多源多变换微电网大扰动暂态稳定性研究综述

多源多变换微电网整合中低压配电网中特性各异的分布式发电系统和负荷,多类型微电源、多类型负荷动态特性相互耦合、互相影响,传统以交流同步发电机供电电源为基础的系统稳定分析与控制方法无法满足多源多变换微电网大规模发展的要求。首先对近年来国内外多源多变换微电网大扰动暂态稳定性的研究进行评述,归纳总结可再生能源渗透率不断提升下微电网典型运行特性和存在的暂态稳定性问题。在微电网暂态稳定性分类的基础上,分别从微电网暂态稳定问题、暂态稳定分析方法和微电网暂态稳定性提高措施三方面对微电网暂态稳定性的研究动态进行分析、评价和探讨;最后,预测和探讨了微电网大扰动暂态稳定性研究的发展趋势。     

含风电孤立中压微电网暂态电压稳定协同控制策略

分析了孤立中压微电网中双馈异步风力发电机组(DFIG)与动态负荷的暂态运行特性。为改善含DFIG微电网的暂态电压稳定性,提出了基于就地层储能稳定控制、DFIG快速变桨控制和甩动态负荷的暂态电压稳定协同控制策略。基于PSCAD/EMTDC建立了东澳岛中压微电网系统和稳定控制策略模型,研究结果表明,微电网暂态电压稳定性与微电网中风电渗透率和负荷特性密切相关;在大扰动下,提出的暂态电压稳定协同控制策略能有效增强微电网的电压稳定性。     

孤岛微电网序阻抗建模与高频振荡抑制

孤岛微电网无大电网支撑,源-荷电力电子装备间强交互耦合,易发生高频振荡等稳定性问题。对此,提出了一种离网源脉宽调制(PWM)逆变器的阻抗重构控制方法,可提高离网源PWM逆变器的输出序阻抗在高频处的相位,增加系统阻尼,能有效抑制系统高频振荡。采用谐波线性化方法,建立离网源PWM逆变器的小信号宽频带正、负序阻抗模型。为了进一步分析孤岛系统的源-荷交互稳定性,建立负荷PWM整流器的正、负序阻抗模型。然后,根据所建宽频带正、负序阻抗模型和Nyquist稳定性判据分析了控制方法、负荷类型、负荷功率大小对孤岛微电网系统稳定性的影响,揭示了孤岛微电网中源PWM逆变器与负荷PWM整流器型负荷交互发生高频振荡的本质原因:在高频处孤岛逆变器的输出阻抗具有负电阻值容性阻抗特性,而PWM整流器型负荷的输入阻抗为感性,导致系统阻抗比不满足稳定判据。所提阻抗重构控制方法,通过增加电压反馈支路,以改善孤岛逆变器在高频处的相位特性,增加系统阻尼,提高系统稳定性。最后,实验验证了本文分析的正确性。     

大扰动时交流微电网的运行与控制研究综述

交流微电网是促进新能源消纳、缓解能源危机与环境问题的有效手段.分布式微源是微电网的重要组成部分,一般通过电力电子接口逆变器并入电网.因而,微电网的运行特性受微源接口逆变器控制主导,呈现惯性小、过流能力弱、非线性强、抗干扰能力差等特征.这些特征导致微电网在大扰动时易发生逆变器烧毁甚至不可逆失稳等问题,严重影响微电网安全稳定运行.针对大扰动时交流微电网的运行与控制问题,首先分别从微电网电流特性与稳定运行特性2个角度进行总结.然后,梳理了微电网典型限流控制策略以及稳定性提升控制策略的研究现状,包括其主要适用场景及优缺点.最后,从多物理场耦合、多时间尺度交互、系统稳定判据、信息物理安全等方面探讨了微电网安全可靠运行所面临的主要挑战,并展望了微电网智能化、高可靠供电的发展前景.     

分布式电源高渗透率的微电网快速稳定控制技术研究

通过分析分布式电源高渗透率微电网的运行特性及其给配电网运行带来的影响,提出了一种基于三层控制架构设计多态多时间尺度的微电网综合稳定控制方法。从微电网电力电子设备快速稳定控制、微电网暂态稳定控制、微电网动态稳定控制、微电网稳态稳定控制四个层面构成了多态多时间尺度稳定控制的技术体系,以实现微电网内功率快速调节、扰动快速平抑、故障快速隔离、运行效率提高、稳定水平趋优等控制目标。重点研究了微电网内电力电子设备参与微电网稳定运行控制的实现方法。相关工程实践表明,该方法效果良好。     

微电网惯量与阻尼模拟技术综述及展望

微电网因含有高比例可再生能源、高比例电力电子设备及灵活可控等特点而受到广泛关注。然而,微电网通过电力电子变换器进行能量转换,不具备传统电网中同步发电机所提供的惯量支撑,使其呈现出“低惯量”、“弱阻尼”特点。因此,微电网系统因惯量与阻尼缺失而引发的稳定性问题尤为突出。该文首先阐述微电网中惯量与阻尼缺失所带来的问题及其与频率稳定性交互机理。然后,梳理虚拟同步发电机、虚拟惯量自适应控制、广义下垂控制等各种基于惯量与阻尼模拟的控制技术。分别整理交流微网频率稳定性问题、振荡抑制策略及直流微网电压稳定性问题的研究现状。最后,从微电网不同运行场景、不同负荷类型及失稳机理等方面对未来研究发展方向进行展望。     

基于阻抗网络模型的多变流器直流微电网小扰动稳定性分析

大量新能源设备与负荷通过电力电子变流器接入直流微电网,导致多变流器直流微电网(MCDCM)的小干扰稳定性面临严峻挑战,且使用传统阻抗比与状态空间模型分析MCDCM时存在一定的局限性.基于变流器端口的阻抗特性,建立MCDCM的阻抗网络模型与具有开环稳定特性的负反馈系统,并将阻抗网络模型应用于直流微电网的稳定性判别与设计.一个包含6个变流器的MCDCM的时域仿真结果验证了该方法在MCDCM稳定性判别与设计中的优势.     

基于虚拟同步电机控制的微电网稳定性分析

随着微电网中电力电子器件的大量接入,多电源与负荷的动态特性相互耦合,使得微电网系统中稳定分析问题成为研究热点。针对基于虚拟同步电机控制的微电网系统,提出了一种含多分布式电源的系统非线性状态空间建模方法。建立了含分布式电源、线路和负荷的微电网统一状态空间方程。基于所建立的状态空间方程,运用特征根分析法研究了影响微电网系统稳定性的因素。并利用分岔理论研究了虚拟同步电机控制关键参数和系统拓扑结构参数对系统稳定性的影响。在PSCAD/ETMDC仿真平台搭建了基于虚拟同步电机控制的微电网模型,验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

计及可中断负荷的交直流混合微电网运行优化研究

针对我国传统能源供应紧缺和可再生能源消纳不足问题,为保证可再生能源高比例利用率,抑制可再生能源间歇性引起系统功率波动,研究交直流混合微电网运行与优化具有重要研究意义和实用价值。交直流混合微电网通过电力电子变压器(power electronic transformer,PET)并网,考虑不同可中断负荷渗透率,通过建立混合整数线性规划(mix integer linear programming,MILP)模型,在不同交换功率下,实现系统运行优化。     

独立型微电网源荷协调配置优化

独立型微电网需要支持多种电源和多种负荷高效稳定的组网运行。针对源荷双侧的不确定性,提出一种通过源端模型和负荷端模型迭代协调达到系统综合成本最小化的优化配置方法。在源端,根据用户负荷,考虑供电可靠性和可再生能源利用率,以等年值成本最小为目标函数,对多电源容量进行优化配置并提出电源出力最优调度策略。对于负荷端,利用模糊隶属度函数对峰谷时段进行动态划分,根据电力需求价格弹性模型,以电力负荷与可再生能源发电功率的差值绝对值和最小为目标函数,对动态分时下的峰谷电价进行优化,计算用户需求响应后的负荷。源荷模型交替迭代,得到风光柴储多能系统综合成本最小化的最优解。对某海岛微电网进行仿真研究的结果表明,该优化模型能够提高可再生能源配置容量和渗透率,缓解弃电现象,减轻柴油发电机和蓄电池的工作压力,在保证供电可靠性和用户利益的同时增加微电网的经济效益和环保效益。     

A dual control strategy for power sharingimprovement in islanded mode of ACmicrogrid

Parallel operation of inverter modules is the solution to increase the reliability, efficiency, and redundancy of inverters in microgrids. Load sharing among inverters in distributed generators (DGs) is a key issue. This study investigates the feasibility of power-sharing among parallel DGs using a dual control strategy in islanded mode of a microgrid. PQ control and droop control techniques are established to control the microgrid operation. P-f and Q-E droop control is used to attain real and reactive power sharing. The frequency variation caused by load change is an issue in droop control strategy whereas the tracking error of inverter power in PQ control is also a challenge. To address these issues, two DGs are interfaced with two parallel inverters in an islanded AC microgrid. PQ control is investigated for controlling the output real and reactive power of the DGs by assigning their references. The inverter under enhanced droop control implements power reallocation to restore the frequency among the distributed generators with predefined droop characteristics. A dual control strategy is proposed for the AC microgrid under islanded operation without communication link. Simulation studies are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results show the validity and effective power-sharing performance of the system while maintaining a stable operation when the microgrid is in islanding mode.     

Adaptive intelligent techniques for microgrid control systems: A survey

This paper introduces a survey on the adaptive and intelligent methods that have been applied to microgrids systems. Interestingly, the adaptive technique is effectively exercised in various control issues including stability, tracking error, and parameter uncertainties. Adaptive control has been extremely developed by using intelligent algorithms to automatically tune the control parameters namely fuzzy logic, particle swarm optimization, bacterial search algorithm, and etc. The objective is to evaluate and classify the design control methods and evaluation algorithms for the microgrid systems to maintain stability, reliability, and load variations by adjusting the controller parameters especially in standalone operation mode. The stability of islanded microgrids are constantly impacted by the related loads. A significant part of the research on an islanded microgrid involves droop control technique. In normal operation, distributed generation units and storage units provide power quality control. Once a shutdown is occurred, microgrid can be isolated from the main grid and operate in a local grid to support the local loads. Thus, distributed generations co-operate storage units to sustain the stability of the islanded microgrid.     

基于多Agent的海岛微电网分布式双层控制方法

为实现海岛微电网的分布式控制,本文提出一种基于多Agent的微电网分布式双层控制方法。该方法模型的下层为微电网,上层为其通信网络G。首先,采集功率输出信息,结合网络邻接矩阵和分布式电源DG(dis tributed generation)容量等信息,设计可控DG之间的信息交互策略以及处理方法。其次,利用多Agent和矩阵论思想,为可控DG设计权值矩阵,并导出系统分布式控制律。最后,利用该分布式控制律对可控DG功率进行调整。调整过后,可使可控DG的输出功率与自身最大发电功率容量呈比例,且满足微电网功率平衡。经过仿真验证,当系统处于环境和负载产生剧烈波动的情况时,本文方法仍能保证微电网电压和频率维持在额定值,维持功率平衡。     

A systematic review of robust control strategies in DC microgrids

This paper provides a comprehensive and systematic review of robust control strategies in DC microgrids. Microgrids gain worldwide attention in decades regarding its effective and feasible integration of distributed generations (DGs). Getting rid of frequency synchronization and reactive power problem, the DC microgrid is superior to its ac counterparts in stability, flexibility and complexity. The recent efforts were mainly directed toward developing the feasibility of implementing DC microgrids on kinds of specific application scenarios. DC microgrids design-related aspects such as the system architecture and topology, voltage levels, operation and control framework, stability analysis method, and protection challenge have been studied in a deep degree. In this paper, operation and control framework in both grid-connected (grid-forming) mode and islanding (grid-following) mode will be focused, to provide the guideline where we currently stand on the migration path from the overwhelming fully AC microgrids to a more flexible DC microgrids. Besides, the impediments against stability and effectiveness of DC microgrids and representatively proposed solutions will be discussed.     

微网中电能质量问题及其治理措施研究

微网技术具有诸多优点,但是微网中分布式电源的自身特性不平稳使微网及其运行控制困难,对微网的电能质量产生不利影响。在分析微网结构和特点的基础之上,通过与传统配电网电能质量问题的对比,对微网电能质量问题进行分析。对并联型有源滤波器（SAPF）模型进行改进,在检测环节用形态滤波器代替低通滤波器,并对形态滤波器的结构元素选择进行分析。在Matlab/Simulink软件平台上进行仿真分析,仿真结果证明改进的SAPF模型能满足微网对电能质量调节装置实时性的要求。     

基于全分散理念的F-P型分布式电源自趋优控制方法

针对频率—有功功率(F-P)型分布式电源,提出一种适用于交流微网孤立运行时的有功控制策略。该策略充分利用微网中交流电网的天然耦合特性,在不借助分布式电源间或者分布式电源与中央控制器间通信的条件下,实现分布式电源出力自趋优功能。所提出的控制策略具有分层结构,包含频率分层控制和频率跟踪控制两个部分,其主要特点为:适用于以逆变器为接口且工作在电流源模式的分布式电源;完全基于本地信息,在不借助中央控制器和集中通信系统的情况下,能够通过各分布式电源的本地信息实现自趋优控制;该策略按照等微增率准则来分摊负荷,使各分布式电源的成本微增率相等。仿真结果验证了该控制策略的有效性。     

含多感应电动机负荷的微网电压稳定性仿真分析

微网中含大量高度非线性的感应电动机负荷,对微网孤岛运行时的电压稳定性构成严重威胁。为此,针对含多感应电动机负荷的微网,根据电力系统功率平衡的原则,从理论上推导了微网各电动机负荷转差与系统电压的动态耦合关系,进而说明感应电动机负荷更加敏感的原因及多感应电动机负荷的转差和系统电压之间的动态耦合特性与微网稳定性相关。基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台,搭建了风光柴储多源主从控制微网,通过仿真研究了不同条件下多机叠加启动及微网故障两种情况下微网的电压稳定性,进而提出了提高含多感应电动机负荷的微网电压稳定性的措施。仿真结果表明,多感应电动机负荷之间的相互作用对微网电压稳定性具有重大影响,且串联主从微网的临界故障清除时间受三相短路故障点离感应电动机负荷点的距离和故障点离主控单元的距离双重制约,采用叠加启动策略和故障点快速切机等措施可有效提高微网电压稳定性。所得结论为含多感应电动机负荷的微网稳定性研究与控制提供了理论参考。     

A distributed non-Lipschitz control framework for self-organizing microgrids with uncooperative and renewable generations

This paper investigates the design of robust distributed voltage and frequency control for a self-organized microgrid. A multiagent distributed secondary hierarchy is proposed using control Lyapunov function. Power resources are categorized as controllable and uncontrollable distributed generations (DG). Controllable DGs are exchanging information with neighbor DGs through agents at communication layer. The agents communicate to restore the voltage and frequency to their nominal references. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is robust against the insufficient data from uncontrollable DGs, since it provides an improved and stable operation even when there is no communication with uncontrollable DGs and loads. It can actively compensate for the random unknown demand and generation, by sharing the power mismatch in distributed droop architecture. It is shown that the suggested controller is capable of stabilizing an uncooperative microgrid in which not all DGs are cooperating. Also, the convergence speed of the system is improved using the finite-time controller. The performance and finite-time stability of a microgrid with partially-cooperative DGs is proved using Lyapunov theorem and is validated through numerical simulation. The results show improved transients, accurate steady state values for voltage and frequency control of a microgrid, and robustness against communication architecture variations. The impact of communication delays, the uncertainty in coupling gains of the communication links, and the time-interval between updating the controller and the states through communication are investigated.     

Power quality enhancement in islanded microgrids via closed-loop adaptive virtual impedance control

The high proportion of nonlinear and unbalanced loads results in power quality issues in islanded microgrids. This paper presents a novel control strategy for harmonic and unbalanced power allocation among distributed generators (DGs) in microgrids. Different from the existing sharing strategies that allocate the harmonic and unbalanced power according to the rated capacities of DGs, the proposed control strategy intends to shape the lowest output impedances of DGs to optimize the power quality of the microgrid. To achieve this goal, the feasible range of virtual impedance is analyzed in detail by eigenvalue analysis, and the findings suggest a simultaneous adjustment of real and imaginary parts of virtual impedance. Because virtual impedance is an open-loop control that imposes DG to the risk of overload, a new closed-loop structure is designed that uses residual capacity and absorbed power as feedback. Accordingly, virtual impedance can be safely adjusted in the feasible range until the power limit is reached. In addition, a fuzzy integral controller is adopted to improve the dynamics and convergence of the power distribution, and its performance is found to be superior to linear integral controllers. Finally, simulations and control hardware-in-the-loop experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed control strategy.