贸易信用下考虑零售商违约风险的供应链协调问题研究

本文研究延迟支付和提前支付同时存在下的供应链协调问题。考虑由一个供应商和一个零售商构成的二级供应链,市场需求随机,延迟支付下零售商会增加订购数量,但由于其违约风险的存在,供应商会降低其交付量,最终导致供应商交付量小于零售商订购量,降低供应链收益。要求零售商提前支付部分货款则可以有效避免零售商的违约问题,通过建立延迟支付和提前支付同时存在下的零售商收益模型和供应商的收益模型,给出了零售商的最优订购量决策和供应商的最优交付量决策,通过调整延迟支付期限和提前支付比例,使得二者相等,并等于供应链整体收益最大化下的生产数量,实现供应链协调。最后通过数值算例分析了相关参数的敏感性等问题。     

Coordination-based inventory management for deteriorating items in a two-echelon supply chain with profit sharing

This study develops a model for inventory management consisting of a two-echelon supply chain (SC) with profit sharing and deteriorating items. The retailer and the supplier act as the leader and follower, in which the supplier faces a huge setup cost and economic order quantity ordering strategy. The market demand is affected by the sale price of the product, and the inventory has a deterioration rate following a Weibull distribution. The retailer executes three profit-sharing mechanisms to motivate the supplier to participate in SC optimisation and to extend the life cycle of the product. A search algorithm is developed to determine the solutions as using the profit-sharing mechanisms. The outcomes from numerical experiments demonstrate the profitability of the proposed model.     

不对称信息下供应链赊销交易中的激励契约

赊销交易中,若零售商的 销售能力是私人信息,则供应商的赊销风险将增加.为给供应商提供甄别零售商销售能力的方法和 依据以控制赊销风险,运用激励理论构建激励模型并求解得到激励契约,将其与对称信息下赊销交易 和不对称信息下现金交易中的激励契约进行比较.结果表明,该激励契约能够甄别零售商的能力,不对称 信息下的产品交易量均向下扭曲,赊销交易能够减轻产品交易量的扭曲程度和降低甄别成本.最后 通过算例分析验证了主要结论.     

Two-echelon competitive integrated supply chain model with price and credit period dependent demand

This study considers a two-echelon competitive supply chain consisting of two rivaling retailers and one common supplier with trade credit policy. The retailers hope that they can enhance their market demand by offering a credit period to the customers and the supplier also offers a credit period to the retailers. We assume that the market demand of the products of one retailer depends not only on their own market price and offering a credit period to the customers, but also on the market price and offering a credit period of the other retailer. The supplier supplies the product with a common wholesale price and offers the same credit period to the retailers. We study the model under a centralised (integrated) case and a decentralised (Vertical Nash) case and compare them numerically. Finally, we investigate the model by the collected numerical data.     

风险规避的冷链物流服务供应链减排协调决策

在碳限额交易的背景下,针对由物流服务集成商和冷链物流服务供应商组成的冷链物流服务供应链,考虑集成商或供应商具有风险规避倾向,运用Stackelberg博弈法,探究了集成商和供应商风险规避倾向对冷链物流服务供应链减排与协调决策的影响,并基于Rubinstein讨价还价模型,设计了利润共享契约,以实现供应链的协调。研究表明：集成商风险规避倾向会降低自身的议价能力,不利于自身的发展,但有利于供应商开展减排行动和提高冷链服务水平;集成商风险规避倾向会降低自身议价能力,同时也不利于自身开展减排行动和提高冷链服务水平;集成商和供应商风险规避倾向均会降低自身的效用,提高对方企业的效用;契约模型下,集成商和供应商风险规避倾向能提高自身在供应链内部的竞争力,降低对方企业的竞争力。     

Three stage trade credit policy in a three-layer supply chain–a production-inventory model

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal replenishment lot size of supplier and optimal production rate of manufacturer under three levels of trade credit policy for supplier–manufacturer–retailer supply chain. The supplier provides a fixed credit period to settle the accounts to the manufacturer, while the manufacturer gives a fixed credit period to settle the account to the retailer and the retailer, in turn, also offers a credit period to each of its customers to settle the accounts. We assume that the supplier supplies the raw material to the manufacturer and sends back the defective raw materials to the outside supplier after completion of inspection at one lot with a sales price. The system always produces good items in the model. Also, we consider the idle times of supplier and manufacturer. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the behaviour and application of the model with graphical simulation.     

考虑信用融资的期权和实物产品最优组合采购策略

分析由零售商和银行组成的供应链系统, 在零售商面临资金约束的条件下, 通过引入期权采购和信用融资的组合方式, 实现企业的资金风险降低和运作效率提升. 通过建立博弈模型分析得出零售商的最优实物产品采购量和最优期权采购量的显性表达式, 证明银行的最优信用借款利率的存在性和唯一性条件. 通过比较存在资金约束情形下的其他运作方式, 发现信用融资是最有效的决策方式, 可以提升零售商的绩效, 最大可能实现全局最优.

     

The optimal retailer's ordering policies with trade credit financing and limited storage capacity in the supply chain system

The traditional economic order quantity model assumes that the retailer's storage capacity is unlimited. However, as we all know, the capacity of any warehouse is limited. In practice, there usually exist various factors that induce the decision-maker of the inventory system to order more items than can be held in his/her own warehouse. Therefore, for the decision-maker, it is very practical to determine whether or not to rent other warehouses. In this article, we try to incorporate two levels of trade credit and two separate warehouses (own warehouse and rented warehouse) to establish a new inventory model to help the decision-maker to make the decision. Four theorems are provided to determine the optimal cycle time to generalise some existing articles. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is executed to investigate the effects of the various parameters on ordering policies and annual costs of the inventory system.     

精敏供应链Stackelberg博弈EOQ决策模型

在非合作和合作两种不同情景下,不考虑缺货损失条件,研究一个主导方供应商和两个跟从方制造商不同订货成本结构的两层精敏供应链上游段Stackelberg博弈的EOQ决策模型。引入供应商价格折扣策略,通过模型分析与求解,得出Stackelberg博弈下的EOQ决策均衡点,改善了精敏供应链上游段的整体运行效率,提高了供应链参与成员的各自收益。通过实例分析,验证了模型的可行性。     

基于成本共担策略的服务供应链协调研究

研究由服务提供商和支持服务供应商组成的两级服务供应链.其中市场需求与支持服务供应商的努力水平相关,服务容量与服务提供商的努力水平相关.建立了基于成本共担策略的服务供应链模型,分析得到了供应链成员同时决策与序贯决策情况下供应链的Nash均衡解.研究表明,成本共担策略能提高供应链的总利润,实现供应链协调.通过大量算例分析了最优协调参数解与供应链中重要参数的关系,同时指出了供应链协调的效果.     

基于成本共担契约的生鲜供应链保鲜努力机制

研究由一个供应商与一个零售商组成的生鲜供应链,在分散式决策与集中式决策下的最优保鲜努力水平.考虑两类成本共担契约方式:一类为零售商单独提供成本共担契约的方式,另一类为供应商与零售商二者博弈制定成本共担契约的方式;同时,比较两类成本共担契约对供应链整体保鲜努力水平的影响.结果表明,成本共担契约对生鲜供应链整体生鲜水平的提高非常有益,且有利于提高供应商、零售商及供应链整体的利润,其中供应商与零售商二者博弈制定成本共担契约的方式最为有效.另外,保鲜成本与消费者生鲜敏感程度分别对供应链的发展起着消极和积极的作用.     

Coordinating a two-level supply chain with delay in payments and profit sharing

Achieving effective coordination among suppliers and retailers has become a pertinent research issue in supply chain management. Channel coordination is a joint decision policy achieved by a supplier(s) and a retailer(s) characterized by an agreement on the order quantity and the trade credit scenario (e.g., quantity discounts, delay in payments). This paper proposes a centralized model where players in a two-level (supplier–retailer) supply chain coordinate their orders to minimize their local costs and that of the chain. In the proposed supply chain model the permissible delay in payments is considered as a decision variable and it is adopted as a trade credit scenario to coordinate the order quantity between the two-levels. Computational results indicate that with coordination, the retailer orders in larger quantities than its economic order quantity, with savings to either both players, or to one in the supply chain. Moreover, a profit-sharing scenario for the distribution of generated net savings among the players in the supply chain is presented. Analytical and experimental results are presented and discussed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.     

医药供应链知识共享影响因素研究－基于ISM模型

本文利用解释结构方法确定影响医药行业供应链知识共享各因素之间的层级关系模型,并找出其关键的根源性因素,解决了复杂因素相互作用的问题。     

信息共享对供应链绩效的影响

信息共享对促进整个供应链的绩效极为关键。随着顾客需求个性化的增加,为了实现供应链上信息共享,制造商将有可能同时采用直接销售渠道和零售渠道,并且通过一定的协议价格回购零售商所有未能卖出的商品。论文从这个新视角出发,研究信息共享对供应链绩效的影响。     

基于物联网的装备供应链信息共享研究

结合我军装备供应链的发展实况,分析了装备供应链在无缝连接、资源重复利用以及“牛鞭效应”等方面存在的问题,探讨了我军装备供应链发展对“信息共享”的需求,分析了基于先进物联网技术的装备供应链信息共享模式,提出了装备供应链的信息共享价值内容,并建立数学模型加以定量分析.     

模糊需求下的闭环供应链协调机制研究

研究一个由制造商和零售商在模糊需求环境下的两级闭环供应链的协调机制问题。将市场需求视为模糊变量,建立模糊截集理论下的集中决策模型和收益-费用共享契约模型,给出模型中的最优策略,并以三角形模糊变量为例,对模型进行优化。通过数值算例对模型中的参数进行求解,并对分析结论进行验证。研究结果表明,在模糊需求环境下的闭环供应链中,零售商的最优订购量在模糊需求中心点的左、右浮动,并随着零售价格的提高而增加,通过改变收益-费用系数可以实现供应链成员之间的完美协调。     

赊销背景下的供应链收入共享契约

在供应商向存在资金约束的销售商提供赊销的背景下,分别探讨了批发价格契约和收入共享契约对二级供应链的协调问题.研究发现,批发价格契约无法协调存在赊销的供应链,当销售商的初始资金满足一定条件时,赊销背景下的收入共享契约能够实现存在资金约束供应链的自愿协调.收入共享契约下,共享比例随销售商初始资金的增大而增大,批发价格则随之增大而减小.最后通过数值算例对结论进行了验证.