Seismic response of highly flexible structure under coupled horizontal and tilt ground motion

对高柔结构受地震动水平-摇摆作用的地震响应问题进行了试验和理论研究。推导了地震动水平-摇摆耦合作用下高柔结构的动力方程,将基础转角位移产生的附加P-Δ 效应以等效水平侧向力的形式添加在动力方程的激励项中。基于水平和竖向单摆式地震仪对地震动摇摆分量灵敏度不同的原理,采用小波分析,从未修正地震动水平分量中获取了摇摆分量。以一电视塔结构为原型,进行了地震动水平、摇摆和地震动水平 摇摆耦合作用下高柔结构的缩尺模型振动台试验,并与理论分析结果进行对比研究。结果表明：振动台试验结果与推导的动力方程理论分析结果基本吻合,验证了理论分析的正确性;由基础转角位移产生的附加P-Δ 效应不仅会增大高柔结构的动力效应,而且会导致高柔结构产生显著的非对称位移,从而使得结构的水平位移大幅增加,在实际的抗震设计计算中应予以重视。     

考虑地震动摇摆分量作用的高柔结构响应

对高柔结构受地震动水平-摇摆作用的地震响应问题进行了试验和理论研究。推导了地震动水平-摇摆耦合作用下高柔结构的动力方程,将基础转角位移产生的附加P-Δ效应以等效水平侧向力的形式添加在动力方程的激励项中。基于水平和竖向单摆式地震仪对地震动摇摆分量灵敏度不同的原理,采用小波分析,从未修正地震动水平分量中获取了摇摆分量。以一电视塔结构为原型,进行了地震动水平、摇摆和地震动水平-摇摆耦合作用下高柔结构的缩尺模型振动台试验,并与理论分析结果进行对比研究。结果表明:振动台试验结果与推导的动力方程理论分析结果基本吻合,验证了理论分析的正确性;由基础转角位移产生的附加P-Δ效应不仅会增大高柔结构的动力效应,而且会导致高柔结构产生显著的非对称位移,从而使得结构的水平位移大幅增加,在实际的抗震设计计算中应予以重视。     

考虑地震动摇摆分量作用的输电塔线体系响应

为探究输电塔线体系在地震动水平-摇摆耦合作用下的响应,进行了振动台试验和理论分析。地震动摇摆分量通过小波分析的方法从原始地震记录中取得,此方法以单摆式地震仪在水平和竖向的响应差别为基础,通过摇摆倾斜位移的傅里叶谱和竖向速度相似作验证。采用实际输电塔线体系的简化缩尺模型,进行单塔模型和三塔两线模型在顺线向作用下的振动台试验,考察在地震动水平、摇摆及水平-摇摆耦合作用下的结构响应。推导了地震动水平、摇摆加速度和摇摆位移耦合作用下输电塔线体系的动力方程,在方程的激励项中以等效侧向力的形式考虑摇摆转角位移产生的附加P-Δ效应。研究结果表明：理论分析和试验结果吻合较好,证明了理论分析的正确性;地震动摇摆分量不可忽略,其对输电塔线体系的地震响应影响较大,其中由摇摆转角位移产生的附加P-Δ效应会增大输电塔线体系的动力响应,并造成塔体产生一定程度的非对称位移响应;本次试验中,在多维地震作用下,输电线会减弱输电塔主体结构的水平位移和加速度响应,但相对于水平地震动作用,考虑摇摆分量后,输电线对输电塔主体结构响应的减弱效果将会被削弱。     

近场区竖向地震动对钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震性能的影响

对竖向地震动进行统计分析,采用与水平地震动相比较的方法来间接反映竖向地震的特性。对断层距、震级、场地条件、震源机制进行分类,考察诸因素对加速度峰值比的影响。分析断层距对加速度反应谱比的影响,在近场区及短周期段,竖向地震动伪加速度反应谱值大于水平方向的谱值,远大于规范中所采用的0.65的系数。采用OpenSees程序对一地震模拟振动台的框架试验结果进行分析,验证了分析方法的可行性。8层钢筋混凝土框架结构的非线性动力分析表明,在竖向和水平地震动共同作用下,近场区钢筋混凝土框架柱的承载能力可能由拉-弯和拉-剪受力状态控制。     

考虑双向地震作用的无柱地铁车站振动台试验研究

国内地铁车站一般采用有柱形式,目前尚无针对无柱地铁车站,考虑水平以及竖向地震作用下的抗震性能研究。以南宁地铁五号线金桥无柱地铁客运站为研究对象,开展多种工况下考虑土–结构相互作用以及水平和竖向地震作用下,无柱大跨地铁车站模型的地震振动台模拟试验,研究该类车站模型结构和周围土体地震响应的一般规律。试验结果表明:(1)模型地基加速度响应随着地震动幅值的增加而增大;在地基深处地震动主要以竖向Z方向加速度分量为主,在土层表面,则以横向X方向加速度分量起主导作用。(2)随着地震动幅值的增加,结构的基本频率呈现逐渐下降的趋势;在水平地震动作用下,水平方向测点加速度反应傅里叶谱在20～40 Hz高频成分逐渐增大,而低频成分逐渐被滤掉。(3)竖向地震动作用下无柱地铁模型结构中板变形较大,且双向地震作用下模型结构的加速度峰值均大于单向地震。(4)当地震动作用较大时,土与结构相互作用剧烈,底板与土体出现了脱离现象,模型结构底部的土压力出现了降低趋势。(5)在大震作用下,模型结构的破坏主要集中于顶板与侧墙交接处,且沿着加载方向出现了细微裂缝,车站顶板与侧墙连接处以及中板为该类车站结构薄弱位置,在设计中应对这些部位进行加强处理。(6)无柱地铁车站的中板应力增幅受双向地震作用下的影响较大,在加速度峰值为0.484 g的EL Centro波作用下,中板处的应力峰值为单向地震作用下的2.5倍左右;而加速度峰值可为单向地震作用下的1.4～1.5倍,故双向地震作用对无柱地铁车站的影响不可忽视。     

远场长周期地震动下桩-土-层间隔震结构振动台试验研究

软土地基条件下土-结构相互作用(SSI)效应会对隔震结构的减震效果及动力特性产生影响。远场长周期地震动使隔震建筑这类长周期结构地震响应强烈,考虑SSI效应后地震响应可能更大。开展软土地基上层间隔震结构模型振动台试验研究,对比分析远场长周期和普通地震动下隔震层和隔震结构的楼层加速度和位移响应,研究远场长周期地震动下桩-土-层间隔震结构动力响应规律及减震效果。结果表明：软土地基具有明显的滤波效应,抑制高频分量,放大中低频分量;普通地震动下层间隔震结构的减震效果较显著,随着输入加速度峰值增大,减震效果降低,而远场长周期地震动下的层间隔震结构的减震效果比普通地震动下的差;基础及隔震层的转动效应明显,隔震层对基础转动有一定放大效应,远场长周期地震动下的隔震结构的放大效应较普通地震动下的明显,并对隔震层位移反应的影响较大。     

实现轴压比相似的预应力加载法在砌体结构振动台试验中的应用

为了满足振动台试验中砌体墙体轴压比相似的要求,提出了一种预应力加载法。采用该预应力加载法对一座底商砌体结构模型进行了振动台试验加载,共进行了21次地震动输入,获取了不同地震动输入水平下的结构反应及结构的相应模态。试验结果表明,该预应力加载法提高了整体结构的竖向压力,在提高结构构件轴压比方面是可行且有效的。由试验结果反演可知,原型结构达到了8度小震不坏的抗震设防目标,高于相关规范中的抗震性能要求。     

振动作用下碎石桩复合地基渗流理论分析与物理模拟

碎石桩技术是常用的抗液化处理措施之一。在地震荷载作用时,由于桩体材料比桩间土渗透性更高,能够加快地基土体超静孔压的消散从而部分或完全消除地基的液化可能性。首先将单根碎石桩及其影响范围的地基土当做一个表征体元,将碎石桩影响边界处的孔压作为已知条件,基于已有解析解推导了碎石桩复合地基竖向和水平向渗流的计算表达式。并开展了一组碎石桩处理地基超重力振动台模型试验,用提出的碎石桩复合地基径竖向渗流解得到总渗流量,并基于地基土体的体积守恒关系得到计算沉降值,与试验结果吻合,从而验证了提出的碎石桩复合地基渗流计算公式的正确性。进一步基于所推导的渗流计算表达式,分析了本次超重力振动台模型试验碎石桩复合地基水平向和竖向渗流演化规律。     

竖向地震作用对钢筋混凝土框架结构及三维隔震结构的影响

为了研究竖向地震作用对结构地震反应的影响以及三维隔震结构隔震效果,采用MATLAB编程计算了考虑竖向地震作用的反应谱,分析了竖向地震作用对结构加速度、速度与位移的影响;采用Open Sees分析程序建模并模拟了钢筋混凝土结构振动台试验,验证了有限元模型的正确性。在此基础上,设置了三维隔震层并对隔震结构与非隔震结构分别进行了动力时程分析,对比分析了隔震、非隔震结构加速度、位移反应以及梁柱截面内力的变化。分析表明:新型三维弹簧隔震结构隔震效果良好,竖向地震动可以进一步降低水平减震系数;设置隔震墩能有效减小框架梁支座截面内力,但对梁跨中截面内力改变较小。     

单层球壳模型结构振动台试验研究

通过对单层球壳结构模型的振动台试验,分析了结构在地震作用下的破坏模式。为使模型呈现不同的倒塌模式,设计了3个缩尺比为1/10的试验模型：模型1与模型3以期发生承载力破坏倒塌模式;模型2设置6个薄弱区,以期发生动力失稳。采用多次加载方案,水平向输入地震波,逐级提高峰值加速度,完成振动台试验。采用基线调整法对原始试验数据进行校正;采用有限元软件ANSYS中的大质量法对试验模型进行考虑双非线性的多点输入时程分析,获得结构动力响应;采用自编程序对模型结构进行有限元塑性分析。结果表明：试验模型的倒塌模式与试验预期结果吻合良好,验证了振动台试验的完备性;有限元分析结果与实测结果吻合较好,验证了数值计算方法的正确性。     

Seismic responses of high-rise structure under multiple-component ground motions

In this paper, we studied the responses of high-rise structures under the multiple-component ground motions, such as horizontal; coupled horizontal and rocking; and coupled horizontal, vertical, and rocking ground motion. First, the principle and process of obtaining the rotation component by using wavelet analysis are explained, and the rocking ground motion was obtained by wavelet analysis from translational ground motions. The correctness of this method was verified by shaking table tests. Next, the shaking table tests were performed on the scale model of a high-rise TV tower under the horizontal, multiple ground motions. Under multiple ground motions, the amplitudes of the displacement and the acceleration increased to a certain extent, and the increased range of the acceleration was relatively larger. In addition, the displacement time-history curve with the rocking ground motion showed an asymmetric offset. Subsequently, the dynamic equation of a high-rise structure under the multiple ground motions was established, and the additional second-order effect of the rocking ground motion was also considered. The results of the dynamic equation were well consistent with the shaking table test results, which verified the rationality and the accuracy of the dynamic equation. Besides, the result from the theoretical calculation and test indicated that the additional second-order effect with the rocking ground motion that led to the ground tilting should not be ignored. In the last part, the elastic–plastic properties of the structure under the horizontal and rocking ground motion in the rare earthquake were analyzed. The displacement of the structure with the rocking ground motion increased significantly at the elastic–plastic stage, and the asymmetry deviation degree of the displacement and restoring force–displacement trend of the structure were more significant, which would impact the dynamic stability of the structure and even increase the possibility of structural collapse.     

锯末混合土场地模型振动台试验研究

在北京工业大学九子振动台台阵系统上开展了一系列锯末混合土场地模型试验,试验中模型箱采用装配式连续体刚性模型箱,其尺寸为7.7 m(长)×3.2 m(宽)×1.2 m(高),输入地震动时程采用El Centro地震动记录和天津地震动记录,地震动输入方向为水平横向和水平纵向。通过场地模型振动台试验,验证了设计的模型箱的较小的"边界效应"影响程度,同时考察了锯末混合土场地模型的动力特性及其变化规律。对部分试验结果,包括场地反应的地震动峰值加速度及其动力放大系数、加速度时程及其频谱,进行了具体分析。试验结果表明:本次使用的装配式连续体刚性模型箱边界效应处理效果良好,同一水平面上不同部位土体反应的加速度仅有较小差异;随着地震动输入强度的增大,同一测点反应的峰值加速度总体上在增大,但其加速度动力放大系数总体上呈现减小的趋势,反应的频谱组成从较高频率向较低频率移动。这些结果说明,随着地震动输入强度的增大,土体由于刚度发生变化而相对变软,土体模量逐渐降低。     

Wavelet-Based Generation of Energy- and Spectrum-Compatible Earthquake Time Histories

Abstract:  A method of modifying earthquake ground motion based on the wavelet transform is proposed, to take into account the effects of linear/nonlinear response spectra, frequency content, and ground motion energy. A wavelet-based procedure has been used to decompose recorded ground motion into finite wavelet coefficients, and then, with matrix processing, the coefficients have been suitably substituted and scaled to match the response spectra and total energy of earthquake ground motions. The proposed method has been verified by modifying five recorded accelerograms such that they are compatible with the same linear/nonlinear and energy spectra.     

基于小波方法的近海域地震动时频特性分析

将小波变换的方法应用于近海场地地震动的时频分析。收集到了美国加州以及日本相模湾近海场地台站地震动加速度记录,并采用Matlab软件对其进行了6层小波包分解。分析了近海场地地震动加速度的能量谱以及时频分布特征,同时与同一地震事件相邻的陆域场地地震动加速度记录以及汶川、芦山地震的内陆场地地震动加速度记录进行比较。研究发现,近海场地地震动能量主要集中在前8阶子频带上,低频带能量占优势,能量分布与陆域相邻场地的不同,内陆地震动则在高频段有明显的能量分布|近海场地水平向和竖向地震动表现出能量分布的宽频带特性,但竖向地震动能量值远小于水平向,地震动能量在时间域内出现明显的二次释放过程。     

Response of vibration-isolated object to ground motions with intense vertical accelerations

This paper reports the results of shaking table tests performed to assess the response of an object placed on a vibration isolator to intense ground motions whose peak accelerations are close to or over the gravity acceleration in both vertical and horizontal directions. The passive vertical and horizontal vibration isolator, developed by the authors, has rolling load-bearing elements and constant-force springs to provide piecewise-constant restoring forces. First, we performed shaking table tests, wherein only the horizontal vibration was isolated. An unexpected finding from the tests is that, when the vibration isolator was subjected to ground motions with intense vertical accelerations, not only vertical but also horizontal accelerations were amplified. This led to a large rocking response or overturning of the object placed on the vibration isolator. A likely reason for the amplification is rocking of the upper portion of the vibration isolator above the rolling load-bearing elements induced by intense vertical accelerations. Next, we performed shaking table tests, wherein both vertical and horizontal vibrations were isolated. In this case, the vertical as well as horizontal accelerations were significantly reduced and the rocking response of the vibration-isolated object was suppressed. These results suggest potential risks in conventional horizontal vibration isolators having rolling load-bearing elements when they are subjected to ground motions with intense vertical accelerations. The results also demonstrate the effectiveness of vertical vibration isolation to avoid such risks.     

A study of earthquake response in a 15-story reinforced-concrete frame-tube model in a shaking table test

Through a series of shaking table tests on a 15-story regularly hexagonal reinforced-concrete frame-tube model of 1:20 scale, the regularities of natural frequencies, the mode shapes and critical damping values of the structure are analysed and the dynamic responses of the structure under one-dimensional (horizontal or vertical) and two-dimensional (horizontal and vertical) earthquake waves are studied. In particular, the influences of vertical waves on dynamic response and the failure mechanism of the structure are emphasized in the discussion. Using a finite element program based on a three-dimensional bar system, the nonlinear dynamic analysis for the test structure is conducted, and finally the calculated and experimental results are compared. Additionally, the influences of vertical earthquake waves on the failure of reinforced-concrete frame-tubes is approached using the finite element method and a conclusion consistent with the experimental results is obtained.     

地震三维分量峰值与频谱特性影响因素分析

地震三维分量的强度与频率特征及其各分量相关性对确定空间结构地震反应分析的多维地震输入至关重要。本文选取546条包含完整三分量的地震记录,对水平两分量、竖向与水平分量的加速度峰值(PGA)比、速度峰值(PGV)比、傅氏幅值峰值比A以及3个方向分量的傅氏主频进行了统计分析,研究地震多维分量的幅值与频谱特性及其各分量相关性,分析场地条件、远近场对其的影响。结果表明:强度参数PGA、PGV与A的水平两分量比值随震中距、场地条件的变化较小,对形式规则简单的结构可取为0.8,对于复杂的空间结构,水平两个分量强度参数比为1.0的地震双向输入工况也应考虑。竖向与水平分量峰值比与场地条件密切相关,土层越软弱,比值越小,给出了竖向与水平分量地震峰值比与场地条件的关系式;同时,分析了不同场地与震中距下地震3个分量傅氏主频的范围。当震中距大于100 km,地震3个分量超过87%傅氏主频,在0~2 Hz之间。对C、D、E类相对软弱的场地,竖向分量傅氏主频f₃高于水平分量f₁、f₂。     

Time-Frequency Signal Analysis of Earthquake Records Using Mexican Hat Wavelets

Abstract:   A method is presented for time-frequency signal analysis of earthquake records using Mexican hat wavelets. Ground motions in earthquakes are postulated as a sequence of simple penny-shaped ruptures at different locations along a fault line and occurring at different times. The single point source displacement of ground motion is idealized by a Gaussian function. For the purpose of signal analysis of accelerograms, the ground motion record generated by a simple penny-shaped rupture is used to form the basis wavelet function. After a careful study of the characteristics of various wavelet functions, the Mexican hat wavelet was found to be the most appropriate wavelet basis function to represent the acceleration of a single point source rupture. The result of the signal processing of an accelerogram is presented in the form of a scalogram using the coefficients of the continuous Mexican hat wavelet transform to describe the signal energy in the time-scale domain. The proposed signal processing methodology can be used to investigate the characteristics of accelerograms recorded on various types of sites and their effects on different types of structures.