is the major failure phenomena in the grinding process with electroplated grinding tools. This failure leads to the abrupt increase of load on the immediate grains, accelerating more grain dislodgement on wheel surface. Ultimately, the aggregated grain dislodgement causes the workpiece profile accuracy degradation and catastrophic wheel sharpness loss. Therefore, the provision of sufficient and uniform micro bonding force all through the wheel surface is the critical task in electroplated superabrasive grinding wheel design. Considering the complexity in the micro bonding force enabling factors, e.g. the grain shape, dimensional size, spatial orientation, and bond layer thickness, it is vital to establish the quantitative and comprehensive relationship between these factors with the micro bonding force for optimal electroplated grinding wheel design. In this paper, an inclined micro-thread turning test is developed to measure the single grain micro bonding force. In addition, the finite element model of single CBN grain bonding force is established and validated to simulate the grain dislodgement. Finally, the response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to build the comprehensive correlation of the bonding force with its dimensional size, spatial orientation, and bond layer thickness. Therefore, the optimal bonding condition through regressed prediction model is identified to provide the quantitative basis for the electroplated CBN grinding wheels design, which indicates that the bonding force can be predicted for specific wheel manufacturing parameters and improved by related variable adjustment.     

高强度铸铁基cBN砂轮修整实验研究

消失模铸造制备的奥-贝球墨铸铁基cBN砂轮具有胎体强度高、胎体对磨粒把持力大等优点,但也存在着铸造砂轮毛坯尺寸精度不高、磨削层修整余量大、修整较为困难等不足之处.本文针对铸造铸铁基大粒度cBN砂轮毛坯,分别进行机械修整、电解修整和电解-机械-电解复合修整试验,探究不同修整方式下的最优工艺参数和修整效率,以及修整后磨粒的破碎和出刃情况.研究结果表明:采用Si C修整轮修整,当转速比为+0.3时修整效率最高,但修整效率随着时间的增加逐渐减小,修整至120 min才能够达到砂轮的目标精度;采用电解修整,砂轮在最优工艺参数下修整30 min后将产生钝化,电解修整难以继续进行;采用电解-机械-电解复合修整,不仅其修整效率比机械修整有所提高,而且砂轮表面磨粒破碎较少,磨粒出刃高度较大.     

CBN grain wear and its effects on material removal during grinding of FGH96 powder metallurgy superalloy

Grinding with cubic boron nitride (CBN) superabrasive is a widely used method of machining superalloy in aerospace industries. However, there are some issues, such as poor grinding quality and severe tool wear, in grinding of powder metallurgy superalloy FGH96. In addition, abrasive wheel wear is the significant factor that hinders the further application of CBN abrasive wheels. In this case, the experiment of grinding FGH96 with single CBN abrasive grain using different parameters was carried out. The wear characteristics of CBN abrasive grain were analyzed by experiment and simulation. The material removal behavior affected by CBN abrasive wear was also studied by discussing the pile-up ratio during grinding process. It shows that morphological characteristics of CBN abrasive grain and grinding infeed direction affect the CBN abrasive wear seriously by simulation analysis. Attrition wear, micro break, and macro fracture had an important impact on material removal characteristics. Besides, compared with the single cutting edge, higher pile-up ratio was obtained by multiple cutting edges, which reduced the removal efficiency of the material. Therefore, weakening multiple cutting edge grinding on abrasive grains in the industrial production, such as applying suitable dressing strategy, is an available method to improve the grinding quality and efficiency. The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-022-00412-2     

On the Surface Integrity of Precision-Ground Steel Cylindrical Parts

The effects of traditional corundum and boron-nitride (CBN) wheels on the surface integrity of internally and externally ground steel parts has been investigated in respect to microhardness, residual stresses, and change of texture. The microhardness and residual stress components of the surface layer of HSS tools ground with CBN wheels have been measured and texture has been also investigated. Case-hardened steels have been ground with mainly traditional wheels. The change of microhardness, residual stresses, and texture depends to a large extend not only on grinding parameters but also on the grade of sharpness of the wheel. The difference between grinding with sharp and worn wheels is significant. These facts prove the importance of different continuous wheel dressing processes. The effect of the coolant on the surface quality has also been examined.     

陶瓷结合立方氮化硼磨削工具材料制备研究

陶瓷结合立方氮化硼(CBN)磨削工具是一类用于磨削加工的新型陶瓷/玻璃复合材料。本文作者从复合材料制备理论角度探讨了这类材料的制备原则,并进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:CBN磨具的烧成温度以低于800℃为宜;陶瓷结合剂与CBN磨料的热膨胀系数匹配性对磨具强度有较大影响,具有较小热膨胀系数和较高强度的C₁结合剂较适合CBN磨具制备。在一定温度范围内,适当提高烧结温度,有利于提高陶瓷结合剂桥相本身强度及结合剂与CBN磨料颗粒的结合强度。     

Nano finish grinding of brittle materials using electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) technique

Recent developments in grinding have opened up new avenues for finishing of hard and brittle materials with nano-surface finish, high tolerance and accuracy. Grinding with superabrasive wheels is an excellent way to produce ultraprecision surface finish. However, superabrasive diamond grits need higher bonding strength while grinding, which metal-bonded grinding wheels can offer. Truing and dressing of the wheels are major problems and they tend to glaze because of wheel loading. When grinding with superabrasive wheels, wheel loading can be avoided by dressing periodically to obtain continuous grinding. Electrolytic inprocess dressing (ELID) is the most suitable process for dressing metal-bonded grinding wheels during the grinding process. Nano-surface finish can be achieved only when chip removal is done at the atomic level. Recent developments of ductile mode machining of hard and brittle materials show that plastically deformed chip removal minimizes the subsurface damage of the workpiece. When chip deformation takes place in the ductile regime, a defect-free nano-surface is possible and it completely eliminates the polishing process. ELID is one of the processes used for atomic level metal removal and nano-surface finish. However, no proper and detailed studies have been carried out to clarify the fundamental characteristics for making this process a robust one. Consequently, an attempt has been made in this study to understand the fundamental characteristics of ELID grinding and their influence on surface finish.     

Controlled wear of vitrified abrasive materials for precision grinding applications

The study of bonding hard materials such as aluminium oxide and cubic boron nitride (cBN) and the nature of interfacial cohesion between these materials and glass is very important from the perspective of high precision grinding. Vitrified grinding wheels are typically used to remove large volumes of metal and to produce components with very high tolerances. It is expected that the same grinding wheel is used for both rough and finish machining operations. Therefore, the grinding wheel, and in particular its bonding system, is expected to react differently to a variety of machining operations. In order to maintain the integrity of the grinding wheel, the bonding system that is used to hold abrasive grains in place reacts differently to forces that are placed on individual bonding bridges. This paper examines the role of vitrification heat treatment on the development of strength between abrasive grains and bonding bridges, and the nature of fracture and wear in vitrified grinding wheels that are used for precision grinding applications.     

New Vitrified Bond Diamond Grinding Wheel for Grinding the Cylinder of Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

In this work, a kind of new vitrified bond based on Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramics was used to bond the diamond grains, which is made into grinding wheel and the cylindrical grinding process of polycrystalline diamond compacts （PDCs） by using the new vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel was discussed. Several factors which influence the properties of grinding wheel such as amount of vitrified bond and the kinds and amount of stuff in grinding wheel were also investigated. It was found that the new vitrified bond can firmly combine diamond grains, when there are only diamonds and vitrified bond in the structure of grinding wheel, the longevity of the grinding wheel is about 2.5-3 times as that of resin bond grinding wheel for processing PDCs. The grinding size precision of PDCs can be improved from 4-0.03 mm to 4-0.01 mm because of larger Young＇s modulus of vitrified bond than resin bond. The grinding time of a PDC product can be 1.75-2.0 min from 3.25-3.5 min, so this kind of grinding wheel can save much time for processing PDCs. Also, there is hardly noise when using this new vitrified bond diamond grinding wheel to process PDCs. The amount of vitrified bond in grinding wheel influences the longevity of grinding wheel. When the size of diamond grains is 90-107 μm, the optimal amount of vitrified bond in grinding wheel is 21% （wt pct）. When the amount of vitrified bond exceeds 21%, there are many pores in grinding block, which will decrease the longevity of grinding wheel. The existence of addition stuff such as Al2O3 or SiC can reduce the longevity of grinding wheel.     

Impact of dressing infeed on SiC wheel for grinding Ti-6Al-4V

Present experimental investigation is directed toward the optimization of dressing infeed for silicon carbide (SiC) wheel to be employed for grinding difficult-to-machine super alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Grinding wheels are dressed using separate, however, identical 0.75 carat single point diamond dressers at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 µm infeed values. Differently dressed wheels are consequently, applied for grinding Ti-6Al-4V under different infeed values of 5, 10 and 15 µm. All the operations have been performed at a constant velocity of 1810 m/min. The performances of the differently dressed SiC wheels are evaluated based on the variations of grinding force components, average surface roughness values, grinding ratio, chip forms and based on the analyses of the micrographs of wheel topologies and also of the ground surfaces, obtained using scanning electron microscope. Following the performance evaluation, the optimized dressing infeed has been found to be 20 µm for the operation range considered herein.     

The specific cost of grinding R6M5F3 steel with various dressing methods and electric discharge actions on Kubonit wheel working surface

A comparative study of grinding R6M5F3 steel with metal-bonded Kubonit wheels in various dressing methods and with electric discharge action on the wheel working surface is carried out based on the minimum specific cost criterion. The electric discharge dressing method has been found to provide a reduction in specific grinding cost by one order of magnitude in comparison to an abrasive method. Electric discharge actions on the wheel working surface in the course of grinding result in a higher specific machining cost; therefore, it is advisable to perform grinding with periodic in-process electric discharge dressing.     

Simulation of cylindrical plunge grinding based on the behaviour of cutting edge wear

In cylindrical plunge grinding, a series of workpieces are ground successively without intermediate dressing of the wheel. Through the grinding, the wheel characteristic is continuously changed by the wear, fracture and new exposure of abrasive grains, having a profound effect on the grains on wheel surfaces in the cylindrical grinding process are developed to make it possible to describe the time dependent results of grinding and to establish the grinding operation standards capable of estimating grinding wheel performance and selecting grinding conditions, in which many parameters in actual grinding operations are considered. This simulation system can display its results in graphical form including the time dependent results and the effects of various parameters as well as optimization capabilities. This simulation has the same effects as many grinding experiments, and capable of selecting the optimum grinding wheels and conditions.     

An experimental study on grinding of Zr-based bulk metallic glass

There are limited studies in the literature about machinability of bulk metallic glass(BMG).As a novel and promising structural material,BMG material machining characteristics need to be verified before its utilization.In this paper,the effects of cutting speed,feed rate,depth of cut,abrasive particle size/type on the BMG grinding in dry conditions were experimentally investigated.The experimental evaluations were carried out using cubic boron nitride(CBN) and Al_2O_3 cup wheel grinding tools.The parameters were evaluated along with the results of cutting force,temperature and surface roughness measurements,X-ray,scanning electron microscope(SEM)and surface roughness analyse.The results demonstrated that the grinding forces reduced with the increasing cutting speed as specific grinding energy increased.The effect of feed rate was opposite to the cutting speed effect,and increasing feed rate caused higher grinding forces and substantially lower specific energy.Some voids like cracks parallel to the grinding direction were observed at the edge of the grinding tracks.The present investigations on ground surface and grinding chips morphologies showed that material removal and surface formation of the BMG were mainly due to the ductile chip formation and ploughing as well as brittle fracture of some particles from the edge of the tracks.The roughness values obtained with the CBN wheels were found to be acceptable for the grinding operation of the structural materials and were in the range of 0.34-0.58 μm.This study also demonstrates that conventional Al_2O_3 wheel is not suitable for grinding of the BMG in dry conditions.     

Optimization of dressing infeed of alumina wheel for grinding Ti-6Al-4V

In the present experiment study, dressing infeed values of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25?µm are conceived on alumina wheel using 0.75 carat identical diamond dressers. The surface topologies of the dressed wheels are observed under scanning electron microscope. Differently dressed wheels are subsequently, employed for up-grinding Ti-6Al-4V in dry environment for 20 passes while the grinding infeed is kept constant at 10?µm during each pass. The grinding ratio is evaluated and the typical surface roughness parameters are measured using a mechanical type stylus. Tangential and normal force components are accurately measured with the help of dynamometer while the quality of ground substrate is observed under high resolution microscope. The performances of the differently dressed wheels are evaluated and subsequently, the dressing parameters are optimized based on the results obtained herein.     

Highly porous cubic boron nitride wheels for dry grinding

The paper addresses the influence of composition of highly porous cBN grinding wheels on the efficiency of grinding hardened steel with oil mist cooling and without cooling. Experimental investigations and statistical analysis of test data have demonstrated that the power intensity of the material removal process, workpiece heating, and ground surface roughness depend on the amount of cBN, pore-forming fillers, and vitrified bond in the abrasive mix composition.     

Continuous generating grinding method for beveloid gears and analysis of grinding characteristics

Continuous generating grinding has become an important gear processing method owing to its high efficiency and precision. In this study, an adaptive design model is proposed for the continuous generation of beveloid gears in common gear grinding machines. Based on this model, a method for determining the installation position and grinding kinematics is developed alongside an analytical meshing model for grinding contact trace and derivation of key grinding parameters. By combining these aspects, a general mathematical model for the continuous generation of beveloid gears is presented, comprising the entire grinding process from worm wheel dressing to the evaluation of grinding deviation. The effects of the worm and dressing wheel parameters on the grinding deviation were analysed, facilitating the development of an approach to improve the grinding accuracy. The presented procedure represents a novel design method for the continuous generation of beveloid gears in common gear grinding machines, facilitating the appropriate selection of worm and dressing wheel parameters.The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-022-00388-z     

Highly Efficient Grinding of Ceramic Parts by Electrolytic In-Process Dressing (ELID) Grinding

In the manfacture of structural ceramic components, it has been well documented that the grinding costs can be as high as 90% of the total cost. Grinding costs of ceramics can be reduced by maximizing the material removal rates (MRR). A novel grinding technology that incorporates in-process dressing of metal bonded superabrasive wheels, known as Electrolytic In-Process Dressing (ELID) has been developed (1) which can significantly increase the MRR. This technique uses a metal bonded grinding wheel that is electrolytically dressed, during the grinding process, for continuous protrudent abrasive from superabrasi ve wheels. The principle of ELID grinding technology will be discussed in this paper as will its application for rough grinding. The effects of various parameters such as wheel bond type and type of power supply on the ELID grinding mechanism will also be addressed in this paper.     

MgO与Li2O摩尔比及烧结温度对结合剂及cBN磨具性能的影响

以ZnO-Na₂O-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃陶瓷体系为基础, 制备了添加不同摩尔比Li₂O和MgO的陶瓷结合剂及立方氮化硼(cBN)磨具。利用X衍射测试仪、线性热膨胀测试仪、扫描电镜等研究了MgO∶Li₂O摩尔比( M 值)和烧结温度对陶瓷结合剂及磨具性能的影响。结果表明: 随着 M 值增加, 结合剂的软化点温度增加, 耐火度及化学稳定性均增强, 线性热膨胀系数先增加后降低。当 M 值为0.67时, 随着烧结温度的升高, 石英晶相的析出被抑制, 诱导析出Mg(Zn)Al₂O₄晶相, 且含量逐渐增加, 尺寸先减小后增加; 当温度为870 ℃时, Mg(Zn)-Al₂O₄晶粒尺寸最小, 约为2 μm, 结合剂结构最为致密, 抗折强度达到最大值136.28 MPa。随着烧结温度的提高, cBN磨具气孔率和吸水率先降低后增加, 体积密度、硬度、抗折强度、磨耗比以及磨削效率先增加后降低; 当烧结温度为890 ℃, 磨耗比及磨削效率最高, 分别为98.72%和1.3675 g·min^-1。