Visual facility layout design system

This paper presents an integrated visual facility layout design system to solve layout problems with geometric constraints on a continual planar site. The system employs a tabu search algorithm as the search engine with heuristic neighbourhood control and a manual interference mechanism to obtain good solutions. The Windows®-based system provides layout designers with a friendly environment that can automatically search a good solution aided by the visual inspection function. The visual inspection function is a mechanism embedded in the search process that dynamically displays the improvement status and allows manual adjustment of facility location during the search. The system also serves as a powerful tool for performing 'what if' analyses for layout designers.     

视觉检测技术及应用

视觉检测技术,尤其是基于三角法的主动和被动视觉检测技术具有非接触、速度快、柔性好等特点,是一种先进的检测手段,适合现代制造业的需要。文章论述了视觉检测技术原理,讨论了已经研制的多个实际视觉检测系统,从不同角度展示了视觉检测技术在现代制造业中广阔的应用前景。     

ATTRIBUTES FOR EXPEDIENT COMPUTER VISION INSPECTION

The visual inspection of parts as they progress through die manufacturing process is an important task in all industries. Visual inspection, when performed by humans is a tedious task and is prone to error. This is precisely what makes it a good candidate for automation. Although computer vision systems have been around for over 30 years, die industrial applications of vision systems have become practical only in die last decade. Image processing and pattern recognition algorithms used in industrial vision systems are built upon a broad body of knowledge in vision research. But the use of computer vision systems in quality control has been limited to replicating die visual inspection tasks as they would be performed by a human operator. It is die contention of this study that when computerized inspection is employed, quality control inspection plans suitable for computerized inspection should also be employed to assure cost-effectiveness.

We study a simple gauging inspection task and propose a quality control plan that exploits die characteristics of computer vision systems in order to improve cost-effectiveness.     

基于RFID技术的运动器械包装生产线检验系统设计

目的针对传统人工方法进行运动器械生产线检验存在的缺点,设计一种用于运动器械出厂包装生产线的检验系统。方法将RFID射频技术、可视化软件和数据管理技术进行结合,利用RFID高效读写功能对生产线上输送的出厂器械进行有效的产品检验、产品管理和人员管理,以提升生产工厂智能化水平。结果经实际运行验证,该系统可自动完成40台器械产品的检验管理。结论所设计的检验系统运行稳定可靠,可以有效提升检验效率。     

数字化检测在MES中的应用研究

讨论了机械制造企业中三维数字化检测的相关技术,进行了基于DMIS标准的数字化测量研究.通过三维检测技术与生产车间制造执行系统(MES)的结合,完成了基于三维轻量化模型的检验工艺管理、检验任务的执行与管理、产品质量数据和状态的可视化管理,以及产品的质量审理和追溯.这些研究实现了机械制造企业检验的自动化和无纸化,达到了对检...     

Theoretical issues in the design of visual inspection systems

The objective of this review essay is to both chronicle and analyse literature in the area of visual inspection. Classical as well as contemporary papers are included to describe both the historical development and the state of the art of visual inspection theories and technologies. Human operators, despite well-documented problems, often perform visual inspection. While supervized machine systems obviate some of the problems associated with human inspectors, other problems still exist. In particular, accounting for a supervisor's perception of a machine's performance (as gauged, e.g. by trust) and consequent actions. The difficulties associated with these two alternatives have led to the emergence of a third alternative: collaborative human/machine or hybrid systems, which combine the advantages of both alternatives—in theory. However, in practice, how to best distribute the functions between a human and machine, in a dynamic environment in real time, is problematic. Moreover, a human's perceptions of its counterpart's performance remain an issue. These unresolved problems are subjects for future research. In the interim, the alternatives are critiqued to create a basis for establishing guidelines to select the alternative that is best suited for a given situation.     

基于图像处理技术的五金件表面缺陷检测研究

为实现图像处理技术在表面缺陷检测中的应用,取代传统人工检测的方式,设计开发了一套五金件表面缺陷检测系统,研究了镀镍五金件表面图像在线处理算法,包括边缘检测算法、位置修正算法、标定算法和检测算法,实现了五金件表面缺陷视觉检测.同时提出一种阈值反馈算法,用实际缺陷值反馈验证理论缺陷值,最终得到可靠的缺陷阈值,判断表面缺陷....     

桥梁电子化人工巡检养护管理系统

将危险性分析与量化管理理念应用于桥梁电子化人工巡检养护管理系统的总体设计中,为大型桥梁量身定制巡检养护规划,规范桥梁巡检养护流程,编制巡检养护手册,用于指导巡检养护工作的实施;针对桥梁结构的具体特点,建立专门结构的损伤库,编制电子化人工巡检养护软件,实现巡检养护管理工作的电子化。     

VISUAL INSPECTION STRATEGY

Considerable attention has already been devoted to the many aspects of the inspection task and findings suggest that the factors affecting the efficiency of inspection are subtle and not easily controlled. However, observation of the visual inspection techniques used in most factories suggests that this is not generally recognised and that there is an entirely misplaced confidence in the effectiveness of 100% visual inspection

In this study, consideration is given to some of the factors affecting visual inspection, and trials have been made, which, whilst showing inspection decisions to be inconsistent, suggest ways of achieving a progressive improvement. It is recognised, however, that variability is inevitable in the making of subjective judgements.     

A robust design to reduce variability in glass container inspection

This article presents research efforts made to assist a Fortune 500 glassmaker in reducing the variability of its automated visual inspection systems in assessing product quality. Through interviewing line workers, engineers and managers, and direct observations of the inspection process possible causes leading to large variability observed in the inspection process were identified. Responding to these findings, solutions related to equipment setup, job changes, and operational procedures were suggested in order to minimize the inspection process variations as well as to improve the replicability of the inspection stations. Additionally, a unique statistical experiment was conducted to analyze how three factors (namely, operator, defect size, and threshold value used) would affect the mean of the defective ratio. A robust design aiming at controlling these variations was then given to optimize the system's performance.     

IVECO车身视觉检测系统现场溯源研究

汽车车身视觉检测系统是大型、专用的车身总成三维尺寸自动化检测设备,系统组成复杂,测量误差难以确定。本以南京ＩＶＥＣＯ车身视觉检测系统为背景,提出了一种现场溯源技术,解决了测量结果不确定度的溯源问题。     

Visual Inspection of Highway Bridges

The Federal Highway Administration recently conducted an investigation to assess the reliability of visual inspection of highway bridges as implemented by state departments of transportation. The study focused on routine and in-depth inspection, the two most prevalent forms of visual inspection of bridges. Because visual inspection is a highly subjective nondestructive evaluation technique, the results of these bridge inspections can be highly variable and are dependent on many factors. This study included the completion of 10 bridge inspection tasks by 49 practicing state bridge inspectors. With regard to routine inspections, this study showed that condition ratings are assigned with significant variability. Specifically, approximately 68% of condition ratings are within 1 rating point of the average. The results of the in-depth superstructure inspections indicated that these inspections are not likely to detect and identify the specific types of defects for which this inspection procedure is sometimes prescribed. Specifically, widespread defects such as those normally noted during a routine inspection are likely to be noted; however, local deficiencies, such as crack indications, are unlikely to be detected. The results of the deck delamination survey indicate that the accuracy of this type of inspection is relatively poor, with few inspection teams providing results that could be considered to accurately portray the condition of the deck.     

An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: impacts on drivers' visual behavior and braking performance

In this on-road experiment, drivers performed demanding cognitive tasks while driving in city traffic. All task interactions were carried out in hands-free mode so that the 21 drivers were not required to take their visual attention away from the road or to manually interact with a device inside the vehicle. Visual behavior and vehicle control were assessed while they drove an 8 km city route under three conditions: no additional task, easy cognitive task and difficult cognitive task. Changes in visual behavior were most apparent when performance between the No Task and Difficult Task conditions were compared. When looking outside of the vehicle, drivers spent more time looking centrally ahead and spent less time looking to the areas in the periphery. Drivers also reduced their visual monitoring of the instruments and mirrors, with some drivers abandoning these tasks entirely. When approaching and driving through intersections, drivers made fewer inspection glances to traffic lights compared to the No Task condition and their scanning of intersection areas to the right was also reduced. Vehicle control was also affected; during the most difficult cognitive tasks there were more occurrences of hard braking. Although hands-free designs for telematics devices are intended to reduce or eliminate the distraction arising from manual operation of these units, the potential for cognitive distraction associated with their use must also be considered and appropriately assessed. These changes are captured in measures of drivers' visual behavior.     

The Utility of Signal-Detection Theory in the Analysis of Industrial Inspector Accuracy

In an experimental study of inspector accuracy utilizing industrial electronics inspectors as subjects, a visual, subject-paced task requiring a “yes-no” response was used. The results are thought to be generally applicable to visual inspection tasks, but may not be applicable in an inspection task requiring measurement, as in machine parts inspection. The major conclusion of the research is that signal-detection measures are more useful in performance evaluation than are other available measures, because they not only relate performance to payoff, but indicate the magnitude and direction of improvement required.     

Three-color mixing for classifying agricultural products for safety and quality

A three-color mixing application for food safety inspection is presented. It is shown that the chromaticness of the visual signal resulting from the three-color mixing achieved through our device is directly related to the three-band ratio of light intensity at three selected wavebands. An optical visual device using three-color mixing to implement the three-band ratio criterion is presented. Inspection through human vision assisted by an optical device that implements the three-band ratio criterion would offer flexibility and significant cost savings as compared to inspection with a multispectral machine vision system that implements the same criterion. Example applications of this optical three-color mixing technique are given for the inspection of chicken carcasses with various diseases and for apples with fecal contamination. With proper selection of the three narrow wavebands, discrimination by chromaticness that has a direct relation with the three-band ratio can work very well. In particular, compared with the previously presented two-color mixing application, the conditions of chicken carcasses were more easily identified using the three-color mixing application. The novel three-color mixing technique for visual inspection can be implemented on visual devices for a variety of applications, ranging from target detection to food safety inspection.     

"Flow valve" microfluidic devices for simple, detectorless, and label-free analyte quantitation

Simplified analysis systems that offer the performance of benchtop instruments but the convenience of portability are highly desirable. We have developed novel, miniature devices that feature visual inspection readout of a target's concentration from a ～1 μL volume of solution introduced into a microfluidic channel. Microchannels are constructed within an elastomeric material, and channel surfaces are coated with receptors to the target. When a solution is flowed into the channel, the target cross-links multiple receptors on the surface, resulting in constriction of the first few millimeters of the channel and stopping of flow. Quantitation is performed by measuring the distance traveled by the target solution in the channel before flow stops. A key advantage of our approach is that quantitation is accomplished by simple visual inspection of the channel, without the need for complex detection instrumentation. We have tested these devices using the model system of biotin as a receptor and streptavidin as the target. We have also characterized three factors that influence flow distance: solution viscosity, device thickness, and channel height. We found that solution capillary flow distance scales with the negative logarithm of target concentration and have detected streptavidin concentrations as low as 1 ng/mL. Finally, we have identified and evaluated a plausible mechanism wherein time-dependent channel constriction in the first few millimeters leads to concentration-dependent flow distances. Their simplicity coupled with performance makes these "flow valve" systems especially attractive for a host of analysis applications.     

四色套印偏差视觉检测系统软件设计与实现

针对计算机视觉自动检测和彩色套印偏差检测的特点与要求,分析了彩色套印偏差视觉检测系统软件的功能和结构,以及套印标志图像的分割方法,在VC++开发环境下,采用面向对象的软件开发方法设计了软件系统。程序设计了自动检测和手动检测2种工作方式,将检测数据存储到数据库,并可以计算生成报表打印输出。配合相应的硬件,该软件可以较好地解决彩色套印偏差自动检测的问题,并已应用于印刷机套印精度的检测,大大地提高了检测效率。     

A Dynamic Visual Recognition Test for Paced Inspection Tasks

In many manufacturing organizations, employees are required visually to inspect parts that are moving along a conveyor. Applicants for these inspection tasks are often selected as the result of their performance on static visual acuity tests and rarely on the basis of the recently proposed dynamic acuity tests. However, conventional static and dynamic acuity tests have often proven unsuccessful in predicting operator performance on conveyor-paced inspection tasks because of the physical, psychological, and physiological differences between visual tests and the operating tasks. This research pertains to the development of a two-test battery used to minimize the differences between the selection tests and the paced-inspection tasks.     

复合材料结构冲击损伤检出概率的试验研究与分析

复合材料结构在服役过程中遇到的损伤主要来自于意外冲击, 会产生永久性的凹坑。为了得到凹坑的检出概率, 采用最大似然估算法对一般目视检测(GVI)和详细目视检测(DET)的两种损伤检出概率模型(POD评估模型, 即累积对数正态模型和对数奇函数模型)中的参数进行评估; 开展详细目视检测的试验研究, 并根据检测数据对POD模型进行了验证。结果表明: 凹坑深度的检出概率曲线更符合累积对数正态模型。绿色板的凹坑比黑色板更容易被检出, 且检测角越大越容易被检出。目视勉强可见损伤(BVID)的门槛值在0.35~0.8 mm之间。     

Corrosion cracking prediction updating of deteriorating RC structures using inspection information

It is well known that the corrosion-induced cracking of reinforced concrete (RC) structures varies in time and space due to the inherent spatial variability of concrete cover, concrete strength, surface chloride concentration and other material, environmental and dimensional properties. A model for predicting the likelihood and extent of RC corrosion-induced cracking considering spatial variability is reviewed. The uncertainties of predictions can be reduced by the effective use of information obtained from visual inspections regarding structural performance, such as cracking proportion and crack width. The paper uses a spatial time-dependent reliability analysis combined with visual inspection data to predict the likelihood and extent of RC corrosion-induced cracking. In this study, RC slabs and beams are used to illustrate the influence of inspection information updating on the future likelihood and extent of corrosion-induced cracking. Concrete strength, concrete cover and the surface chloride concentrations are modelled as spatial variables. Monte-Carlo simulation is employed to calculate the updated cracking proportions. The analysis considers various inspection scenarios which include different inspection intervals, inspection times, cracking proportion and crack width. It was found that the occurrence or observance of cracking changes the future cracking prediction significantly.