一个NHPP类软件可靠性增长模型框架

NHPP类软件可靠性增长模型已经成为软件可靠性工程实践中非常成功的工具,从某些模型的一些共同特征出发,研究了NHPP类软件可靠性增长模型的有限通用框架,提出了一 个既考虑软件测试的不完美性、故障检测率随时间的变化,又考虑了故障改正效率随时间变化的NHPP类软件可靠性增长模型框架。一些已经存在的NHPP类软件可靠性增长模型型是这个框架的特例。     

Cost–reliability optimum release policies for a software system under penalty cost

Optimum software release policies are considered, minimizing the expected software cost simultaneously with the reliability requirement. Cost here also includes the penalty cost which is incurred by the manufacturer for not delivering the software at scheduled delivery time. The underlying software reliability growth models (SRGMs) are based on the non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP). Numerical results are also presented.     

A unified scheme of some Nonhomogenous Poisson process models for software reliability estimation

In this paper, we describe how several existing software reliability growth models based on Nonhomogeneous Poisson processes (NHPPs) can be comprehensively derived by applying the concept of weighted arithmetic, weighted geometric, or weighted harmonic mean. Furthermore, based on these three weighted means, we thus propose a more general NHPP model from the quasi arithmetic viewpoint. In addition to the above three means, we formulate a more general transformation that includes a parametric family of power transformations. Under this general framework, we verify the existing NHPP models and derive several new NHPP models. We show that these approaches cover a number of well-known models under different conditions.     

潜伏故障点不完美覆盖的软件可靠性增长模型

现有的基于测试覆盖率的非齐次泊松过程（NHPP）类软件可靠性增长模型绝大多数都没有考虑到潜伏故障点不完美覆盖的情况。提出了一种考虑潜伏故障点不完美覆盖的软件可靠性NHPP增长模型,称之为UPNHPP模型。在一组失效数据上的实验分析表明,对这组数据,UPNHPP模型与其他模型相比有更好的拟合效果。     

A time/structure based software reliability model

The past 20 years have seen the formulation of numerous analytical software reliability models for estimating the reliability growth of a software product. The predictions obtained by applying these models tend to be optimistic due to the inaccuracies in the operational profile, and saturation effect of testing. Incorporating knowledge gained about some structural attribute of the code, such as test coverage, into the time-domain models can help alleviate this optimistic trend. In this paper we present an enhanced non-homogeneous Poisson process (ENHPP) model which incorporates explicitly the time-varying test-coverage function in its analytical formulation, and provides for defective fault detection and test coverage during the testing and operational phases. It also allows for a time varying fault detection rate. The ENHPP model offers a unifying framework for all the previously reported finite failure NHPP models via test coverage. We also propose the log-logistic coverage function which can capture an increasing/decreasing failure detection rate per fault, which cannot be accounted for by the previously reported finite failure NHPP models. We present a methodology based on the ENHPP model for reliability prediction earlier in the testing phase. Expressions for predictions in the operational phase of the software, software availability, and optimal software release times subject to various constraints such as cost, reliability, and availability are developed based on the ENHPP model. We also validate the ENHPP model based on four different coverage functions using five failure data sets. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

结合故障相关的软件构件NHPP可靠性模型研究

传统的NHPP类模型是评价软件可靠性的重要模型之一。通过将故障关联融入到NHPP模型中,改进了传统的GO模型。并分析了时间域模型和基于构件模型的不足,提出一种结合两种模型的方法,同时考虑了故障排除和软件体系的方面的问题,使软件可靠性模型更加接近于实际的软件系统。     

Does software reliability growth behavior follow a non-homogeneous Poisson process

It is widely believed in software reliability community that software reliability growth behavior follows a non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) based on analyzing the behavior of the mean of the cumulative number of observed software failures. In this paper we present two controlled software experiments to examine this belief. The behavior of the mean of the cumulative number of observed software failures and that of the corresponding variance are examined simultaneously. Both empirical observations and statistical hypothesis testing suggest that software reliability behavior does not follow a non-homogeneous Poisson process in general, and does not fit the Goel–Okumoto NHPP model in particular. Although this new finding should be further tested on other software experiments, it is reasonable to cast doubt on the validity of the NHPP framework for software reliability modeling. The importance of the work presented in this paper is not only for the new finding which is distinctly different from existing popular belief of software reliability modeling, but also for the adopted research approach which is to examine the behavior of the mean and that of the corresponding variance simultaneously on basis of controlled software experiments.     

A Bayesian analysis of the logarithmic-Poisson execution time modelbased on expert opinion and failure data

We propose a Bayesian approach for predicting the number of failures in a piece of software, using the logarithmic-Poisson model, a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) commonly used for describing software failures. A similar approach can be applied to other forms of the NHPP. The key feature of the approach is that now we are able to use, in a formal manner, expert knowledge on software testing, as for example, published information on the empirical experiences of other researchers. This is accomplished by treating such information as expert opinion in the construction of a likelihood function which leads us to a joint distribution. The procedure is computationally intensive, but for the case of the logarithmic-Poisson model has been codified for use on a personal computer. We illustrate the working of the approach via some real live data on software testing. The aim is not to propose another model for software reliability assessment. Rather, we present a methodology that can be invoked with existing software reliability models     

一个考虑多种排错延迟的NHPP类软件可靠性增长模型

软件可靠性增长模型通常假设软件的测试环境与软件实际运行的现场环境相同,期望利用测试阶段获得的失效数据评估软件在现场运行时的失效行为。多数非齐次泊松过程类软件可靠性增长模型假设软件故障被发现后立即被排除,这点假设无论是在测试环境还是在现场环境下都很难实现。根据故障对测试过程的影响,故障的排错时间可被分为多种。提出了一个考虑多种排错延迟的软件可靠性增长模型,讨论了基于这个模型的故障排除效率函数,指出从用户角度出发讨论软件可靠性时必须考虑重复性故障。     

考虑测试工作量与覆盖率的软件可靠性模型

为了进一步提升现有非齐次泊松过程类软件可靠性增长模型的拟合与预计精度,首先,提出一个同时考虑测试工作量与测试覆盖率的NHPP类软件可靠性建模框架.在此基础上,将变形S型测试工作量函数(IS-TEF)以及Logistic测试覆盖率函数(LO-TCF)带入该建模框架,建立了一个新的软件可靠性增长模型,即IS-LO-SRGM.同时,还对利用该框架进行建模过程中的两个重要问题进行了描述与分析,即如何确定具体的TEF和TCF以及模型参数估计.然后,在两组真实的失效数据集上,利用该建模框架建立了最为合适的增长模型,即IS-LO-SRGM,并将该模型与8种经典NHPP模型进行对比.实例验证结果表明,所提出的IS-LO-SRGM模型具有最为优秀的拟合与预计性能,从而证明新建模框架的有效性和实用性.最后,对不完美排错情况进行了初步的讨论与建模分析.     

运用MATLAB进行军用软件可靠性评估

军用软件的可靠性已成为影响武器装备系统质量的关键因素。介绍了非齐次泊松过程类软件可靠性增长模型的原理以及如何运用MATLAB绘制软件故障数据曲线、模型参数估计及分布拟合检验,进而建立可靠性增长模型,进行可靠性评估。     

基于构件的NHPP类软件可靠性增长模型的研究

随着基于构件的软件开发模式的迅速发展,传统的NHPP模型无法适应大型的基于软构件的新型软件开发模式.结合软件可靠性分析中的黑盒方法和白盒方法,提出一种基于构件的NHPP类软件可靠性增长模型,CBNHPP模型.该模型以可加模型为基础,实现了时间域模型和体系结构域模型的结合,克服了这两种技术无法同时考虑软件测试过程中的故障排除和软件体系结构的问题.由于同时考虑了更多因素,因此该模型具有更高的准确性.最后通过实验证明了CB-NHPP模型的有效性.     

故障检测率不规则变化的软件可靠性模型

传统的NHPP(non-homogeneous Poisson process)模型在实际的测试当中被证明是成功的.但是,由于传统的NHPP模型用的是理想的假设,例如,假设故障检测率是常数、平稳变化和规律变化,模型的性能在实际的测试环境中总是受到损害.因此,提出一个基于NHPP的软件可靠增长模型,并且考虑故障检测率的不规则变化情况,这种变化符合故障检测率在实际的软件测试过程中的变化.通过相关的实验验证了所提出的NHPP模型的拟合和预测能力.实验结果表明:在用实际的故障数据进行拟合和预测的过程中,所提出的模型与传统的NHPP模型相比,有更好的拟合和预测性能.同时,也给出了所提出模型相应的置信区间.     

NHPP模型参数调整与EM算法

应用NHPP模型进行软件可靠性分析,不可避免的遇到所提供的软件错误数据不完全的情况.由于此类数据中部分信息的缺失,将影响到分析结果.本文以General NHPP模型为核心,介绍软件可靠性估测系统(SRPS)中,应用EM算法进行模型参数的估计与调整,以提高软件可靠性分析结果的质量.     

一个基于响铃形故障检测率函数的软件可靠性增长模型

非齐次泊松过程类软件可靠性增长模型是评价软件产品可靠性指标的有效工具．影响软件可靠性增长模型评估和预测准确性的最重要的两个因素是软件中隐藏的初始故障数和故障检测率．一些非齐次泊松过程类模型假设故障检测率是不随测试时间变化的常量,有些模型假设故障检测率是增函数或减函数．这些假设或忽略了测试者的学习过程,或忽略了越迟被检测到的故障的概率就可能越低的特点．该文将测试者的学习过程和软件固有故障检测率的变化特征相结合,提出了一个铃形的故障检测率函数,建立了一个非齐次泊松过程类软件可靠性增长模型——Bbell—SRGM．在一组失效数据上的实验分析表明：对这组失效数据,Bbell—SRGM模型比G-O模型等的拟合效果更好．     

基于优化RLSSVM的软件失效模型

利用递归最小二乘支持向量机(RLSSVM)构造软件可靠性失效模型,通过失效数据集对模型进行反复训练,提高模型学习能力。模型依据递归计算方法,可动态反映软件可靠性的变化,对软件失效有准确的预测能力。使用模拟退火(SA)算法对RLSSVM的参数进行寻优,得到改进的RLSSVM,实现对模型结构的优化。与常用的非齐次泊松过程模型相比,利用RLSSVM与SA算法构造的可靠性模型具有更好的拟合和预测能力。     

Nonparametric dynamically weighted combination model to determine when to stop testing

Software manufacturers need to minimize the number of their software failures in their production environments. So, software reliability becomes a critical factor for these manufacturers to focus on. Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGMs) are used as indicators of the number of failures that may be faced after the shipping of the software and thus are indicators of the readiness of the software for shipping. SRGMs to handle varying operational profiles have been proposed by researchers earlier. However, as it is difficult to predict the nature of the project in advance, the reliability engineer has to try out each model one at a time before zeroing in on the model to be used in the project. We have derived a combination model, called dynamically weighted infinite NHPP combination, using the existing models for determining the release time. The nonparametric dynamically weighted combination model that we propose was validated and was found to be effective.

     

NHPP模型完全排错假设的修改

NHPP模型是最具代表性的早期软件可靠性马尔可夫过程的数学模型,但其完全排错的假设与软件开发实际不相适合,在假设软件不完全改错且每次改正错误数为一个可正可负随机变量的基础上,对模型进行求解并对新模型进行了评价。     

具有错误修复的非齐次马尔可夫模型

软件可靠性工程是对软件的质量进行管理和控制的实用性学科,而软件可靠性模型又是软件可靠性工程的基础之一,为了保证靠性模型的估测精度,好的软件可靠性模型应该包括对测试覆盖的说明,并且能够反映的错误修复过程。本文在基于测试覆盖的ＮＨＰＰ模型的基础上,讨论了一有反映软件错误修复过程的非齐次马尔可夫模型。