有色量测噪声下带广义未知扰动的递推上限滤波

针对博弈对抗环境下利用快速采样雷达进行非合作目标跟踪带来的有色噪声和未知干扰共存问题, 本文提出有色量测噪声下带广义未知扰动的随机动态系统递推上限滤波. 这里, 有色量测噪声用于描述由于快速采样或持续干扰带来的噪声相关性, 广义未知扰动用于建模博弈对抗对雷达观测带来的异常影响(先验信息缺失). 针对所考虑系统, 通过参数优化实现状态估计误差协方差上限(而不是理论值)的在线递推, 提出有色噪声下上限滤波(CU-BF), 给出状态估计误差协方差最小上限的近似实现, 讨论了所提CUBF的存在性条件. 在具有时变未知扰动和有色量测噪声的目标跟踪仿真中验证了所提方法的有效性.     

Applying a novel extended Kalman filter to missile–target interception with APN guidance law: A benchmark case study

This paper considers the estimation of the target acceleration with unknown dynamics along with other states of a benchmark example of a nonlinear 2D missile–target engagement system in presence of model uncertainties and measurement noises. The objective is to implement the augmented proportional navigation (APN) guidance law for the missile–target interception to minimize the distance between the missile and the target. The estimated target acceleration can be treated as an unknown input to the nonlinear 2D missile–target engagement system. A novel analytical recursive approach referred to as extended Kalman filter with unknown inputs without direct feedthrough (EKF-UI-WDF) is derived with the weighted least squares estimation for an extended state vector including states and unknown inputs which can be any type of signals without prior information. By applying the proposed EKF-UI-WDF approach to a 2D missile–target interception control system, simulation results demonstrate that this approach is capable of (i) estimating the states and unknown input (target acceleration) well, and (ii) achieving more reasonable interception performance comparing with the traditional extended Kalman filter (EKF) approach.     

含有有色噪声的非线性分数阶系统自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波器

研究了含有未知参数的情况下，分别含有分数阶有色过程噪声和有色测量噪声的连续时间非线性分数阶系统状态估计问题.采用Grünwald-Letnikov （G-L）差分方法和1阶泰勒展开公式，对描述连续时间非线性分数阶系统的状态方程进行离散化和线性化.构造由状态量、未知参数和分数阶有色噪声的增广向量，设计自适应分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波算法实现对有色噪声情况下的连续时间非线性分数阶系统的状态和参数的估计.最后，通过分析两个仿真实例，验证了提出算法的有效性.     

Manoeuvring target tracking in a cluttered environment from noisy images by an adaptive probabilistic data association filter

A new tracking method for estimating motion parameters of a manoeuvring target in a cluttered environment from noisy image sequences is presented. Traditionally, tracking systems have been broadly classified according to (1) moving target with or without manoeuvring, and (2) tracking in a clean (uncluttered) or cluttered environment. The difficulties studied here are those arising from (a) unknown acceleration inducing a randomly updated trajectory, and (b) the disturbance of returns from false alarms or other interfering objects. The probability data association filter (PDAF) is augmented by the semi-Markov process, called the adaptive PDAF, to handle the difficulties. Since the acceleration state applied either by a pilot or by a guidance control system is independent of the appearance of false returns, the treatment of target manoeuvring and false returns are separated into two sub-problems, i.e. the PDAF is applied to govern the disturbance of multiple returns and the semi-Markov process is applied to estimate uncertain accelerations. Three simulation results of variations show small biases from the true trajectory. By comparing with a nearest neighbour standard filter, the proposed tracking system also demonstrates better results.     

A Gaussian approximation recursive filter for nonlinear systems with correlated noises

This paper proposes a Gaussian approximation recursive filter (GASF) for a class of nonlinear stochastic systems in the case that the process and measurement noises are correlated with each other. Through presenting the Gaussian approximations about the two-step state posterior predictive probability density function (PDF) and the one-step measurement posterior predictive PDF, a general GASF framework in the minimum mean square error (MMSE) sense is derived. Based on the framework, the GASF implementation is transformed into computing the multi-dimensional integrals, which is solved by developing a new divided difference filter (DDF) with correlated noises. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed DDF as compared to the standard DDF, the existing UKF and EKF with correlated noises.     

基于粒子滤波的双模图像融合自适应跟踪

针对视频跟踪中仅利用目标的单特征容易导致跟踪失败的问题,提出一种基于粒子滤波的可见光与红外序列图像相融合的自适应目标跟踪算法;该算法在粒子滤波跟踪算法框架下,根据单一信源运动目标序列图像的品质因子,利用自适应加权融合策略重构双模序列图像的特征选择机制,建立了基于自适应融合算法的系统观测概率模型和状态空间层次采样多特征融合跟踪算法,实现了对双模序列图像的融合以及对运动目标的稳健跟踪;跟踪试验结果表明,该算法可以有效实现对运动目标的稳健、准确跟踪。     

基于SRCKF 的自适应高斯和状态滤波算法

针对非线性非高斯离散动态系统中的状态估计问题,基于高斯和递推关系,提出一种高斯和状态估计算法GSSRCKF.首先将状态噪声、观测噪声及滤波初值均表示为高斯和的形式,以平方根容积卡尔曼滤波为子滤波器分别估计各高斯子项对应的系统状态;然后结合各子项对应的权值实现全局估计;最后设计高斯子项对应权值的自适应策略,并采用约简控制法降低计算复杂度.仿真结果验证了所提出的算法在滤波稳定性方面的优越性.     

状态和参数联合估计方法及其在飞行试验中的应用

本文提出了一种有效的状态和参数的联合估计方法.针对参数估计结果有偏或发散的问 题,本文给出了一种参数向量可控性模型,并由此模型得到了噪声相关的一种状态和参数的估 计方法.运用状态和参数联合估计的新方法进行飞行状态和测量仪器的误差估计,仿真和实 际飞行数据处理的结果表明;本文提出的方法可以给出飞行状态和仪器误差估计的满意结果, 比普通推广Kalman滤波方法更有效.     

基于高斯–广义双曲混合分布的非线性卡尔曼滤波

本文研究带非平稳厚尾非高斯量测噪声的非线性系统状态估计问题.考虑到广义双曲分布包含多种常见厚尾分布特例,且其混合分布为共轭的广义逆高斯分布,选用广义双曲分布建模厚尾噪声;进而引入伯努利变量构建高斯–广义双曲混合分布来建模非平稳厚尾噪声,并利用该分布的高斯分层结构得到系统的概率模型.随后采用变分贝叶斯方法实现对系统状态以及噪声参数的后验估计,得到针对此类噪声系统的卡尔曼滤波(Kalman filter, KF)框架,现有的几种鲁棒滤波算法均是本文算法的特例.机器人跟踪仿真实验表明,所提算法与同类算法相比具有更好的估计精度和数值稳定性,且对于初始参数具有较好的鲁棒性.     

Improved IMM Filter for Tracking a Highly Maneuvering Target with Mixed System Noises

We propose a method of improving tracking filter performance of a highly maneuvering target with mixed system noises in this paper. A case study of an off-road high speed moving target is considered. The system noises consist of white Gaussian noises generated from target motion models and additional colored noises arising from the effect of rough and uneven terrain profile. we design the colored noise first order discrete Markov dynamic system representing terrain conditions. Tracking is done by using an IMM filter with discrete white noise acceleration and horizontal coordinated turn models. The designed colored noise dynamic model is augmented with each of the motion models. We use Kalman filter for linear DWNA model while extended and unscented Kalman filters are used for nonlinear HCT model. A test scenario is setup and simulations are carried out. For filter performance comparison purposes, two more cases are considered i.e., systems with white noncorrelated system noises and the system correlated noise cases. Results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional error treatment methods in terms of robustness, small mean square error, and acceptable computation load and data processing time.     

量测随机延迟下带相关乘性噪声的非线性系统分布式估计

本文提出了乘性噪声和加性噪声相关下的量测随机延迟非线性系统分布式状态估计.在所考虑系统中,相关状态被多传感器簇构成的传感器网所观测.所得理想量测被传送到远程分布式处理网,并伴随服从一阶马尔可夫过程的随机延迟.在此基础上,本文提出了分布式高斯信息滤波(distributed Gaussian-information filter,DGIF),来实现估计精度与计算时间的折中.在单处理节点/单元中,以估计误差协方差最小化为准则,设计了相应的高斯递推滤波,并实现了延迟概率的在线递推估计.进一步地,在分布式处理网中,基于非线性量测方程的统计线性回归,结合一致性算法,给出了一种分布式信息滤波形式,有效实现了分布式融合.分别在单处理单元和分布式处理网中仿真验证了所提算法的有效性.     

基于固定点迭代的Huber鲁棒容积卡尔曼滤波算法

对于非线性系统而言,容积卡尔曼滤波（Cubature Kalman Filter,CKF）算法是处理状态估计问题的一种有效方法,并且其在高斯噪声下可以获得良好的估计性能。然而,当噪声被重尾噪声污染时,其性能通常会急剧下降。为解决此问题,将Huber方法应用于CKF框架中,取代了传统的最小均方误差（Minimum Mean Square Error,MMSE）准则,以提高算法的鲁棒性。在所提算法中,通过将量测方程线性化构造了线性回归模型,并采用固定点迭代的方法求解基于Huber方法的最小化问题。因此,推导了基于固定点迭代的Huber鲁棒CKF（FP-IHCKF）算法,在该算法中先验信息和量测信息通过Huber方法进行了重构。通过对再入目标跟踪问题进行仿真,验证了所提算法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

自适应UKF算法在目标跟踪中的应用

针对目标跟踪中系统噪声统计特性未知导致滤波发散或者滤波精度不高的问题, 提出了一种自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman filter, UKF)算法.该算法在滤波过程中,利用改进的Sage-Husa估 计器在线估计未知系统噪声的统计特性,并对滤波发散的情况进行判断和抑制, 有效提高了滤波的数值稳定性,减小了状态估计误差. 仿真实验结果表明,与标准UKF算法相比,自适应UKF算法明显改善了目标跟踪的精度和稳定性.     

带相关噪声、随机观测滞后和丢失的随机不确定系统的最优线性估值器

对带有限步相关噪声、乘性噪声、多步随机观测滞后和丢失的复杂网络化控制系统,根据相关噪声的步数,分析了噪声和状态、噪声和观测、噪声和新息、观测和新息、状态和新息之间的相关性,给出了相关阵的递推计算公式.利用射影理论,提出了线性最小方差最优线性估值器,包括滤波器、预报器和平滑器.一个网络监测环境下的三容器水箱系统的实例仿真,验证了算法的有效性.     

Bayesian adaptive filter for tracking with measurements of uncertain origin

The probabilistic data association filter (PDA) estimates the state of a target in the presence of source uncertainty and measurement inaccuracy. This suboptimal procedure assumes that variances of process and measurement noises are known. The aim of this paper concerns the research of an adaptive probabilistic data association filter (APDAF). This Bayesian method estimates the state of a target in a cluttered environment when the noise statistics are unknown. Simulation results on target tracking using experimental data are presented.     

交互式容积卡尔曼滤波及其应用 交互式容积卡尔曼滤波及其应用

针对非线性系统模型参数未知情况下的状态估计问题, 提出一种融合极大后验估计的交互式容积卡尔曼滤波算法(InCKF). 该算法利用二阶斯特林插值公式和无迹变换对非线性函数的近似思想, 实现对模型未知参数的确定, 从而使滤波算法摆脱对模型参数精确已知的依赖, 并通过容积卡尔曼滤波算法完成状态估计和量测更新. 仿真结果表明, 相比于经典的参数扩维方法, InCKF 算法具有更高的精度和更强的数值稳定性.

     

Recursive linear optimal filter for Markovian jump linear systems with multi-step correlated noises and multiplicative random parameters

This paper presents the state estimation problem for discrete-time Markovian jump linear systems with multi-step correlated additive noises and multiplicative random parameters (termed as MCNMP). A recursive linear optimal filter for the considered MCNMP (which is abbreviated as RLMMF) is derived based on state augmentation between the original state and mode uncertainty, with the help of estimating the multi-step correlated additive noises online simultaneously. A maneuvering target tracking example under one-step and two-step correlated additive noises scenarios with different cases (i.e. Gaussian/Gaussian mixture distribution and no multiplicative noises) is simulated to validate the designed filter.     

Gaussian approximate filter for stochastic dynamic systems with randomly delayed measurements and colored measurement noises带随机延迟量测和有色量测噪声随机动态系统的高斯近似滤波器

In this paper, a new Gaussian approximate (GA) filter for stochastic dynamic systems with both one-step randomly delayed measurements and colored measurement noises is presented. For linear systems, a Kalman filter can be obtained to include one-step randomly delayed measurements and colored measurement noises. On the other hand, for nonlinear stochastic dynamic systems, different GA filters can be developed which exploit numerical methods to compute Gaussian weighted integrals involved in the proposed Bayesian solution. Existing GA filter with one-step randomly delayed measurements and existing GA filter with colored measurement noises are special cases of the proposed GA filter. The efficiency and superiority of the proposed method are illustrated in a numerical example concerning a target tracking problem.     

基于ET-PHD的自适应联合跟踪与分类算法

针对新生目标强度先验未知的扩展目标（Extended target,ET）联合跟踪与分类（Joint tracking and classification,JTC）问题,提出一种基于扩展目标概率假设密度（Extended target-probability hypothesis density,ET-PHD）滤波器的自适应联合跟踪与分类算法,并给出其高斯混合实现方法.算法利用量测信息生成新生目标强度,在滤波预测阶段对存活目标和新生目标分别按照其类别进行传播,再引入属性量测信息,用位置和属性的联合量测似然函数代替单目标位置似然函数,对预测后所有目标强度进行联合更新,之后按照类别进行高斯项的删减与合并,提取相应类别目标的状态集.仿真结果表明,提出的自适应算法改进了概率假设密度滤波器在扩展目标跟踪中的性能.     

基于B样条曲线的GHPF轮廓跟踪算法

针对视觉跟踪中粒子滤波算法的建议性分布函数选择问题,提出一种目标轮廓跟踪的高斯厄米特粒子滤波算法(GHPF).该算法采用B样条曲线描述目标轮廓,建立目标运动模型.利用高斯厄米特滤波器产生建议性分布函数,通过实时融入最新的观测数据来逼近系统状态的后验概率,提高了滤波估计的精度.实验仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性.